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OCR for page 623
Index
Abernathy, William J., 160
Abr~movitz, Moses, 4, 21
Accounting practices, research treatment in, 112
Accrediting Board for Engineenag and Technol-
ogy, 256
Adjustment mechanisms In market forces, 19, 20,
21
Agent Orange, and damage awards, 193, 209
Agncultural Research Institute, 337, 339, 352
Agricultural Research Service, 119
Agriculture
adoption of new technologies in, 8, 319, 334
entrepreneurship in, 352
labor force in, 354
productivity of, 359
land available for, 345, 348
productivity in various countnes, 346
and growth in U.S., 353-354
research and development in, 333-354
in biological and chemical technology, 344
345
expenditures by public and private sectors,
337-343, 353
funding of, 154, 352-353
for mech~ni7~*on, 34~341, 344
for plant vaneties, 341-343
and productivity growth, 33~336
rate of return from, 308, 310, 33~335
by state experiment stations, 339
technical changes in U.S. and Japan, 345-352
technological strength in U.S., 395
Ailbus Industries, 299, 490
AirczaR industry
623
competitiveness of, 489~91
and Concorde as commercial failure, 147, 277,
299
economic benefits of jet engines in, 25
financing by banks, 461
innovations in 28~281, 299
in Japan, 557, 559-560
new technology affectung, 495
ong~ns of turbojet engine, 285
shortage of trained personnel in, 494 495
Altshuler, Alan, 134
Amdahl, Japanese investment in, 426
Amender Association for the Advancement of Sci-
coce, 128
American Electronics Association, 468
American National Standards Institute, 160
American Society for Testing Materials, 160
Ames test for mutagenic chemicals, 198
Antirust policies
modifications On, 132, 161, 188, 524, 53~532
res~icove effects of, 259
Aoki, Masahiko, 3, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 569-
581, 593, 595, 607
Apollo, performance in stock market, 470
Apparel industry
competitiveness of, 486 487
innovations in, 280
productivity grown in, 331
Arab oil embargo, 19, 72-73
Adler, Wemer, 220
Argentina, agricultural producu~nty of, 346
Arrow, Kenneth J. 312, 384
Arthur, Bnan, 364 376, 385
OCR for page 624
624
Asbestos use, litigation concerned with, 181, 193
Aspin, Les, 134
AST Research, 474
Atkinson, A., 396
Atomic Energy Commission, 125, 130
Australia
agricultural productivity of, 346
exploitation of gas resources in, 462
Austria, agricultural productivity of, 346
Automobile industry
competitiveness of, 481-482
decline in, 542
development costs in, 300
and unproved c~uretion-induction system, 291,
292
indirect subsidies for, 120
investments in research and development, 134
in Japan, 85-87, 328, 395, 482, 542
management problems in, 495
new technology affecting, 495
patents affecting mnovanons in, 316
productivity in, 328, 331
in Japan and U.S., 85-87
regulations for, and technological innovations,
159-160
supplier industries for, 281
Avon, stock issues in, 468
Ayres, Robert U., 146
Baker, James, 507
Baker, William O., 9, 227-254, 607
Baldwin, Robert H. B., 14, 467-471, 608
Bangladesh, agnculn~ral productivity of, 346
Banks
aid to emerging companies, 459 460
costs affected by technology, 367
financing of innovations, 11, 453 465, 476-
477
in large established companies, 4~62
as global ~nee~medianes, 463 464
lending to start-up companies, 457-459
regulations in U.S., 459, 464
role in financial system, 4S6-457
technological innovations in, 454 456
Barrow, Robert, 45, 46
Baruch, Jordan J., 132
Baller, Raymond A., 130
Baxter, William F., 132, 188
Bechtel, Stephen D., Jr., 4, 14, 115-118, 608
Belgimn
agncultum1 productivity of, 346
defense expenditures in, 108
government expenditures in, 111
Bell Laboratones, 230, 250, 254
Berg, Paul, 220-221
Bergstrom, Sune, 264
Bhopal tragedy in India, 208, 400, 419, 421
Biotechnology, 429-435
development costs in, 299
and development of plant vaneties, 341-343
export policy for, 431 435
funding for research in, 154, 353, 43~431
govemment-sponsored programs for, 122
opportunities and risks in, 43~433
patent protection in, 433
INDEX
products produced by, 429, 432
regulations in, 433-435
for recombinant DNA, 223-224
and time needed to big products to market,
429, 432
Gaining of personnel in, 431
venture capital in, 431
Birch, David L., 519
Biros, G., 309
Black box of technology, viii, 4, 5-6, 278-279,
280
Blackwelder Company, 341
Boeing, 87, 277, 299, 461
as parmer win Mitsubishi, 86
Bohr's complementarily principle, 246
Bok, Derek, 270
Boskin, Michael J., 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 33-55,
S85, 586, 587, 608-609
Boston Consulting Group, 414
Bower, Joseph L., 156, 532-533
Bowers, Albert, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 511-515, 609
Boyer, Herbert, 358, 429
Bracero program, ending of, and mechanization
un agriculture, 341
Bragg, Lawrence, 215
Brandt, John P., 341
Brazil, agricultum1 productivity of, 346
Brenner, Sidney, 213
Bnush Petroleum, 105, 112
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 139
Brooks, Harvey, 2, 4, 6, 109, 119-162, 227, 229,
394, 418, 527, 530, 609-610
Brooks, S., 595, 602, 603
Bruce, Sharon Schur, 329
Budget projections to 1989, 48
Bureaucracies, compared to legal system, 13, 15,
187
Bush, Vannev~r, 123, 120126
Businessland, Sac., 437, 438, 439
Byer, Robert L., 560
Caltech University, 215, 216, 220
canal
agriculture productivity of, 346
economic grown in, 62
energy price increases in, 73
Cancer
deaths from, causes of, 418~19
research in, support for, 12~127, 130, 219,
267
Capital
allocation schemes by gov=ent, 43
costs of, S05-506
and competition in foreign markets, 493
in Japan and U.S., 597-605
deficit affecting fonnation of, 48-52
exports from Japan, 463, 580
fom~on in U.S. and Japan, 583-606
in global markets, 463 464
incentives for fonnation of, 537
input of. See Investment
internationalization of flow, 4708
ratio to labor, 585, 591
and grounds rate, 36
in information sector, 98-99
OCR for page 625
INDEX
in mech~ed agncultum1 system, 344
and productivity change, 100
resources in U.S., 11
Capitalism, and views of Karl Marx, 20
Carnot, Sadi, 84
Carothers, [W. H.1, 230, 359, 399
Carter administration, 43, 132
Cash flow techniques, discounted, effects of, 112
Center for Integrated Systems, at Stanford, 265,
273
Chayes, Abram, 204
Chemical industry, 417-421
basic research in, 418
case study of Eastman Kodak's Chemical Di-
vision, 402-413
changes in, 40~401
expenditures for research and development, 400,
417-418
in agriculture, 339
rate of return from, 308
patents in
affecting unitation costs, 314
affecting innovation, 316
and public's fear of toxic chemicals, 418-420
safety record of, 421
technological strength in Europe, 395
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, 419-
420
Chemical Manufacturers Association, 419~21
Chevron v. Ferebee, 205
Chiang, Wang, 329
Chile, agricultural productivity of, 346
Christensen, Launts R., 57
Chrysler, 107
Citibank Corporation, 454 455
Class action suits, 193-194
Clean Sites, Inc., 420
Clean Water Act of 1977, 159
Clinch River Breeder Reactor, 133
Clothing industry. See Apparel industry
Cohen, David, 384
Cohen, Stanley, 429
Colombia, agncultura1 productivity of, 346
Commercial applications of technology, and role
of government intervention, 146 162
Commercial incentives in basic research, 271-273
Communication, and diffusion of i~ovanons, 319
Communications industry. See Telecomrnunica-
. .
tons Industry
Competition
and availability of substitutes, 83
challenges in, 13- 16
domestic, increase in, 84
economic results of, 5-6
and risk taking, 78-81
Competitiveness in foreign trade, 77-88, 479-498
in aircraft industry, 489-491
in automobile industry, 481-482
and challenge to industry, 7
decline in U.S., 131, 132-135, 502-503, 511,
521
background of, 528-530
indices of, 145-146
likely responses to, 53~533
In electronics industry, 482~84
625
government policies affecting, 113, 132-135,
491-498, 513, 515, 521-525
and impact of developing countries, 494
and increase in foreign competition, 85, 90
and innovative activity, 518-519
Japanese strategies in, 2, 146, 512
and job creation, 519-520
in machine tool industry, 487-488
management problems affecting, 495
and need for improved manufactunug technol-
ogy, 112
and need for national resolve, 511-515, 522
in pharmaceutical industry, 488-489
President's Commission on Industrial Compet-
it~veness, 9, 115, 117, 3?3, 377-378,
501-509, 521, 539, 542
productivity affecting, 583-584
and role of private sector, 133
and shortage of trained personnel, 494-495,506
and spending for research and development, 133,
135
in steel industry, 480485
steps for improvement in, 514-515, 523-525
targeting in, 12
technology affecting, 495, 504 505
and technology gap in U.S., 131
In textile industry, 486 487
and trade policies, 507-508
Comrce-Dripps study, in evaluation of basic re-
search, 27~271
Computer industry
and CAD/CAM, 29, 94, 293
in Japan, 559
competitiveness of, 483
development costs in, 299
improvements in price and performance, 114
445
personal computers in, 437-439, 450
software availability affecting, 383
Computer use
applications of, 30
and changes in industries, 280, 281
in telecomrnunicanons industry, 282
Computervision, performance in stock meet, 470
Concorde, as commercial failure, 147, 277, 299
Congressional Budget Office
projections to year 1989, 48
views on economic grown, 57, 74
Conoco, 400
Constant, Edward W., 285
Consumer Products Safety Act, 205
Consumer spending
as economic policy, 524
Keynesian analysis of, 14 45
and low savings rates, 15
Contact, related to market, 170
Convergent Technologies, Inc., 476
Coover, H. W., 9, 12, 14, 105, 113, 289, 295,
399 416,587,610
Corn varieties, development of, 342
Corporate partnering, 14, 45~451, 475, 579-580
Corporate planning for innovation, 399-416
Carson, Dale R., 161
Costs
of capital, 505-506
OCR for page 626
626
and competition in foreign markets, 493
in Japan and U.S., 597-605
of development, affecting innovation, 298-300,
304
of diffusion of technology, 382-383
external, 170-171
of imitation of innovations, 312-315
of labor. See Labor, costs of
of marling, and problems in financing, 109-
110
and pnces. See Prices
of production, need for control of, 90
and productivity gains, 79
of research in universities, 264
Council for Chemical Research, 418
Cnck, Francis, 213-214, 215
Crystals and glasses, studies of, 231-234
Cucumber harvester, development of, 341
Cultural factors in entrepreneurship, 445
Daddano, Emilio, 172
Data General, performance in stock market, 470
Data Resources, Inc., 468
Dataquest, 437
David, Paul A., 14, 15? 322, 357, 373-389, 393,
396, 528, 529, 533, 585, 610-611
Davies, Stephen, 379, 380
Davis, Neil W., 558
Deadweight drag, problems with, 83, 85
Dean, John, 254
Debt
ratio to equity, affecting companies, 11
ratio to GNP, 48, 50, 51
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 125
Defense spending
for high technology products, 557
impact on civilian economy, 134-135
reduction of, 15, 16
for research and development, 128, 131, 270
in venous countnes, 108
Deficits
and capital fo~.~ation, 48-54
dangers in, S38
and decline in net exports, 47, 52
financing by foreign capital, 52
increase in, 90
inflationary effects of, 50
and interest rates, 47-48, 49, 85
and saving and investment figures, 53
Delbmck, Max, 215
Demand
elasticity of
affecting pnces, 79
and availability of substitutes, 83
policies for stimulation of, 45
and technology diffusion, 38~382
Denison, Edward, 4
Denmark
agricultural productivity of, 346
defense expenditures in, 108
Department of Agnculture, 338, 339, 352, 387
Cooperative Extension Service, 381
Department of Defense, 557. See also Defense
spending
Department of Energy, 128, 130, 132, 133, 153
INDEX
Department of Science and Technology, 504
Department of Trade, 507
Developing countnes, competitiveness of, 494
Development costs, affecting innovation, 298-300,
304
Diffusion of technology, 14, 318-320,373-389,
529
and concem with innovation, 37~378
costs of, 382-383
related to output, 381
research and development affecting, 383
demand factors in, 38 0 382
federal funding of, 387
and feedback information from users, 15, 277,
286-287, 289, 293, 384
and heterogeneity of adopters, 380
and implications for public policies, 386-389
rnicroeconomics of, 378-386
and nature of accumulated skills and markets,
396
performance improvements affecting, 384
and personnel turnover as information~issem-
ination mechanism, 384
policy interventions affecting, 373-376
and protection of property, 14
and replacement of existing facilities, 381
and states of equilibrium, 380
supply factors in, 382-386
and survival of durable facilities, 381
time factors in, 381-382, 38~387
Digital Equipment, 450
DiLorenzo, J., 254
Dingle, R., 249, 254
Discipline, related to technology, 259
Discontinuines, technological, as key to grown,
A~ 4_~
,,, Tree
Distribution of products, changes in, 437039
DNA research, 213-225
central dogma in, 215-216
double helix in, 214-215
Finding for, 225
and genetic code, 21~217
recombinant procedures in, 22~222, 429
regulation of, 223-224
replication in, 217-218
restriction enzymes in, 219-220
and rules for gene expression, 218
in Tudor Muses, 219
Doko, Toshio, 572
Doll, Richard, 419
Dollar valuation
economic effects of, 8
increase in 1984, 90
and international made, 506
Donahue, Jew, 214
Drucker, Peter, 458
Dwomer, G. W., 444, 445
Du Pont Company, 400, 414, 430
Dupree, A. Hunter, 120, 122, 123
Eads, George C., 13, 15, 16, 322, 527-533, 611
Eastman Kodak's Chemical Division, approach to
research in, 402~13
Ecicstein, Otto L., 134, 160
Economic policies
OCR for page 627
INDEX
in Japan, 569-573
recent trends in, vi-ix, 48-54
schools of thought on, 44 48
second-tier policies in, 54
Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, 52, 593
Economists
627
international fusion energy program, 157-158
nuclear power in. See Nuclear power
public subsidies for, 154
and tax credits for household investments, 158-
159
technology in, 22
analysis of technological change, viii-rx, 18- Engineenag Research Centers, 13
23 Engineers
classical, 19-20, 21 ~ ~ -~~ ~~~
neoclassical, 20, 21, 4506
views on production function, 327-328
Edison, Thomas, 2~25, 30, 116, 278, 287, 359
Education
in foreign languages and cultures, 492,497, 513
in Japan, 544, 545, 555-556, 564, 574
and quality of labor force, 36
for technical manpower, 134, 138, 255-262,
537
in biotechnology, 431
federal support for, 13, 129
future directions for, 26~262
in Japan, 258-259
in U.S., 25~258
Efficiency
and growth at aggregate level, 63
and growth at sectoral level, 64
in information economy, 100-101
Egypt, agricultural productivity of, 346
Emstein, Albert, 228
Eisenhower administration, 59
Electric power generation, improvements in, 282-
283. See also Energy programs
Electron capture, 246
Electronics industry, 423-427
in Asian countnes, 566
competitiveness of, 482-484
development costs in, 299
in Japan, 547-552
new technology affecting, 495
patents in
affecting imitation costs 314
affecting innovations, 3i6
product distribution in, 437~39
shortage of trained personnel in, 494
standardization in, 438~39
and technological Wills in venous countries, 395
Made deficit in, 426, 503
Eli Lilly, 430, 432, 468
Eta, Yehudla, 135
ElIsworth, Richard R., 605
Embodiment hypothesis, and rate of technical
change, 40
Employment, and factors in job creation, 519-520
Energy prices
and inflation, 42
and oil crisis. See Oil prices
and productivity growth, 69, 72-73
and reallocation of output, 6~65
Energy programs
development costs in, 299
for solar energy, 277
federal investments in, 132
financing by banks, 462
and improvements in electric power generation
282-283
education for7 255-262
as manufaculli31g technologists, 113, 134
number in U.S. and other countries, 137-138
publications by, 139- 141
specialists In high-tech industries, 260, 262
views of production function, 328
England, J. Merton, 124, 129
Enos, John, 283
Entrepreneurs
in agnculture, 352
in biotechnology, 429-435
cultural factors affecting, 445
development and application of, 359-360
economic climate for, 9-10
and economic effects of innovations, 360-364.
See also Innovations
in electronics industry, 423-427
federal encouragement of, 132-133
financing of. See Financing
innovations of. See Innovations
market served by, 14
motivation of, 358-359
needs for, 7
probability of success, 363
tansinon to large company, 441-442
Environmental damage
allocation of costs of, 171
and tort doctrine of nuisance, 175-178
Environmental Protection Agency, 130, 149, 195
224, 419, 420
Equilibnum diffusion models, and decision mak-
ing about innovations, 380
Equipment and facilities, in university and re-
search laboratories, 138- 139
ESL Company, 446
Estridge, Philip D., 476
Euratom at Ispra, 158
Eurobond borrowing, 463
Eu~e~it market, 463
Europe. See also under individual countries
economic growth in, 62
gov~ent policies affiecang innovation in, 397
technological position of, 105-113, 394~395
European Airbus, 299, 490
Evenson, R., 308
Expectations
affecting economy, 46
for problem solving by science, 130
for return on capital, 111
Export
of capital Mom Japan, 463, 580
deficit affecting, 47, 52
of high technology products, U.S. share of, 144
regulations on biotechnology products, 431 435
Export-Import Bank, 11, 488, 491, 492, 493, 498
Fairchild, Sherman, 424
OCR for page 628
628
Fairchild Industnes, 450
Farm machinery industry, expenditures for re-
search in agriculture, 338, 339
Federal Reserve Board, 43, 89, 597
Feedback process in innovations, 15, 277, 286-
287, 289, 293, 384
Feigenbaum, Edward A., 560
Feldstein, Martin, 42, 46
Fertilizer industry, expenditures for research, 339
Fertilizer use in Japan and U.S., prices affecting,
350
Fiber optics, applications of, 28
Films and surfaces, technology of, 211 248
Financial climate and innovation, 10-12
Financial institutions. See Banks; Stock markets
a. .
tmancmg
by banks, 453-465, 47~477
by business units of corporations, 476
corporate parmer~ng in, 14, 450-451, 475, 579-
580
and costs of marketing, 109-110
initial public offering market, 468, 469, 471,
473-475, 478, 593
mezzanine funds in, 470, 475
private funding in, 446
problems in small companies, 442
public market in, 445 446
R&D partnerships in, 10, 111, 161, 432-433,
446, 476
for research in universities, 264
risks in, 299, 300 301
sources of risk capital in, 445
trends in, 473-478
venture funds in. See Venture capital
Finland, agricultural productivity of, 346
Fischer, Stanley, 42
Fletcher v. Bealey, 194, 196
Flexibility, dynamic, and productivity, 85-86
Fluctuations in economy
control of, 34, 36-37
and tax policies, 38
Food and Drug Adrninis~on, 148-149, 199, 432
drug approval, process of, 489
regulations for biotechnology, 433-434
Food industry, expenditures for research in agn-
culture, 338, 339
Ford, Henry, 29
Ford administration, 266
Ford Motor Company, expenditures for research
and development, 300
Foreign capital
and financing of deficit, 52
and information economy, 101
from Japan, 463, 580
and acquisition of U.S. semiconductor com-
panies, 426
Foreign trade, 77-88, 479-498. See also Com-
petitiveness in foreign trade
Foster Associates, 310
France
agricultural productivity of, 346
defense expenditures in, 108
economic grown in, 62
slowdown in, 63
INDEX
expenditures for research and development in,
136, 557
government expenditures in, 111
labor costs in, 588
productivity related to investment rate, 144
Frankel, M., 381
Freeman, Christopher, 376
French, Ben C., 341
Fnedlaender, Ann F., 5, 6, 327-332, 611
Friedman, Milton, 44, 45
Fujitsu, investment in Amdahl, 426
Fusion energy program, international, 157-158
Gas utilizes, productivity growth in, 331
Gene expression, rules for, 218
Genentech, Inc., 35S, 429, 430, 432, 441
General Electric, 24
General Motors
corporate partnenag by, 45~451
expenditures for research and development, 300
performance in stock market, 468
Generic applied research, 15~157
Genetic code, solving of, 21~217
Genetic engineering, 222. See also Biotechnology
Geological Survey, 119
Geraldine Rockefeller Dodge Foundation, 469
Germany
agricultural productivity of, 346
economic growth in, 62
slowdown in, 63
energy price increases in, 73
government expenditures in, 111
for biotechnology, 431
for defense, 108
for research and development, 136, 137
labor costs in, 588
number of scientists and engineers in, 137-138
patents granted in U.S., 142
productivity related to investment rate, 144
role of banks in, 45~457, 465
textile machinery from, 486
Glasses and crystals, studies of, 231-234
Global capital markets, 463 464
Global competition. See Competitiveness in for-
eign trade
Godwin, William, 32
Gola, Bela, 379
Goldberg, L., 317
Goodson, R. Eugene, 160
Gossard, A. C., 249, 254
Govern expenditures in venous countnes, 111
Government policies in U.S.
anteing competitiveness, 113, 132-135, 491-
498, 513, 515, 521-525
affecting grown rate, 4
antitrust measures in, 132, 161, 188, 259, 524,
53~532
for basic science, 122-123, 148
capital allocation schemes in, 43
components of spending in, 38
changes in, 42
contracting of research to private org~ni7~iions,
124- 126
controversies in, 12, 152-158
OCR for page 629
INDEX
629
expenditures as percentage of GDP, 111 Hannay, N. BIuce, S. 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 357, 393,
expenditures for R&D. See Research and de- 394, 395, 396, 479-498, 528, 529, 595,
velopment,government expenditures for 604, 611-612
expenditures for technology transfer, 387
for fragmented industries, 154
for generic applied research, 156- 157
for innovation and technology, 6-9, 110, 121-
122, 132-133, 146-162, 39~397, 535-
539
inappropriateness of, 151- 152
social returns in, 153-154
and intellectual property rights, 16~161
in international programs, 157-158
and intervention in markets, 15, 147
in narrow markets, 154-155
and political processes, 161-162
risks in, 152-153
investment in instrumentation in university and
research laboratones, 138-139
for key industries, 155-156
national industrial policy, 44
national science policy, 119-162
for public goods, 147-148, 155
regulatory issues in. See Regulatory actions
for research on externalities, 148-151
subsidies for industries in, 119-120
taxation in. See Taxes
wage and price controls in, 43
Grabowski, Henry G., 122
Great Society programs, 130, 184
Greece, agncultum1 productivity of, 346
Gregory, Gene, 143
Gregory, William H., 133, 155
Griliches, Z., 135, 152, 308, 310, 322, 345, 378
Growth
at aggregate level, analysis of, 59-63
capital input affecting, 3, 59, 63, 64
divergent views on prospects for, 57-58, 74
energy prices affecting, 72-73
factors affecting, 35-36
government policies for, 4, 535-539
"d interest on national debt, 51
labor input affecting, 59, 63, 64
limits to, 4, 19
long-term prospects for, 3, 19, 21, 35-36
obstacles to, 12-13
and per capita income, 35, 36
and productivity, 59-65
quality of labor force a~feciung, 3
rates in U.S., 2, 62
rates in venous countnes, 62
reallocations affemug, 63, 64
at sectom1 level, analysis of, 63-65
and short-tenn concems, 3, 21
slowdown in, 41, 62, 73
in various countries, 63
and supply-side economics, 47, 58, 74
technical changes ffecting, vi-ix, 3, 4-5
and unexplained residual, 63, 73
Hagstrom, Homer, 252-253
Haul, R. E., 46, 602
Hambrecht & Quist Incorporated, 447, 563, 618
Handler, Philip, 122
Hanson, Ward A., 383
Harger, Alan E., 129
Harvey Aluminum, 177
Hatsopoulos, George N., 2, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14
583-606 612
Hayanii, Yujiro 340
Health care
basic research in, 270-271
and development of "orphan drugs," 154-155,
202
and investments in technologies, 155
research issues in, 265-267
support for research in, 154
technology affecting, 369-371
Health Research Facilities Act of 1968, 264
Hewlett, William R., 10, 11, 441-442, 594, 612
Hewlett-Packard Company, 446, 594
Hicks, John, 3
High Penn Oil Company, 176
Himsworth, Harold, 215
Histoncal aspects
of econoIriic events in 1970s, 41 44
of impact of technological changes, 17-32
Hodder, James L., 595
Hollomon, J. Herbert, 129
Holmer, Edwin C., 4, 13, 14, 15, 417-421, 613
Honda, Soichiro, 359
Honda Coloration, 359
motorcycle plant in Columbus, 86, 87
Hoover, Heft, 123
Housing, SUppOft for research in, 154
Huber, Peter W., 4, 13, 191-210, 613
Hufbauer, G., 320
Husen, Torsten, 138
Hydrocarbons, 242-244
Icahn, Carl, 599
Imai, K., 134, 146, 563
Imitations of innovations, costs of, 312-315, 375
and industry concentration, 315
and market entry, 314
patents affecting, 313-314
ratio to innovation cost, 313
research and development affecting, 383
Impact of technological change, 17-32
Imports
of high-tech equipment, 101, 102
increase in 1984, 90
Income, per capita, and growth rate, 35, 36
India, agricultural productivity of, 346
Indiana University, 215, 220
Indonesia, government expenditures in, 111
Industrial firms
analysis of price performance in, 81-84
attitudes on waste disposal management, 149-
150
classification by biases of productivity growth,
regulation of, end technological innovanons,159-
160
relationship with universities, 26~265, 445, 555
OCR for page 630
630
research laboratories in, 27, 28
spending on research and development, 133-
134
rates of return from, 310
ratio to GNP, 137
subsidized by government, 119-120
voluntary standard setting in, 160
Industrial policy, national, 44
Inflation
decrease in 1984, 90
and effects of deficits, 50
energy prices affecting, 42
and natum1 rate of unemployment, 45
and slowdown in economic growth, 41-42
and unemployment, 42, 45
and wage and price controls, 43
Information sector, 93-103
capital:labor ratio in, 98-99
corporate profits in, 9095
foreign capital in, 101
growth of, 8
high-tech equipment in, 98
introduction of efficiencies in, 100 101
investment in, 96-97
as key industry, 156
labor force in, 96
and law of intellectual property, 188
output compared to goods sector, 94, 95
productivity of, 100
and technology use by financial institutions, 455
Initial public offering market, 468, 469, 471, 473-
475, 478, 593
Inman, Bobby it, 511
Innovation, 9, 275-304
in agriculture, 333-354
and available alternatives, 284
as black box system, v=, 4, S-6, 278-279, 280
characterization of, 279-285
corporate planning for, 399~16
coupling of activities in, 301-302
cultivation of, 443~51
design process in, 286, 292-293, 302
determinants of, 393-397
development costs in, 298-300, 304
and differing views of production function, 327-
328
diffusion of, 14, 318-320, 373-389, 529
economics of, 277, 298-302
employment-expanding, 30
and enlargement of resource base, 21-22
and entrepreneurial climate, 9-10
factors affecting, 36
feedback signals in, IS, 277, 286-287, 289, 293
financial climate affecting, 1012
financing of. See Financing
and gap between private enterprise and govem-
ment policy, 109
and global competition, 518-519
government policies affecting, 132-133, 146
162, 39~397, 535-539
imitations of, 312-315
impact of, 17-32
and potential significance, 25-26, 3~31
and transitions in industry, 23-25
INDEX
underestimation of, 25
inconspicuous changes in, 282
and interaction of entrepreneurship and econom-
ics, 360 364
interaction win science,28~288,29~291,302-
303
international differences in, 395-396
labor-sa~ring, 29
and lack of predictive science, 296 297, 304
in large companies, 449-451
lead tunes affecting, 296, 301
limits to achievement of, 23-28, 276
and macroeconomic climate, 6-9, 89-91
market forces in, 275, 276, 278, 289-290
niicroeconomics of, 307-323
models of, 285-294
chain-linked, 289-294, 303
linear, 285-288, 303
patent system affecting, 315-316
and persistence of old technologies, 284 285
planning for, 297 - 298
and productivity grown, 21, 69
rates of return on, 280, 309-311
resistance to, 278, 292, 300
and risk taking, 78-79. See also Risk taking
and service employment, 31
and stages of product cycle, 295
state of knowledge affecting, 295-296, 304
technical needs in, 27S, 276
technological environment affecting, 327-332
and technological levels of venous countries
390395
tinting of, 277, 301
uncertainty in, 275-276, 294-298, 303
and unemployment, 4, 20, 28-31
Instruments industry
patents affecting innovation in, 316
productivity growth in, 331
Instrunnentation, in university and research labm
ratories, investment in, 138-139
Insurance industry, productivity grown in, 331
Intel Corporation, 424, 425, 441, 463, 477
Intellectual property
and expansion of information industry, 188
and flow of research information, 16~161
international trade in, 142-143
protection of, 151
Intelligence, artificial, development in Japan, 560
Interest rates
and cost of capital, 506
and deficit financing, 47, 48, 49, 85
and initial public offering maricet, 468
and investment activity, 14
in Japan, 599
levels in 1984, 90
and ratio of national debt to GNP, 51
International Badness Machines Corporation (El M)
business units of, 476
expenditures for research and development, 299
outlook in 1950s, 30
personal computers of, 439, 450
stock offering in 1951, 467
work on Josephson junction, 552
International capital markets, 463-464
OCR for page 631
IIVDEX
International cooperative programs, 157-158, 299
International differences In technological activity,
395-396
International Harvester, 84
International technology transfer, 320-321
International trade, 77-88, 479-498
International Trade Con~mission' 505
Interstate Highway System, 120
Investment
available funds in Britain, 108
and costs of marketing, 109-110
decline in rates of, 42
federal deficit affecting, 53
and financing of innovations. See Financing
and growth patterns, 3, 59, 63, 64
in information sector, 96-97
in instrumentation in university and research
laboratories, 138- 139
interest rates affecting, 14
outlays in, 1984, 90
price of, affecting productivity growth, 68-69
and productivity rates, 5, 143-144
return on, expectations for, 111
tax policies affecting, 13, 14, 38, 52-53, 70
Ireland, agricultural productivity of, 346
Ireland, Norman, 375, 380
Iron ore supplies, expansion by technology, 22
Isotopes, radioactive, 248-249
Israel, agricultural productivity of, 346
Italy
agricultural productivity of, 346
defense expenditures in, 108
economic grown in, 62
energy puce increases in, 73
goverurnent expenditures in, 111
labor costs in, 589
productivity related to investment rate, 144
Jacoby, Hank, 112
Japan, 541-567
acquisition of U.S. semiconductor companies,
426
agricultural productivity of, 334, 335, 346
technical changes affecting, 345-352
a~rc~ft industry in, 490, 557, 559-560
auto industry in, 85-87, 328, 395, 482, 542
bond issues in, 572
capabilities in artificial intelligence, 560
capital exports of, 463, 580
capital formation in, 583-606
cost of, 11
changing market structures in, 465
charactenstics of technological achievements in,
553-554
competitive strategies of, 1-2, 146, 512
cooperation among firms in, 161
deficit problem ill, 572
economic grown in, 62
slowdown in, 63
economic policies in, 12, 569-573
new goals for, 573-574
educational system in, 258-259, 544, 545, 555-
556, 564, 574
electronics industry in, 483, 484, 547-552
631
energy price increases in, 73
exchange rate system in, 570-571
exports of high technology products, 144
ratio to imports, 546
generic research in, 157
government expenditures in, 111
for biotechnology, 431
for defense, 108
for research end development, 136, 137,544,
545-546, 548, 550, 557
government policies affecting innovation in, 397
imports of foreign technology, 543-544
ratio to exports, 546
interest rates in, 599
investment in manufactunng, 548
labor costs in, 530, 571, 572, 589
labor force in, 544, 545, 548
productivity of, 366
land reform policy in, 570, 571
manufactunag technology in, 112
marketing development in, 548
materials technology in, 146
Ministry of Intemanonal Trade and Industry,
536, 542, 544, 571
monemy policies in 571
national goals in, 16
national research projects in, 561-562
numberof scientists and engineers in, 113, 137-
138
patents granted in U.S., 142
produce design in, and market penetration, 146
productivity in, 502, 529
related to investment rate, 143, 144
protectionism in, 107, 300
domestic, 553
role of banks in, 456
savings in, 576-578, 591-592
semiconductor industry in, 133-134, 549-552
space industry in, 557, 558-559
strengths and w~esses is, 547-563
structural changes in, 564 567
successful industries in, 547-554
targeted technologies in, 554-564, 570576
tax policies in, 572, 592-593
technological position of, 394-395
as follower, 511 546
as leader, 546
textile ~ndusty in, 384, 486087
venture capital in, 544, 545, 562-563, 578-
580, 594
very large scale in~amd Circuit project in, 549,
550, 561, 575
welfare system in, 570, 572
Job creation, factors in, 519-520
John Deere & Company, 84, 87
Johns-Manville Products Corporation, 181
Johnson adminis~on, 43, 59, 126, 184
Johnson & Jolson, stock issues in, 468
Jones, Jim, 468
Jorgenson, Dale W., 2, 4, 5, 46,57-74,322,330
331, 584, 602, 613-614
Josephson juncuan, work on, 552
Kamien, M., 324
OCR for page 632
632
Karlesky, Joseph J., 138
Katz, Michael L., 383
Katz, Milton, 2, 9, 13, 14, 169-189, 227, 527,
528, 530, 532
Keeton, Robert E., 179
Kemai Koho Center, 143
Kendrew, John, 215
Kenduck, John, 4
Kennedy administration, 43, 59, 130, 132
Kennedy, Donald, 13, 263-273, 420, 506, 614
Kennedy, Ted, 266
Key industnes, support for, 155-156
Keynes, J. M., 3, 4~41,41 45
Kindleberger, Charles P., 385
Kislev, Yoav, 340
Klein, Burton H., 5, 6, 77-87, 322, 614-615
Kline, Stephen J., 9, 15, 275-304
Korea
acquisition of U.S. semiconductor companies,
426
economic grown in, 62
electronics industry in, 566
government expenditures in, 111
Kornberg, Arthur, 217
Kresge, stock issues in, 468
Kuhn, Thomas, 286
Labor force
in agriculture, 8, 354
costs of, 350
productivity of, 348,359
challenges to, 497, 507
costs of
in Japan, 350, 530
and productivity grown, 69
in venous countnes, 588-589
for wages. See Wages
education for tec~icalmanpower, 13,129,134
in biotechnology field, 431
employment ~ small businesses, 432
engineenug manpower in U.S., 258, 260, 261
increase in, 43
in information sector, 96
input of, and grown patterns, 59, 63, 64
in Japan, 544, 545,548
in manufactunug, 8, 354
productivity of, 359
number of scientists and engineers in U.S. and
other counmes, 137-138
personnel turnover as information~issemin~-
non mechanism, 384
quality of
and growth rate, 3,36
and productivity, 143
ratio to capital, 585, 591
in infonnation sector, 98-99
in mechanic agricultural system, 344
and productivity change, 100
reallocation of, 64
shortage of Owned personnel in, 494 495, 506,
537
Labor-saving innovations, effects of, 29
Landau, Ralph, v-x, 1-16, 117, 583-606, 615
Landes, D., 397
INDEX
Large companies
entrepreneurial spirit in, 518-519
financing by banks, 4~462
innovations introduced by, 318, 449-451
interaction with small companies, 14, 361, 519,
520
risk taking in investments, 113
transition from entrepreneurs, 441-442
Laser technology
applications of, 28
discovery of, 250
in Japan, 556
manpower and resources in, 560
pulsed beans on crystal surfaces, 246
Lawrence, Robert Z., 143
Layton, Edwin T., 123
Leaming-by-doing hypothesis, and rate of tech-
nical change, 40
Leather industry, productivity growth in, 331
Legal Services Corporation, 187
Legal system, 169-189
compared to bureaucracies, 13, 15, 187
constraining aspects of, 17~183
as facilitator of enterprise and innovation, 17
171
federal structure of, 187
and judicial fact finding, 182-183
and liability issues, 13
and litigation increase in U.S., 187
and right to counsel, 187
shift in emphasis of, 527, 528, 530, 532
shifting judicial trends in, 18 - 186
technological development affecting, 172- 1?4
tort law in, 170182
and availability of information about hazards,
197-198
bipolar disputes in, 192-193, 201
compensation in, 181-182, 200 201, 20
209
and competence of courts and agencies, 203-
204
doctrine of negligence in, 17=175
doctrine of nlii~ce in, 175- 178, 192- 193
doctrine of strict products liability in, 178-
182, 186
expansion in reach of, 197
expert opinions in, 204 206
and focus on public risk, 191-210
imps ties and liability remits in, 201-203
multiparty disputes in, 193-194
and political legitimacy, 209-210
regressive incentives in, 199-200
and rule of proportional causation, 194
as social engineering, 201
timing of actions in, 190197
Levin, Richard, 322
Lewis, Jordan D., 132
Liability of manufacturers
affecting grown, 13
and limits on tort recovenes, 202-203
market share of, 193-194
tort doctrine of, 178-182, 186
Libya, agricultural productivity of, 346
Life sciences research, support for, 126, 154
OCR for page 633
INDEX
Linden, Peter D., 381
Litigation, excessive, affecting growth, 13
Long, Russell, 468
Lucas, Robert, 45, 46
Luck, and productivity gains, 78, 79, 81
633
and role of property and contract, 170
and service by entrepreneurs, 14
targeting of, 12
analysis of business areas in, 405
Market pull and technology push, 142, 147, 289-
Lull Engineenng Co., 179 290
Lumber industry, productivity growth in, 331 Marschak, Thomas, 297
Luna, Salva, 215, 220 Marshall. Alfred. 170
MacArthur Foundation, 511
Machine tool industry
competitiveness of, 487-488
decline In U.S., 145
innovations in, 280
management problems in, 495
new technology affecting, 495
shortage of trained personnel in, 494
Machinery production, patents affecting, 314, 316
Macroeconomics
in Japan, 569-573
in United States, 6-9, 33-35, 89-91, 93-103
and components in government spending, 38.
See also Government policies in U.S.
and composition of aggregate output, 38-40
and fluculaiions in economy, 34, 37
issues related to technology, 3040
and long-n~n grown performance, 35-36
tax policies in, 38. See also Traces
Malaysia, government expenditures in, 111
Malpas, Robert, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 105-
113, 615-616
Malstead, Illona, 337
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 18, 19, 21, 22
Management
challenges to, 497, 507, 518
problems with, and compen~aveness of U.S. in-
dusmes, 495
Mansfield, Edwin, 4, 6, 14, 152, 153, 159, 307-
323, 332, 376, 378, 381, 616
Manufacturing
investments in
in Japan, 548
in U.S., 503
labor force in, 354
productivity of, 359
lack of interest in, 505
productivity in
in Japan, 59~591
in U.S., 365, 59~591
rate of return from research and development
spending, 308
shortage of trained personnel in, 494
Marconi, [Guglielmol, 25, 26
Market
adjustment mechanisms in, 19, 20, 21
development costs for narrow markets, 15~155
distribution channels in, 437039
entry affected by imitation costs, 314
government intervention in, 15, 147
identification of needs in, 409
and innovations, 275, 276, 278, 289-290
penetration strategies of Japanese, 146
policies affecting participation in, 537
and political decision making, 161-162
~ _ ~ 7 _ ~ 7 _ _
Martin, B., 395
Marker, James D., 10, 11,14, 470,473-478,593,
594, 616
Marx, Karl, 4, 20, 28
Materials
price of, and productivity grown, 69
technology in Japan, 146
Mauritius, agnculnm1 productivity of, 346
Mechanical technology in Japan and U.S., prices
affecting, 350
Mechanization research in agriculture, 340341,
344
Medical care. See Health care
Medicare system, 49-50
Mernfield, D. Bruce, 161
Metals industry
and imlovanons in metallurgy, 280, 281
patents affecting innovations in, 316
productivity grown in, 331
Metcalf, J. S., 380
Mettler,RubenF.,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 441, 517-525, 610617
Mexico, agricultural productivity of, 346
Mine funds, 470, 475
Microecono$nics of innovations, 307-323
and productivity, 57-76, 330-331
Military activities
and defense spending. See Defense spending
and research contacts with scientists, 123-124
as source of technological innovation, 12~121
Miller Willia~n, 451
Minasian, 1., 308
Minnesota Crop Improvement Association, 342
Mission~nented research, 156-157
Mitsubishi, as power with Boeing, 87
Modiglia~i, Franco, 42, 44
MonetaIy policies
in Japan, 571
in U.S., 45, 506
Monsanto, 400, 430
Moore, Gordon E., 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 358, 360,
423~27, 441, 596, 6I7
Moore, William, 295
Moreno, Glen R., 8, 11, 12, 453 465, 473, 476,
594, 597, 617
Morgan Stanley & Company, Inc., 93, 94, 467,
469, 470
Monson, Elting, 120
Manta, Akio, 359
Montani, Masanon, 543
Moms, lane, 475
Mosgavero, Louis N., 387
Motor vehicle industry. See Automobile industry
Mowery, David C., 120, 130, 157, 383, 559
Multinational fines, technology transfer in, 320,
321
OCR for page 634
634
Musgrave, Richard A., 154
Muth, John, 45
Nadiri, M., 309
Naisbitt, John, 402
Narnura School of Advanced Management, 536
Nasbeth, L., 379
Nathan Associates, 310
National Academy of Engineenug, 5, 117-118,
157, 172, 375, 480, 528
National Academy of Sciences, 117, 118, 150,
161, 172, 429
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 119,
125, 157
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
125, 133, 157, 557
National Bureau of Standards, 119, 131-132
National Cancer Institute, 219, 419
National Cooperative Research Act of 1984, 188
National Institutes of Health, 125, 126, 216, 225
National Radioastronomy Observatory, 139
National Research Council, 132, 162, 480
National Research Foundation, 125
National Science Board, 131, 135, 137, 138, 139,
140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 394
National Science Foundation, 125, 126, 131, 134,
135, 139, 148, 216, 307, 310, 311, 317,
395, 563
National science policy, 119-162
historic aspects of, 119-124
in postwar era, 124-128
in cold war period, 129
in period of industrial competitiveness, 132-
135
In social priorities period, 129-132
National security
and aircraft mdust~y, 490
and flow of research information, 161
and maintenance of lcey industnes, 155-156
and steel industry, 484
Natural resources
depletion of, 18- 19
and diminishing returns, 21
and limits to growth, 4
optimal allocation of, 21
technological changes affecting, 21-22
Negligence, tort law relating to, 174-175
Nelson,Richard R., 120, 129, 130, 147, 157,284,
322, 352, 376
Netherlands, the
agricultural productivity of, 346
defense expenditures in, 108
Network technologies
compatibility or standardization in, 3&~385
in telecommunications industry, 329, 383
New Zealand
agricultural productivity of, 346
synfuel project in, 462
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone, 557, 574, 576
Nixon administration, 42, 127, 131, 132
Nobel prize awards, 140, 264, 544
NorTnan, Colin, 139
Norman, David A., 437-439, 617
Norway
INDEX
agricultural productivity of, 346
defense expenditures in, 108
Nuclear power
development costs for, 299
lag in standardizing designs for, 160
and Rasmussen report on reactor safety, 196,
198
shared liability of plant operators, 194
and tort immunity of organizations, 202
and waste disposal management, 150
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 149, 198, 206
Nuclear science and radioisotopes, 248-249
Nuisance, tort law relating to, 175-178, 192-193
Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
195-196
Oettinger, Anthony, 188
Off-budget spending, 48
Office equipment, patents affecting innovations in,
316
Office of Management and Budget
Regulatory Review group in, 132
views on economic grown, 58, 74
Office of Science end technology Policy, 132,133
Office of Scientific Research and Development,
123, 124
Office of Technology Assessment, 150, 340, 419,
455
Oil pnces. See also Energy prices
and creation of Department of Energy, 153
effects in Japan, 571, 572
impact on economic growth, 63
increase in, 19
Okimoto, Daniel I., 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 107, 357,
384, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 528, 529,
541-567, 575, 585, 617
Olsen, Trond E., 375, 380
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and De-
velopment, 63, 73
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countnes,
19
O`rer-the-counter market, 447
Ozawa, Terutomo, 543
Packard, David, 504
Pakistan, agricultural productivity of, 346
Panish, M., 250, 251
Paraguay, agricultural productivity of, 346
Parsons, C., 146
Particles and waves, dualism of, 246
Parmering, corporate, 14, 450 451, 475, 579-
580
Partnerships, R&D, 10, 111, 161, 432-433, 446,
476
Patents
affecting application of technology, 376
antitrust implications of, 188
in biotechnology, 433
commercial basis for, 276
granted tO IS. and foreign inventors, 141-142
and imitation COStS, 313-314
and incentives for risk taking, 537
and innovation rate, 315-316
and intellectual property nghts, 151
OCR for page 635
INDEX
Plant Patent Act of 1930, 342
policy modifications for, 132
and prices for access to technology, 383
rights for university faculty members, 271-272
in semiconductor industry, 426
Pauling, Linus, 214
Pavitt, Keith L. R. 9, 15, 141, 322, 393-397,
617
Pear, Robert, 134
Peer review to evaluate research, 269
Penner, Rudolph, 58
Penny stock market, 445
Pension funds, and job formation, 520
Perry, William I., 9, 10, 11, 14, 443-451, 473
475, 593, 594, 618
Peru, agricultural productivity of, 346
Perutz. Max, 215
Pesticide industry, expenditures for research, 339 348-350
Peterson, Willis, 308, 310, 340
Peto, Richard, 419
Petrole''~n industry
expansion of, 281
innovations in, 283
patents affecting, 316
as key industry, 156
oil prices in. See Oil prices
rate of renun from research and development
spending, 308
Pemt, Joseph M., 13, 14, 255-262, 537, 618
Pf~, W. G., 231
Pharmaceutical industry
competitiveness of, 488-489
development of"orphan drugs," 154-155,202
expenditures for research, 489
for animal drugs, 339
international technology transfer in, 319-320
and legal problems of vaccine industry, 197,
199, 202
market share liability of, 193
new technology affecting, 495
patents in
affecting imitation costs, 314
affecimg innovation, 31S, 316
problems of, 11
regtllation by FDA, 148-149, 433 434
Phelps, Edmund, 45
Philippines, agriculn~1 productivity of, 346
Phillips, Julia, 254
Phillips Curve, 40, 42, 45
Photonics, 231, 251
Physical science studies, 227-254
chronology of, 228-230
in crystals and glasses, 231-234
in hymns, 242-244
and innovations in electronics and photonics,
249-254
in nuclear science and radioisotopes, 248-249
and phase rule applications, 234 242
in surface technology, 241 248
Pickens, Boone, 599
Pigou, A. C., 170
PiLkington, Alasmr, 358
Piper AS Corporation, 180
Planar Corporation, 475
635
Planning for innovation, in co~poranons, 399016
Plant vaneties' research in development of, 341-
343
Poate, J. M., 250
Policy analysis, schools of thought in, 14 48
Portugal, agricultural productivity of, 346
Postal services, technology in, 367-368
Postwar science policy, 128-135
Prager, Denis, 511
Prandtl, L., 287
President's Commission on Industrial Competi-
tiveness 9, l Is, 117, 373, 377-378, 501-
SO9, 52i, 539, 542
Price, Derelc de Solla, 293
Price-Anderson Act, 194, 207, 208, 209
Prices
and a~nculn~ral technology in U.S. and Japan,
and availability of substitutes, 83, 84
and cost differences, 69. See also Costs
and indexes for research and development in-
puts, 31~318
of inputs and outputs, affecting productivity
growth, 65-69
performance analysis in ~ndustnes, 81-84
schemes for control of, 43
Printing and publishing, productivity grounds in,
331
Private sector
and development of American science, 123
government contracts for research in, 124-126
role In research and development, 123, 133, 401
trends in, 126-128
as source of risk capital, 446
Product distribution, changes in, 437 439
Production function, differing views of, 327-328
Productivity, 57-74
. . .
In agncuiture
research affecting, 330336
in U.S. and Japan, 348
and analysis of growth, 59-65
at aggregate level, 59-63
at sectoral level, 63-65
and basic research, 311-312
and capital:labor ratios, 100
aIld competitiveness, 71-88, 583-584
and dynamic flexibility, 85-86
endogenous growth of, 65-69
of information workers, 100
investment rate affecting, 143-144
luck as factor in, 78, 79, 81
macroeconomic policies affecting, 89-91
in manufacturing, 365
and microeconomics, 33~331
and prices of inputs and outputs, 65-69
prospects for grown in, 69-73
relation to research and development 308-309,
322
in service industry, 365-367
tax rates affecting, 5
technology affecting, 9, 21
and utilization of capacity, 8
Profitability, and diffusion of innovations, 318,
379
OCR for page 636
636
Property, related to market, 170
Protectionism 107-108
of automobile market in Japan, 300
domestic, in Japan, 553
Public Agenda Foundation, 513
Public goods, universal access to, 147-148, 155
Public market, role in risk capital, 445046
Public opinion on technology, 4, 116
and expectations for scientific achievements, 13
131
and fears of toxic chemicals, 418-420
and sensitivity to potential hazards, 13, 15
Publications, by scientists and engineers, 139- 141
and citation counts, 140
Publishing, productivity growth in, 331
Quantum mechanics, 229-230
Quinn, James Bnan, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 357-
371, 618-619
Radioisotopes, 248-249
Rarno, Simon, 150-151
Ramo-Wooldridge, 517
Rasmussen Report on nuclear reactor safety, 196,
198
Rates of return
pnvate, 309
from research and development, 308-311
in agnculture, 308, 310, 334-335
social, 309
Ray, G. F., 379
Reagan administration, 89, 115, 118, 128, 132-
133, 387, 509, 578
Real estate industry, productivity growth in, 331
Reallocations, and productivity growth, 63, 64
Reed, John S., 8, 11, 12, 476, 594, 597, 619
Reeder, Charles El., 8, 12, 14, 89-91, 619-620
Regulatory actions
affecting grown, 12-13, 15, 41, 43
for b~nkirlg in U.S., 4S9, 464
in biotechnology, 433-435
and comparative risk assessment, 204, 206
and government responsibility for research pro-
grams, 148-151
and incentives for risk 'eking, 537
modifications in, 132
and stimulation of technology, 159-160
Research, basic
· and accounting practices, 112
in chemical industry, 418
commitment to, 536-537
government support for, 122-123, 148
in industrial laboratones, 27, 28
rrussion-oriented, 27
and productivity, 311-312
in universities, 13, 27-28, 263-273, 418. See
also Universities, basic research in
Research and development (~&D)
in agriculture, 333-354. See also Agriculture,
research and development in
in automobile industry, 134
in biotechnology, 430
in chemical industry, 400, 417-418
INDEX
comparative expenditures in venous countries
135-137
corporate planning for, 402 416
assessment of, 411-412
base program in, 406-407
business area analysis in, 405
business aspects of, 412-413
commercialization target date in, 410
company goal in, 407
defining of responsibilities in, 402-403
identification of needs in, 409
innovation project stage in, 410
integration of information in, 413-416
levels of planning in, 403-408
marketing in, 410
project managers in, 411
projections in, 404
stretch position in, 407
and costs of marketing, 109- 110
expenditures in France, 557
expenditures in Japan, 544, 545-546, 548' 550,
expenditures in United Kingdom, 544
and government contracts with private organi-
zations, 124-126
government expenditures in U.S., 4, 6, 38, 116,
263, 401, 504, 544, 557
affecting growth rate, 3, - 5
in agriculture, 337-344, 353
in biotechnology, 430
controversial areas in, 152-158
distribution of, 128, 131
estimation with GNP deflator, 317
in postwar era, 128-135
and rate of technical change, 36
risk taking in, 152-153
and role of private sector, 133
trends in, 126-128
and incitation costs, 383
impact on competitiveness in interrlat~onal trade,
133, 135
industrial spending for' 13~ 134, 299-300
ratio to GNP, 137
and international technology transfer, 320
military' and contracts with scientists, 123-124
partnerships in, 10, 111, 161, 432-433, 446,
476
in pharmaceutical industr,, 339, 489
price indexes for mputs in, 310318
private funding of, 123, 133, 401
trends in, 12~128
rate of retum from, 308-311
in agnculture, 308, 310, 330335
relation to productivity grown, 308-309, 332
subsidies for, and diffusion of technology, 375
tax credits for, 159, 537
and technology transfer costs, 383
for waste disposal management, 149-150
Resources
allocation to less productive uses, 64
oprimi7~iion of, 3
Retraining of labor force, need for, 13
Rhode, Paul, 387
Ricardian equivalence theorem, 46, 47
OCR for page 637
INDEX
llicardo, David, 18, 19, 20, 28
Risk capital, sources of, 445. See also Financing
Risk Eking
aversion to, 16
and costs of marketing, 109-110
and federal support of research and develop-
ment,l52-153
incentives for, 537
in innovations, 299, 300-301, 310
by large companies, 113
and motivated competition, 78-81
propensity to engage in (PERK), 78, 8~81
RNA research, 215-216, 217
Roach, Stephen S., 7, 8, 93-103, 587, 620
Roberts, Paul Craig, 58
Robotics
application of, 505
in Japan, 542
technological strength in Europe, 395
use in manufactunag, 146
Rockefeller Foundation, 215, 216
Rogers, Everett M., 319, 387
Romeo, Anthony A., 378
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 124
Rose, Mark H., 120
Rosenberg, David, 204
Rosenberg, Nathan, v-x, i_16, 17-31, 120, 121,
130, 157, 275-304, 375, 380, 384, 459,
460, 461, 462, 559, 620
Rubber industry
and development of synthetic rubber, 284
patents affecting innovation in, 316
productivity growth in, 331
Rurtan, Vernon, 8, 13, 322, 333-354, 387, 395,
584, 620-621
Sahal, Devendra, 380
Sarcoma, A., 134, 146
Salter, W. E. G., 381
Samuelson, Paul, 3
Sargent, Thomas, 45
Satellite industry
fmanc~ng by banks, 462
in Japan, 558
for monitoring of environment, 155
Savings rate
and consumer spending, 15
decline in, 42
federal deficit affecting, 52, 53
increase in 1984, 90
in Japan, 16, 576-578, 591-592
taxes affecting, 605
Saxonhouse, Gary R., 384, 561-562
Schankerman, M., 317
Scherer, F. M., 322
Schlesinger, AIthur M., Jr., 130
Schmitz, Andrew, 310, 341
Schmookler, Jacob, 345
Schurnpeter, Joseph, 307, 352
Schwartz, M., 320
Science
affecting innovation, 287-288, 29~291, 302-
303
637
policy of U.S. government 119-162. See also
National science policy
Seckler, David, 310, 341
Sectoral productivity grown, 72-73
econometric model of, 66
Securities industry. See also Stock market
technology affecting, 369
Securities Industry Association, 468
Seed companies, development of plant varieties
in, 341-343
Semiconductor industry
competitiveness of, 483
entrepreneurship in, 423-424
foreign acquisition of U.S. companies, 426
improvements in price and performance, 444
445
in Japan, 133-134, 549-552
market penetration by, 122
patent protection in, 426
and study of crystal composition, 231
and surface technology, 246
Service industnes, 357-371
expansion of, 31
investment in, 8
medical care in, 369-371
productivity in, 365-367
support services in, 367-369
for users of specialized equipment, 383
Shane, Robert S., 387
Shapiro, Carl, 381
Sherva, Dennis, 470
Shipbuilding, as key industry, 155-156
Shockley, William, 27' 364, 423
Shockley Semiconductor, 450
Shoven, John, 592-593, 595' 601
Showalter, M. R., 291, 292
Silbertson, Z., 314
SiLkwood, Karen, 205
Singapore
electronics industry in, 566
government expendinlres in, 111
Skinner, Wickham, 138
Small companies
economic impact of, 360 361
entrepreneurial spirit in, 519
financial problems in, 442
importance of, 8, 9
jobs created by, 432
management weakness in, 442
problems with international sales, 493, 498
product line expansion in, 442
relations with large companies, 14, 361, 519,
520
transition to large composes, 441 442
Smith, Adam, 1, 3, 23, 87
Smith, Bruce L. R., 138
Smith, Hamilton, 219, 220
Smith, John, 220
Smithsonian Institution, 122
Social benefits from innovations, 309-311
Social programs, and expectations for scientific
achievements, 13~131
Social Security system, 49-50
Socony Vacuum Corporation, 175-176
OCR for page 638
638
Solar energy, costs of, 277
Solid-state physics, 27-28
Solow, Robert, 4, 21
Sony Corporation, 358, 359
television plant in San Diego, 86
South Africa, agncultural productivity of, 346
Soviet Union, technological rivalry with U.S., 124,
129
Soybean varieties, development of, 342, 353
Space industry
in Japan, 557, 558-559
and spending for research and development, 128,
131
technological strength in U.S., 395
Spain
agricultural productivity of, 346
defense expenditures in, 108
te}ecommu~cations company in, 464
Specialization
effects of, 87
and limitations of expertise, 23-28
Spectroscopy, optical, 249
Sperry Corporation, 463
SRI Intemational, 451
Sri Lanka, agncultura1 productivity in, 346
Standardization
in electronic industry, 438-439
in network technologies, 384-386
Standards setting in industry
imposition of, 375-376
voluntary, 160
Stanford Center for Integrated Systems, 265, 273
Start-up companies
advantages of, 425
critical size for, 11
excess of, 425-426
financing of. See Financing
innovation in, 9
Steam engine, applications of, 26-27
Steel industry
competitiveness of, 484 485, 530
decline in, 542
indirect subsidies for, 120
in Japan, 542
production in 1960, 541
protection of, 83
Steiger, Bill, 468
Stiglitz, J., 396
Stock market
initial public offends market, 468, 469, 471,
473-475, 478, 593
in Japan, 563
over-the-counter, 447
penny stocks in, 445
performance of investment managers in, 469
Unlisted Securities Market in United Kingdom,
11, 111
and view from Wall Street, 467-471
volatility of high-tech stocks in, 471
Stockman, David, 58, 133
Stoneman, Paul, 375, 376, 380, 384, 387
Storage Tech Computer, 446
Stout, D. K., 387
Sturmer, H., 254
INDB
Superfund law, 420
Super-Phenix reactor program, 158
Supersonic aircraft transport
and British-French Concorde project, 147, 277,
299
cancelled by U.S. Senate, 130, 131, 147
Supply factors, in diffusion of technology, 382-
386
Supply-side economics, 47, 58, 74
Surface technology, 240248
Sunnam, agricultural productivity in, 346
Swanson, Robert A., 10 11, 13, 14, 15, 110,
358, 429-435, 44i, 511, 621
Sweden
agricultural productivity in, 346
government expenditures in, 111
Switzerland
agricultural productivity in, 346
government expenditures in, 111
textile machinery Tom, 486
Sylvania Electric Products, 449050
Syntex Corporation, 11, 430
Syria, agricultural productivity in, 346
System Industries, 538
Tachibanaki, Toschiaki, 592-593, 595, 601
Taiwan
agricultural productivity in, 346
electronics industry in, 566
Tandem Computer Corporation, 478
Targeting policies, 12
and analysis of business areas, 405
in Japan, 554-564, 570576
Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982,
52
Taxes
on capital gains
proposal for increase in, 471
reduction in, 468 469
and competitiveness in foreign trade, 506
credit for household alternative investments, 159
credit for investments, 52-53, 70
ratio to statutory rate, 70
credit for research and development spendung,
159, 537
high marginal rates in, 42
and incentives for innovations, 14, 537
and investment projects, 13, 38
policies in Japan, 572, 592-593
and producti~riy growdl, 5, 69-12
and savings rate, 605
and slowdown in economic grown, 41
on Social Security benefits, 50
and spending decisions, 44 45, 46
and supply-side economics, 47
value-added tax, 492
and venture capital availability, 431, 447, 448
Taylor, C., 314
Technological change. See-Innovation
Technology
black box of, 4, 5-6, 278-279, 280
creation and application of, 504 505
diffusion of, 373-389. See also Diffusion of
technology
OCR for page 639
INDEX
and economic growth, 358
issues in corn~nercialization of, 110-113
levels in various countries, 394-395
as positive sum game. 9
and production function as black box, 327
and productivity growth, 9
public attitudes on. See Public opinions on tech-
nology
transfer of
export policy affecting, 434
by foreign acquisition of U.S. companies, 426
international, 320-321
by multinational firms, 320, 321
from research universities, 265
and variation in industry concentration levels,
315
Teece, David. 382, 383. 384
Teknowledge, 450
Tektronix, 475
Telecornrnunications industry
applications in financial institutions, 45S
competitiveness of. 483-484
computers in, 282
development costs in, 299
network technologies in, 329, 383
Telefonica, 464
Telephones, voice transducers in, 246
Television set production
decline in U.S., 542
in Japan, 542
Terleckyj, N., 308
Texas Instruments. 467
Textile industry
competitiveness of, 480487
in Japan, 384
management problems in, 495
new technology affecting, 495
patents affecting innovation in, 316
productivity growth in, 331
shortage of trained personnel in, 494
Thailand, government expenditures in, 111
Thermodynamics, Second Law of, 84, 229-230
Thomassen, K. I., 158
Thompson Products, 517
Three Mile Island, 209
Tilton, J., 320
Time factors
affecting economy. 46
in biotechnology. and bringing products to mar-
ket, 429. 432
in diffusion of innovations, 318
in expenditures by imitators of innovations. 313
and success of innovations, 277, 301
and transition to new technologies, 381-382,
386-387
Tobacco industry, productivity growth in, 331
Tomato harvesting, mechanization of. 340-341
Tort law. See Legal system
Toxic chemicals. feared by public, 13, 15, 418-
420
Toyota, 601
Trace, Keith. 381
Trade
deficit in U. S503
639
in electronics, 426
internationalization of, 47, 479-498
competition in. See Competitiveness in for-
eign trade
and technology transfer. 320-321
Trade law in U.S.. development in, 531-532
Trade secrets protection
affecting application of technology, 376
compared to patent protection, 316
Transitions in industry, and applications of tech-
nical skills, 23-28
Transistors, discovery of, 27. 250, 252
Transportation industry
production processes in, 329
productivity growth in, 331
Traynor, Roger, 178-179
Treasury Department, 468-469, 471, 537, 597
Trilogy. 446
Trucking industry, productivity growth in, 329-
330
Tsang, W., 252
Turkey, agricultural productivity in, 346
Tushman, Michael, 295
Unemployment
and inflation, 42
natural rate of, 45
technological change as cause of, 4. 20, 28-31
United Kingdom
adoption of innovations in, 379
agricultural productivity of, 346
centralized finance system in, 111-113
dialogue between economists and technologists
in, 108-109
economic growth in, 62
energy price increases in, 73
engineers in, 113
government expenditures in, 111
for biotechnology, 431
for defense, 108
for research and development, 136,544
labor costs in, 589
patents granted in U.S., 142
productivity related to investment rate in, 144
role of banks in, 457, 465
Unlisted Securities Market in, 11, 111
United States
agricultural productivity in. 346. See also Ag-
riculture
capital formation in, 583-606
defense expenditures in, 108. See also Defense
spending
government policies of. See Govemment poli-
cies in U.S.
investments for research and development com-
pared to other countnes, 13~131
labor costs in, 589. See also Labor force
Naval Observatory, creation of, 120
productivity related to investment rate in, 144
technological education in, 25~258 See also
Education for technical manpower
technological position of, 39~395
technological rivalry with Soviet Union, 124,
129
OCR for page 640
640
United Technologies, 463
Universities
basic research in, 13, 27-28 263-273, 418
commercial incentives in, i71-273
formulation of policies in, 267-273
growth rate of, 268
and patent rights for faculty members, 271-
272
peer review in, 269
quality-utility issue in, 265-267
social utility of, 269-271
and technology transfer, 265
ties to industry, 26~265, 445, 555
Unlisted Securities Market, in United Kingdom,
11, 111
Upjohn, 467-468
Vaccine use, legal problems with, 197, 199, 202
Variations among sectors and companies, com-
petition as factor in, 5-6
Venezuela, agricultural productivity of, 346
Venture capital, 10- 11, 447-449, 593-594, 596-
59?
in biotechnology, 431
bank financing for, 457-4S9
corporate-managed, 450
and economic growth, 360-361
excess of, 425-426
importance of, 111, 414-415
in Japan, 544, 545, 562-563, 578-580, 594
and returns on investments, 360
taxes affecting, 431, 441, 448
third-round financing by, 449, 470
Vemon, John M., 122
Vernon, Raymond, 142, 143, 145
Victim compenc~hon, in industrial accidents, 181-
182, 200-201, 20~209
Vietnam War, 126, 129, 130, 218
Vincenti, Walter G., 281
Vogel, Ezra, 573
Wages. See also Labor, costs of
~ INDEX
and competition in world market, 502
increased rates in Japan, 571
and productivity grown, 69
schemes for control of, 43
Waldrop, M. Mitchell, 133, 155
Wallerstein, Mitchel 13., 161
Wang Laboratories, 463, 470
Waste management
and hazardous dump sites,.419, 420
and health effects of dump sites, 421
and investments in research and development,
149- 150
and multiparty legal disputes, 193
and tort immunity of companies, 202
Water pollution regulations, and technological in-
novations, 159
Water power, use of, 285
Watson, James D., 6, 9, 13, 15, 213-225, 227,
362, 621
Watson, Thomas J., 30, 364
Waves and particles, dualism of, 246
Weather services, as public goods, 155
Weaver, Warren, 215
Weigle, Jean, 220
Westem Union, 24
White, Kerr, 266
Wiegma=, W., 249
Winter, S., 322
Wood industry, productivity growth in, 331
Worker's compensation systems, 201
World War II, and development of American sci-
ence policy, 121, 123-124
Wright brothers, 25
Wyse Technology, 474
Yellin, Joel, 204
Young, John A., 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 501-509, 521,
533, 539, 604, 621-622
Yuba Power Products, 178
Yugoslavia, agricultural productivity of, 346
Zschau, Ed, 6, 7, 15, 110, 468, 535-539, 622
Representative terms from entire chapter:
productivity growth
