| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 43
Page 43
Tables
OCR for page 44
OCR for page 45
Page 45
TABLE 1 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Sheep
Body Weight
Weight Change/Day
Dry Matter per Animala
Nutrients per Animal
Energyb
Crude protein
Ca (g)
P (g)
Vitamin A Activity (IU)
Vitamin E Activity (IU)
TDN
DE (Mcal)
ME (Mcal)
(kg)
(lb)
(g)
(lb)
(kg)
(lb)
(% body weight)
(kg)
(lb)
(g)
(lb)
Ewesc Maintenance
50
110
10
0.02
1.0
2.2
2.0
0.55
1.2
2.4
2.0
95
0.21
2.0
1.8
2,350
15
60
132
10
0.02
1.1
2.4
1.8
0.61
1.3
2.7
2.2
104
0.23
2.3
2.1
2,820
16
70
154
10
0.02
1.2
2.6
1.7
0.66
1.5
2.9
2.4
113
0.25
2.5
2.4
3,290
18
80
176
10
0.02
1.3
2.9
1.6
0.72
1.6
3.2
2.6
122
0.27
2.7
2.8
3,760
20
90
198
10
0.02
1.4
3.1
1.5
0.78
1.7
3.4
2.8
131
0.29
2.9
3.1
4,230
21
Flushing—2 Weeks prebreeding and first 3 weeks of breeding
50
110
100
0.22
1.6
3.5
3.2
0.94
2.1
4.1
3.4
150
0.33
5.3
2.6
2,350
24
60
132
100
0.22
1.7
3.7
2.8
1.00
2.2
4.4
3.6
157
0.34
5.5
2.9
2,820
26
70
154
100
0.22
1.8
4.0
2.6
1.06
2.3
4.7
3.8
164
0.36
5.7
3.2
3,290
27
80
176
100
0.22
1.9
4.2
2.4
1.12
2.5
4.9
4.0
171
0.38
5.9
3.6
3,760
28
90
198
100
0.22
2.0
4.4
2.2
1.18
2.6
5.1
4.2
177
0.39
6.1
3.9
4,230
30
Nonlactating—First 15 weeks gestation
50
110
30
0.07
1.2
2.6
2.4
0.67
1.5
3.0
2.4
112
0.25
2.9
2.1
2,350
18
60
132
30
0.07
1.3
2.9
2.2
0.72
1.6
3.2
2.6
121
0.27
3.2
2.5
2,820
20
70
154
30
0.07
1.4
3.1
2.0
0.77
1.7
3.4
2.8
130
0.29
3.5
2.9
3,290
21
80
176
30
0.07
1.5
3.3
1.9
0.82
1.8
3.6
3.0
139
0.31
3.8
3.3
3,760
22
90
198
30
0.07
1.6
3.5
1.8
0.87
1.9
3.8
3.2
148
0.33
4.1
3.6
4,230
24
Last 4 week gestation (130-150% lambing rate expected) or last 4-6 weeks lactation suckling singlesd
50
110
180 (45)
0.40 (0.10)
1.6
3.5
3.2
0.94
2.1
4.1
3.4
175
0.38
5.9
4.8
4,250
24
60
132
180 (45)
0.40 (0.10)
1.7
3.7
2.8
1.00
2.2
4.4
3.6
184
0.40
6.0
5.2
5,100
26
70
154
180 (45)
0.40 (0.10)
1.8
4.0
2.6
1.06
2.3
4.7
3.8
193
0.42
6.2
5.6
5,950
27
80
176
180 (45)
0.40 (0.10)
1.9
4.2
2.4
1.12
2.4
4.9
4.0
202
0.44
6.3
6.1
6,800
28
90
198
180 (45)
0.40 (0.10)
2.0
4.4
2.2
1.18
2.5
5.1
4.2
212
0.47
6.4
6.5
7,650
30
Last 4 weeks gestation (180-225% lambing rate expected)
50
110
225
0.50
1.7
3.7
3.4
1.10
2.4
4.8
4.0
196
0.43
6.2
3.4
4,250
26
60
132
225
0.50
1.8
4.0
3.0
1.17
2.6
5.1
4.2
205
0.45
6.9
4.0
5,100
27
70
154
225
0.50
1.9
4.2
2.7
1.24
2.8
5.4
4.4
214
0.47
7.6
4.5
5,950
28
80
176
225
0.50
2.0
4.4
2.5
1.30
2.9
5.7
4.7
223
0.49
8.3
5.1
6,800
30
90
198
225
0.50
2.1
4.6
2.3
1.37
3.0
6.0
5.0
232
0.51
8.9
5.7
7,650
32
First 6-8 weeks lactation suckling singles or last 4-6 weeks lactation suckling twinsd
50
110
- 25 (90)
- 0.06 (0.20)
2.1
4.6
4.2
1.36
3.0
6.0
4.9
304
0.67
8.9
6.1
4,250
32
60
132
- 25 (90)
- 0.06 (0.20)
2.3
5.1
3.8
1.50
3.3
6.6
5.4
319
0.70
9.1
6.6
5,100
34
70
154
- 25 (90)
- 0.06 (0.20)
2.5
5.5
3.6
1.63
3.6
7.2
5.9
334
0.73
9.3
7.0
5,950
38
80
176
- 25 (90)
- 0.06 (0.20)
2.6
5.7
3.2
1.69
3.7
7.4
6.1
344
0.76
9.5
7.4
6,800
39
90
198
- 25 (90)
- 0.06 (0.20)
2.7
5.9
3.0
1.75
3.8
7.6
6.3
353
0.78
9.6
7.8
7,650
40
(table continued on next page)
OCR for page 46
Page 46
TABLE 1 Daily Nutrient Requirements of Sheep—Continued
Body Weight
Weight Change/Day
Dry Matter per Animala
Nutrients per Animal
Energyb
Crude protein
Ca (g)
P (g)
Vitamin A Activity (IU)
Vitamin E Activity(IU
TDN
DE (Mcal)
ME (Mcal)
(kg)
(lb)
(g)
(lb)
(kg)
(lb)
(% body weight)
(kg)
(lb)
(g)
(lb)
First 6-8 weeks lactation suckling twins
50
110
-60
-0.13
2.4
5.3
4.8
1.56
3.4
6.9
5.6
389
0.86
10.5
7.3
5,000
36
60
132
-60
-0.13
2.6
5.7
4.3
1.69
3.7
7.4
6.1
405
0.89
10.7
7.7
6,000
39
70
154
-60
-0.13
2.8
6.2
4.0
1.82
4.0
8.0
6.6
420
0.92
11.0
8.1
7,000
42
80
176
-60
-0.13
3.0
6.6
3.8
1.95
4.3
8.6
7.0
435
0.96
11.2
8.6
8,000
45
90
198
-60
-0.13
3.2
7.0
3.6
2.08
4.6
9.2
7.5
450
0.99
11.4
9.0
9,000
48
Ewe lambs Nonlactating—First 15 weeks gestation
40
88
160
0.35
1.4
3.1
3.5
0.83
1.8
3.6
3.0
156
0.34
5.5
3.0
1,880
21
50
110
135
0.30
1.5
3.3
3.0
0.88
1.9
3.9
3.2
159
0.35
5.2
3.1
2,350
22
60
132
135
0.30
1.6
3.5
2.7
0.94
2.0
4.1
3.4
161
0.35
5.5
3.4
2,820
24
70
154
125
0.28
1.7
3.7
2.4
1.00
2.2
4.4
3.6
164
0.36
5.5
3.7
3,290
26
Last 4 weeks gestation (100-120% lambing rate expected)
40
88
180
0.40
1.5
3.3
3.8
0.94
2.1
4.1
3.4
187
0.41
6.4
3.1
3,400
22
50
110
160
0.35
1.6
3.5
3.2
1.00
2.2
4.4
3.6
189
0.42
6.3
3.4
4,250
24
60
132
160
0.35
1.7
3.7
2.8
1.07
2.4
4.7
3.9
192
0.42
6.6
3.8
5,100
26
70
154
150
0.33
1.8
4.0
2.6
1.14
2.5
5.0
4.1
194
0.43
6.8
4.2
5,950
27
Last 4 weeks gestation (130-175% lambing rate expected)
40
88
225
0.50
1.5
3.3
3.8
0.99
2.2
4.4
3.6
202
0.44
7.4
3.5
3,400
22
50
110
225
0.50
1.6
3.5
3.2
1.06
2.3
4.7
3.8
204
0.45
7.8
3.9
4,250
24
60
132
225
0.50
1.7
3.7
2.8
1.12
2.5
4.9
4.0
207
0.46
8.1
4.3
5,100
26
70
154
215
0.47
1.8
4.0
2.6
1.14
2.5
5.0
4.1
210
0.46
8.2
4.7
5,950
27
First 6-8 weeks lactation suckling singles (wean by 8 weeks)
40
88
-50
-0.11
1.7
3.7
4.2
1.12
2.5
4.9
4.0
257
0.56
6.0
4.3
3,400
26
50
110
-50
-0.11
2.1
4.6
4.2
1.39
3.1
6.1
5.0
282
0.62
6.5
4.7
4,250
32
60
132
-50
-0.11
2.3
5.1
3.8
1.52
3.4
6.7
5.5
295
0.65
6.8
5.1
5,100
34
70
154
-50
-0.11
2.5
5.5
3.6
1.65
3.6
7.3
6.0
301
0.68
7.1
5.6
5,450
38
First 6-8 weeks lactation suckling twins (wean by 8 weeks)
40
88
-100
-0.22
2.1
4.6
5.2
1.45
3.2
6.4
5.2
306
0.67
8.4
5.6
4,000
32
50
110
-100
-0.22
2.3
5.1
4.6
1.59
3.5
7.0
5.7
321
0.71
8.7
6.0
5,000
34
60
132
-100
-0.22
2.5
5.5
4.2
1.72
3.8
7.6
6.2
336
0.74
9.0
6.4
6,000
38
70
154
-100
-0.22
2.7
6.0
3.9
1.85
4.1
8.1
6.6
351
0.77
9.3
6.9
7,000
40
(table continued on next page)
OCR for page 47
Page 47
Replacement ewe lambse
30
66
227
0.50
1.2
2.6
4.0
0.78
1.7
3.4
2.8
185
0.41
6.4
2.6
1,410
18
40
88
182
0.40
1.4
3.1
3.5
0.91
2.0
4.0
3.3
176
0.39
5.9
2.6
1,880
21
50
110
120
0.26
1.5
3.3
3.0
0.88
1.9
3.9
3.2
136
0.30
4.8
2.4
2,350
22
60
132
100
0.22
1.5
3.3
2.5
0.88
1.9
3.9
3.2
134
0.30
4.5
2.5
2,820
22
70
154
100
0.22
1.5
3.3
2.1
0.88
1.9
3.9
3.2
132
0.29
4.6
2.8
3,290
22
Replacement ram lambse
40
88
330
0.73
1.8
4.0
4.5
1.1
2.5
5.0
4.1
243
0.54
7.8
3.7
1,880
24
60
132
320
0.70
2.4
5.3
4.0
1.5
3.4
6.7
5.5
263
0.58
8.4
4.2
2,820
26
80
176
290
0.64
2.8
6.2
3.5
1.8
3.9
7.8
6.4
268
0.59
8.5
4.6
3,760
28
100
220
250
0.55
3.0
6.6
3.0
1.9
4.2
8.4
6.9
264
0.58
8.2
4.8
4,700
30
Lambs finishing—4 to 7 months oldf
30
66
295
0.65
1.3
2.9
4.3
0.94
2.1
4.1
3.4
191
0.42
6.6
3.2
1,410
20
40
88
275
0.60
1.6
3.5
4.0
1.22
2.7
5.4
4.4
185
0.41
6.6
3.3
1,880
24
50
110
205
0.45
1.6
3.5
3.2
1.23
2.7
5.4
4.4
160
0.35
5.6
3.0
2,350
24
Early weaned lambs—Moderate growth potentialf
10
22
200
0.44
0.5
1.1
5.0
0.40
0.9
1.8
1.4
127
0.38
4.0
1.9
470
10
20
44
250
0.55
1.0
2.2
5.0
0.80
1.8
3.5
2.9
167
0.37
5.4
2.5
940
20
30
66
300
0.66
1.3
2.9
4.3
1.00
2.2
4.4
3.6
191
0.42
6.7
3.2
1,410
20
40
88
345
0.76
1.5
3.3
3.8
1.16
2.6
5.1
4.2
202
0.44
7.7
3.9
1,880
22
50
110
300
0.66
1.5
3.3
3.0
1.16
2.6
5.1
4.2
181
0.40
7.0
3.8
2,350
22
Early weaned lambs—Rapid growth potentialf
10
22
250
0.55
0.6
1.3
6.0
0.48
1.1
2.1
1.7
157
0.35
4.9
2.2
470
12
20
44
300
0.66
1.2
2.6
6.0
0.92
2.0
4.0
3.3
205
0.45
6.5
2.9
940
24
30
66
325
0.72
1.4
3.1
4.7
1.10
2.4
4.8
4.0
216
0.48
7.2
3.4
1,410
21
40
88
400
0.88
1.5
3.3
3.8
1.14
2.5
5.0
4.1
234
0.51
8.6
4.3
1,880
22
50
110
425
0.94
1.7
3.7
3.4
1.29
2.8
5.7
4.7
240
0.53
9.4
4.8
2,350
25
60
132
350
0.77
1.7
3.7
2.8
1.29
2.8
5.7
4.7
240
0.53
8.2
4.5
2,820
25
aTo convert dry matter to an as-fed basis, divide dry matter values by the percentage of dry matter in the particular feed.
bOne kilogram TDN (total digestile nutrients) = 4.4 Mcal DE (digestible energy); ME (metabolizable energy) = 82% of DE. Because of rounding errors, values in Table 1 and Table 2 may differ.
cValues are applicable for ewes in moderate condition. Fat ewes should be fed according to the next lower weight category and thin ewes at the next higher weight category. Once desired or moderate weight condition is attained, use that weight category through all production stages.
dValues in parentheses are for ewes suckling lambs the last 4-6 weeks of lactation.
eLambs intended for breeding; thus, maximum weight gains and finish are of secondary importance.
fMaximum weight gains expected.
OCR for page 48
Page 48
TABLE 2 Nutrient Concentration in Diets for Sheep (expressed on 100 Percent Dry Matter Basisa)
Body Weight
Weight Change/Day
Energyb
Example Diet Proportions
Crude Protein (%)
Calcium (%)
Phosphorus (%)
Vitamin A Activity (IU/kg)
Vitamin E Activity (IU/kg)
(kg)
(lb)
(g)
(lb)
TDNc (%)
DE (Mcal/kg)
ME (Mcal/kg)
Concentrate %
Forage %
Ewesd Maintenance
70
154
10
0.02
55
2.4
2.0
0
100
9.4
0.20
0.20
2,742
15
Flushing—2 weeks prebreeding and first 3 weeks of breeding
70
154
100
0.22
59
2.6
2.1
15
85
9.1
0.32
0.18
1,828
15
Nonlactating—First 15 weeks gestation
70
154
30
0.07
55
2.4
2.0
0
100
9.3
0.25
0.20
2,350
15
Last 4 weeks gestation (130-150% lambing rate expected) or last 4-6 weeks lactation suckling singlese
70
154
180 (0.45)
0.40 (0.10)
59
2.6
2.1
15
85
10.7
0.35
0.23
3,306
15
Last 4 weeks gestation (180-225% lambing rate expected)
70
154
225
0.50
65
2.9
2.3
35
65
11.3
0.40
0.24
3,132
15
First 6-8 weeks lactation suckling singles or last 4-6 weeks lactation suckling twinse
70
154
-25(90)
-0.06 (0.20)
65
2.9
2.4
35
65
13.4
0.32
0.26
2,380
15
First 6-8 weeks lactation suckling twins
70
154
-60
-0.13
65
2.9
2.4
35
65
15.0
0.39
0.29
2,500
15
Ewe Lambs Nonlactating—First 15 weeks gestation
55
121
135
0.30
59
2.6
2.1
15
85
10.6
0.35
0.22
1,668
15
Last 4 weeks gestation (100-120% lambing rate expected)
55
121
160
0.35
63
2.8
2.3
30
70
11.8
0.39
0.22
2,833
15
Last 4 weeks gestation (130-175% lambing rate expected)
55
121
225
0.50
66
2.9
2.4
40
60
12.8
0.48
0.25
2,833
15
First 6-8 weeks lactation suckling singles (wean by 8 weeks)
55
121
-50
0.22
66
2.9
2.4
40
60
13.1
0.30
0.22
2,125
15
First 6-8 weeks lactation suckling twins (wean by 8 weeks)
55
121
-100
-0.22
69
3.0
2.5
50
50
13.7
0.37
0.26
2,292
15
Replacement Ewe Lambsf
30
66
227
0.50
65
2.9
2.4
35
65
12.8
0.53
0.22
1,175
15
40
88
182
0.40
65
2.9
2.4
35
65
10.2
0.42
0.18
1,343
15
50-70
110-154
115
0.25
59
2.6
2.1
15
85
9.1
0.31
0.17
1,567
15
Replacement Ram Lambsf
40
88
330
0.73
63
2.8
2.3
30
70
13.5
0.43
0.21
1,175
15
60
132
320
0.70
63
2.8
2.3
30
70
11.0
0.35
0.18
1,659
15
80-100
176-220
270
0.60
63
2.8
2.3
30
70
9.6
0.30
0.16
1,979
15
Lambs Finishing—4 to 7 months oldg
30
66
295
0.65
72
3.2
2.5
60
40
14.7
0.51
0.24
1,085
15
40
88
275
0.60
76
3.3
2.7
75
25
11.6
0.42
0.21
1,175
15
50
110
205
0.45
77
3.4
2.8
80
20
10.0
0.35
0.19
1,469
15
Early Weaned Lambs—Moderate and rapid growth potentialg
10
22
250
0.55
80
3.5
2.9
90
10
26.2
0.82
0.38
940
20
20
44
300
0.66
78
3.4
2.8
85
15
16.9
0.54
0.24
940
20
30
66
325
0.72
78
3.3
2.7
85
15
15.1
0.51
0.24
1,085
15
40-60
88-132
400
0.88
78
3.3
2.7
85
15
14.5
0.55
0.28
1,253
15
aValues in Table 2 are calculated from daily requirements in Table 1 divided by DM intake. The exception, vitamin E daily requirements/head, are calculated from vitamin E/kg diet × DM intake.
bOne kilogram TDN = 4.4 Mcal DE (digestible energy); ME (metabolizable energy) = 82% of DE. Because of rounding errors, values in Table 1 and Table 2 may differ.
cTDN calculated on following basis: hay DM, 55% TDN and on as-fed basis 50% TDN; grain DM, 83% TDN and on as-fed basis 75% TDN.
dValues are for ewes in moderate condition. Fat ewes should be fed according to the next lower weight category and thin ewes at the next higher weight category. Once desired or moderate weight condition is attained, use that weight category through all production stages.
eValues in parentheses are for ewes suckling lambs the last 4-6 weeks of lactation.
fLambs intended for breeding; thus, maximum weight gains and finish are of secondary importance.
gMaximum weight gains expected.
OCR for page 49
Page 49
TABLE 3 Net Energy Requirements for Lambs of Small, Medium, and Large Mature Weight Genotypesa (kcal/d)
Body Weight (kg)b:
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
NEm Requirementsc:
315
530
626
718
806
891
973
1053
Daily Gain (g)b NEg Requirements Small mature weight lambsd
100
178
300
354
406
456
504
551
596
150
267
450
532
610
684
756
826
894
200
357
600
708
812
912
1,008
1,102
1,192
250
446
750
886
1,016
1,140
1,261
1,377
1,490
300
535
900
1,064
1,219
1,368
1,513
1,652
1,788
Medium mature weight lambse
100
155
261
309
354
397
439
480
519
150
233
392
463
531
596
658
719
778
200
310
522
618
708
794
878
960
1,038
250
388
653
771
884
993
1,097
1,199
1,297
300
466
784
926
1,062
1,191
1,316
1,438
1,557
350
543
914
1,080
1,238
1,390
1,536
1,678
1,816
400
621
1,044
1,234
1,415
1,589
1,756
1,918
2,076
Large mature weight lambsf
100
132
221
262
300
337
372
407
439
150
197
332
392
450
505
558
610
660
200
263
442
524
600
674
744
813
880
250
329
553
654
750
842
930
1,016
1,099
300
394
663
785
900
1,010
1,116
1,220
1,320
350
461
775
916
1,050
1,179
1,303
1,423
1,540
400
526
885
1,046
1,200
1,347
1,489
1,626
1,760
450
592
996
1,177
1,350
1,515
1,675
1,830
1,980
aApproximate mature ram weights of 95 kg, 115 kg, and 135 kg, respectively.
bWeights and gains include fill.
cNEm = 56 kcal · W0.75 · d-1.
dNEg = 317 kcal · W0.75 · LWG, kg · d-1.
eNEg = 276 kcal · W0.75 · LWG, kg · d-1.
fNEg = 234 kcal · W0.75 · LWG, kg · d-1.
TABLE 4 NEpreg (NEy) Requirements of Ewes Carrying Different Numbers of Fetuses at Various Stages of Gestation
Number of Fetuses Being Carried
Stage of Gestation (days)a
100
%b
120
%b
140
%b
NEpreg Required (kcal/day)
1
70
100
145
100
260
100
2
125
178
265
183
440
169
3
170
243
345
238
570
219
aFor gravid uterus (plus contents) and mammary gland development only.
bAs a percentage of a single fetus's requirement.
OCR for page 50
Page 50
TABLE 5 Crude Protein Requirements for Lambs of Small, Medium, and Large Mature Weight Genotypesa (g/d)
Body Weight (kg)b:
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Daily Gain (g)b Small mature weight lambs
100
84
112
122
127
131
136
135
134
150
103
121
137
140
144
147
145
143
200
123
145
152
154
156
158
154
151
250
142
162
167
168
168
169
164
159
300
162
178
182
181
180
180
174
168
Medium mature weight lambs
100
85
114
125
130
135
140
139
139
150
106
132
141
145
149
153
151
149
200
127
150
158
160
163
166
163
160
250
147
167
174
175
177
179
175
171
300
168
185
191
191
191
191
186
181
350
188
203
207
206
205
204
198
192
400
209
221
224
221
219
217
210
202
Large mature weight lambs
100
94
128
134
139
145
144
150
156
150
115
147
152
156
160
159
164
169
200
136
166
170
173
176
174
178
182
250
157
186
188
190
192
189
192
195
300
179
205
206
207
208
204
206
208
350
200
224
224
224
224
219
220
221
400
221
243
242
241
240
234
234
234
450
242
262
260
256
256
249
248
248
aApproximate mature ram weights of 95 kg, 115 kg, and 135 kg, respectively.
bWeights and gains include fill.
TABLE 6 Macromineral Requirements of Sheep (percentage of diet dry matter)a
Nutrient
Requirement
Sodium
0.09-0.18
Chlorine
–
Calcium
0.20-0.82
Phosphorus
0.16-0.38
Magnesium
0.12-0.18
Potassium
0.50-0.80
Sulfur
0.14-0.26
aValues are estimates based on experimental data.
TABLE 7 Micromineral Requirements of Sheep and Maximum Tolerable Levels (ppm, mg/kg of diet dry matter)a
Nutrient
Requirement
Maximum Tolerable Levelb
Iodine
0.10-0.80c
50
Iron
30-50
500
Copper
7-11d
25e
Molybdenum
0.5
10e
Cobalt
0.1-0.2
10
Manganese
20-40
1,000
Zinc
20-33
750
Selenium
0.1-0.2
2
Fluorine
–
60-150
aValues are estimates based on experimental data.
bNRC (1980).
cHigh level for pregnancy and lactation in diets not containing goitrogens; should be increased if diets contain goitrogens.
dRequirement when dietary Mo concentrations are ‹1 mg/kg DM. See text for requirements under other circumstances.
eLower levels may be toxic under some circumstances. See text.
OCR for page 51
Page 51
TABLE 8 Composition of Ewe's Milk (2.5 weeks postpartum)a
Dry matter
18.2%
Fat (5-10%)
7.1 g/100 g milk
Protein (true)
4.5 × 5.49 = 24.7% DM basis
Lactose
4.8 × 5.49 = 26.4% DM basis
Ash
0.85 g/100 g milk
Fiber
0.0 g/100 g milk
Caloric value (GE)
110 kcal/100 g × 5.49 = 6.04 Mcal/kg milk DM basis
Principal salts (g/100 g)
Na
0.040
K
0.150
Ca
0.200
Mg
0.016
P
0.150
Cl
0.075
Citrate
0.170
Trace minerals (mg/liter)
Fe
0.60-0.70
Cu
0.05-0.15
Mn
0.06
Al
1.70
Zn
2.00-3.00
Vitamins (mg/liter, except where noted)
A
1,450 IU/liter
E (a-tocopherol)
15
Thiamin
1.0
Riboflavin
4.0
Niacin
5.0
B6
0.7
Pantothenic acid
4.0
Biotin
0.05-0.09
Folacin
0.05
B12
0.006-0.010
Ascorbic acid
40-50
aCourtesy of Dr. Robert Jenness, Biochemistry Department, University of Minnesota.
TABLE 9 Vitamin E Requirements of Growing-Finishing Lambs and Suggested Levels of Feed Fortification to Provide 100 Percent of Requirements
Body Weight
a-Tocopheryl Acetate
Feed Intake per Lamb
Amount of Vitamin E Added to Concentrate
Amount of Vitamin E Added to Protein Supplementb
(kg)
(lb)
(mg/lamb/day)a
(mg/kg diet)
(kg)
(lb)
(mg/kg)
(mg/lb)
(mg/ton)
(mg/kg)
(mg/lb)
(mg/ton)
10
22
5.0
20
0.23
0.50
20
9.1
18,200
133
60
120,000
20
44
10.0
20
0.45
1.00
20
9.1
18,200
133
60
120,000
30
66
15.0
15
0.96
2.10
15
6.8
13,600
100
45
90,000
40
88
20.0
15
1.30
2.86
15
6.8
13,600
100
45
90,000
50
110
25.0
15
1.60
3.50
15
6.8
13,600
100
45
90,000
aRounded values based on approximate diet intake containing recommended vitamin E levels.
bAssumes the concentrate diet contains 15 percent protein supplement.
OCR for page 52
Page 52
TABLE 10 Relative Ranking of Pasture Forages for Sheep
Species
Carrying Capacity
Lamb Performance
Lamb Production/Acre
Sheep and Pasture Management Required
Alfalfa
High
High
High
Medium
Ladino clover
Low
High
Medium
Medium
Bird's-foot trefoil
Low
High
High
Medium
Blue grass
Low
Low
Low
Low
Brome grass
Medium
Medium
Medium
Low
Fescue
High
Low
Low
Low
Orchard grass
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Canarygrass
High
Low
Medium
Low
Timothy
Low
Low
Low
Low
Oats
Medium
Medium
Medium
Low
Barley
Medium
Medium
Medium
Low
Sudan
High
Low
Medium
High
Rape
High
High
High
Low
Turnips
High
Low
Medium
Low
TABLE 11 Range Supplements for Sheep (DM basis)a
Relative Protein Level (%)
Feedsb
High
Medium-High
Medium-Low
Low
Barley, grain or corn, dent yellow, grain, grade 2 US, min 54 lb/bu
5
40
75
65
Beet, sugar, molasses, or sugar cane molasses, 48% invert sugar, min 79.5° Brix
5
5
5
5
Cottonseed with some hulls, solvent extracted, ground, min 41% protein, max 14% fiber, min 0.5% fat (cottonseed meal)
66
36
–
16
Soybean, seeds, solvent extracted, ground, max 7% fiber, 44% protein (soybean meal)
10
10
10
10
Urea, technical, 282% protein equivalent
–
–
5
–
Alfalfa, aerial parts, dehydrated, ground, min 17% protein or alfalfa, hay, sun-cured, early bloom
10
5
–
–
Vitamin A (IU/kg)
–
4,000
8,000
8,000
Calcium phosphate, monobasic, commercial
1
1
2
1
Sodium phosphate, monobasic, technical
2
2
2
2
Salt or trace mineralized salt
1
1
1
1
Total
100
100
100
100
Compositionc
Protein (N × 6.25) (%)
33.8
24.3
26.2
17.7
Digestible energy (Mcal/kg)
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.1
Phosphorus (%)
2.0
1.5
0.9
1.2
Carotene (mg/kg)
22.0
10.0
–
–
Vitamin A (IU/kg)
–
4,000.0
8,000.0
8,000.0
Rate of feedingd (kg/day)
0.1-0.2
0.1-0.2
0.1-0.2e
0.1-0.2e
aFeeds mixed and fed in meal or pellet form.
bSee Table 16.
cMolasses and alfalfa hay, sun-cured, early bloom not included.
dCalculated on as-fed basis for mixing and feeding.
eIn emergency situations, up to 0.5 kg may be fed.
OCR for page 53
Page 53
TABLE 12 Suggested Creep Diets
Amount (as-fed basis, %)
Ingredient
Diet A
Diet B
Diet C
Simple Diets (grind for lambs under 6 weeks of age; feed whole thereafter; hand- or self-feed)a
Barley, grain
38.5
–
–
Corn, dent yellow, grain, ground, grade 2 US, min 54 lb/bu
40.0
60.0
88.5
Oats, grain
–
28.5
–
Wheat, bran, dry milled
10.0
–
–
Linseed meal, soybean meal, or sunflower meal
10.0
10.0
10.0
Limestone, ground, min 33% calcium
1.0
1.0
1.0
Trace mineralized salt with selenium
0.5
0.5
0.5
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
Alfalfa hay, sun-cured, early bloom should be fed free choice in conjunction with any of the above diets.
Commercially Mixed Diets (hand- or self-fed as meal, but usually as pellets)b
Alfalfa, sun-cured, early bloom or dehydrated alfalfa
–
10.0
20.0
Barley, grain
20.0
–
–
Corn, dent yellow, grain, grade 2 US, min 54 lb/bu
54.5
34.5
44.5
Oats, grain
–
30.0
10.0
Linseed, soybean, or sunflower meal
10.0
10.0
10.0
Bran, wheat
10.0
10.0
10.0
Beet or cane molasses
4.0
4.0
4.0
Limestone, ground, min 33% calcium
1.0
1.0
1.0
Trace mineralized salt with selenium
0.5
0.5
0.5
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
Chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline
15.0-25.0 mg/kg
15.0-25.0 mg/kg
15.0-25.0 mg/kg
Vitamin A, IU/kg
500.0
500.0
500.0
Vitamin D, IU/kg
50.0
50.0
50.0
Vitamin E, IU/kg
20.0
20.0
20.0
aLimestone will separate from whole grain, so a combination of protein supplement with 10% limestone may be top dressed on the whole grain. Equal parts of trace mineralized salt and limestone is an additional way to maintain adequate calcium intake and prevent urinary calculi.
bThe addition of 0.25 to 0.50% ammonium chloride will minimize urinary calculi. Corn may be substituted for all the barley and oats. Weight gains are depressed when barley or oats exceed 40% of the ration.
OCR for page 68
Page 68
(table continued on next page)
OCR for page 69
Page 69
(table continued from previous page)
(table continued on next page)
OCR for page 70
Page 70
(table continued on next page)
OCR for page 71
Page 71
(table continued from previous page)
(table continued on next page)
OCR for page 72
Page 72
(table continued on next page)
OCR for page 73
Page 73
(table continued from previous page)
OCR for page 74
Page 74
(table continued on next page)
OCR for page 75
Page 75
(table continued from previous page)
OCR for page 76
Page 76
TABLE 15 Stage-of-Maturity Terms Used in Table 13
Preferred Term
Definition
Comparable Terms
For Plants That Bloom
Germinated
Stage in which the embryo in a seed resumes growth after a dormant period
Sprouted
Early vegetative
Stage at which the plant is vegetative and before the stems elongate
Fresh new growth, before heading out, before inflorescence emergence, immature prebud stage, very immature, young
Late vegetative
Stage at which stems are beginning to elongate to just before blooming; first bud to first flowers
Before bloom, bud stage, budding plants, heading to in bloom, heads just showing, jointing and boot (grasses), prebloom, preflowering, stems elongated
Early bloom
Stage between initiation of bloom and stage in which 1/10 of the plants are in bloom; some grass heads are in anthesis
Early anthesis, first flower, headed out, in head, up to 1/10 bloom
Midbloom
Stage in which 1/10 to 2/3 of the plants are in bloom; most grass heads are in anthesis
Bloom, flowering, flowering plants, half bloom, in bloom, mid anthesis
Full bloom
Stage in which 2/3 or more of the plants are in bloom
3/4 to full bloom, late anthesis
Late bloom
Stage in which blossoms begin to dry and fall and seeds begin to form
15 days after silking, before milk, in bloom to early pod, late to past anthesis
Milk stage
Stage in which seeds are well formed but soft and immature
After anthesis, early seed, fruiting, in tassel, late bloom to early seed, past bloom, pod stage, post anthesis, post bloom, seed developing, seed forming, soft, soft immature
Dough stage
Stage in which the seeds are of dough-like consistency
Dough stage, nearly mature, seeds dough, seeds well developed, soft dent
Mature
Stage in which plants are normally harvested for seed
Dent, dough to glazing, fruiting, fruiting plants, in seed, kernels ripe, ripe seed
Post ripe
Stage that follows maturity; seeds are ripe and plants have been cast and weathering has taken place (applies mostly to range plants)
Late, seed, over ripe, very mature
Stem cured
Stage in which plants are cured on the stem; seeds have been cast and weathering has taken place (applies mostly to range plants)
Dormant, mature and weathered, seeds cast
Regrowth early vegetative
Stage in which regrowth occurs without flowering activity; vegetative crop aftermath; regrowth in stubble (applies primarily to fall regrowth in temperate climates); early dry season regrowth
Vegetative recovery growth
Regrowth late vegetative
Stage in which stems begin to elongate to just before blooming; first bud to first flowers; regrowth in stubble with stem elongation (applies primarily to fall regrowth in temperate climates)
Recovery growth, stems elongating, jointing and boot (grasses)
For Plants That Do Not Blooma
1 to 14 days' growth
A specified length of time after plants have started to grow
2 weeks' growth
15 to 28 days' growth
A specified length of time after plants have started to grow
4 weeks' growth
29 to 42 days' growth
A specified length of time after plants have started to grow
6 weeks' growth
43 to 56 days' growth
A specified length of time after plants have started to grow
8 weeks' growth
57 to 70 days' growth
A specified length of time after plants have started to grow
10 weeks' growth
aThese classes are for species that remain vegetative for long periods and apply primarily to the tropics. When the name of a feed is developed, the age classes form part of the name (e.g., Pangolagrass, 15 to 28 days' growth). Do not use terms which apply to plants that bloom and those which do not bloom in same name. For plants growing longer than 70 days, the interval is increased by increments of 14 days.
OCR for page 77
Page 77
TABLE 16 Weight-Unit Conversion Factors
Units Given
Units Wanted
For Conversion Multiply by
lb
g
453.6
lb
kg
0.4536
oz
g
28.35
kg
lb
2.2046
kg
mg
1,000,000.
kg
g
1,000.
g
mg
1,000.
g
µg
1,000,000.
mg
µg
1,000.
mg/g
mg/lb
453.6
mg/kg
mg/lb
0.4536
µg/kg
µg/lb
0.4536
Mcal
kcal
1,000.
kcal/kg
kcal/lb
0.4536
kcal/lb
kcal/kg
2.2046
ppm
µg/g
1.
ppm
mg/kg
1.
ppm
mg/lb
0.4536
mg/kg
%
0.0001
ppm
%
0.0001
mg/g
%
0.1
g/kg
%
0.1
TABLE 17 Weight Equivalents
1 lb = 453.6 g = 0.4536 kg = 16 oz
1 oz = 28.35 g
1 kg = 1,000 g = 2.2046 lb
1 g = 1,000 mg
1 mg = 1,000 µg = 0.001 g
1 µg = 0.001 mg = 0.000001 g
1 µg per g or 1 mg per kg is the same as ppm
OCR for page 78
Representative terms from entire chapter:
medium medium medium
Items in cart [0]
