 |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
|
|
|
|
|
 |
|
|
|
The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
Please use the page image
as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
Page 605
INDEX. A Acid pollution, 64, 341, 474, 517
Aesthetics, 72, 105, 112
Africa
agriculture,
geospatial information, 278, 279
tropical invertebrates, 204, 205, 209-210
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 469
economic organization, 408
exotic species, 326
geospatial information, 277-280
human population growth, 307
indigenous hunter-gatherers, 421, 424, 425
insects, tropical, 204-212
preserves, 375
systematics science, 378
trade relations, 398-399
see also specific countries
African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, 208, 209
Agriculture, 64, 65, 73, 76, 414, 515
geospatial information, 278, 279
tropical invertebrates, 204, 205, 209-210
CGIAR, 359, 389, 508
Colombia, 489, 490
Costa Rica, 575
countryside biogeography, 109-112
crop diversity loss, 64, 65, 414, 415-416
exotic species, 327, 328-329
fungal damage, 157
global warming, 340
historical perspectives, 13, 64, 65, 73, 407, 415-416, 424-430
human population growth, 304-305
insects, environmental services, 67-68, 75, 436
maize, 65, 209-210
mites, 195
nematodes, 179, 181, 182, 184
pollution, 472, 553
seeds and seed banks, 358-373, 509
slash-and-burn, 426-427, 522-523
soil factors, 226, 234, 235, 236, 245, 246, 472, 553
systematics research, 376
UN Food and Agricultural Organization, 351, 359, 389, 491
U.S., 75, 325, 329, 553
food globalization, 65-66
wheat, 64, 65
see also Rural areas
|
|
|
|
|
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 605
Page 605
INDEX. A Acid pollution, 64, 341, 474, 517
Aesthetics, 72, 105, 112
Africa
agriculture,
geospatial information, 278, 279
tropical invertebrates, 204, 205, 209-210
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 469
economic organization, 408
exotic species, 326
geospatial information, 277-280
human population growth, 307
indigenous hunter-gatherers, 421, 424, 425
insects, tropical, 204-212
preserves, 375
systematics science, 378
trade relations, 398-399
see also specific countries
African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, 208, 209
Agriculture, 64, 65, 73, 76, 414, 515
geospatial information, 278, 279
tropical invertebrates, 204, 205, 209-210
CGIAR, 359, 389, 508
Colombia, 489, 490
Costa Rica, 575
countryside biogeography, 109-112
crop diversity loss, 64, 65, 414, 415-416
exotic species, 327, 328-329
fungal damage, 157
global warming, 340
historical perspectives, 13, 64, 65, 73, 407, 415-416, 424-430
human population growth, 304-305
insects, environmental services, 67-68, 75, 436
maize, 65, 209-210
mites, 195
nematodes, 179, 181, 182, 184
pollution, 472, 553
seeds and seed banks, 358-373, 509
slash-and-burn, 426-427, 522-523
soil factors, 226, 234, 235, 236, 245, 246, 472, 553
systematics research, 376
UN Food and Agricultural Organization, 351, 359, 389, 491
U.S., 75, 325, 329, 553
food globalization, 65-66
wheat, 64, 65
see also Rural areas
OCR for page 606
Page 606
Air pollution
acid pollution, 64, 341, 474, 517
forests, 341-343
ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, 64, 341, 508, 5654
see also Climate change
Alaska, 343
Albright, Madeleine, 512
Alexander von Humboldt Institute, 487-488
Algae
classification, 143-144, 147-148
marine, 92
number of species, 35, 37, 38, 143-146, 232
soil, 232
see also specific species
Alien species, see Exotic species
All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory, 288
Allen, Melody, 204-212
Allison, Allen, 281-290
Allopatric speciation, 48
Amazon Basin, 28, 343, 421, 427, 471, 509-510, 512, 534
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1-2
American Museum of Natural History, 60, 379, 462, 463-464
Apicomplexa, 142, 143, 148
Archaea, 23, 31, 118-126 (passim), 141
Archamoebae, 139
Area de Conservation Guanacaste, 521-528
Arid lands, see Deserts and desertification
Arroyo, Mary T. Kalin, 530-542
Arthropods, number of species, 35, 38, 77, 232-233
see also Insects
ASCEND 21, 347-348
Ascetospora, 142, 143
Asia
human population growth, 305
knowledge-based economies, 408
systematics science, 378
see also Southeast Asia; specific countries
Australia
exotic species, 75, 326
fungi, 163
insects, 216
mites, 194-195
soil, 236
systematics science, 378
B Bacon, Francis, 12
Bacteria, 3, 23, 118-124, 508
biological control, 243
oil-eating, 544-545
marine, 92
photosynthesis, 121, 124
soil, 228, 232
species defined, 31
Baker, A. S., 192-203
Baldwin, J. G., 176-191
Bamboo, 164, 171, 428
Bangladesh, 382, 384
Bean, Michael, 493-499
Belize, 565
Bemis, Ronald, 596-603
Benthos, 87-88, 89, 93-94, 95, 98, 139
corals, 88-89, 99, 304, 414
nematodes, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184
Berry, Thomas, 12
Bicosoecae, 140, 145
Biodiversity Project, 461
Biogeography, see Geographic factors
Biological control and remediation, 75, 242-249
exotic species, 330-331
fungi, 156
nematodes, 244-245
protists, 132
tropical invertebrates, 205, 207
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments, 54
Biological Survey for the Nation, A, 292
BioNET-INTERNATIONAL, 353, 354, 355
Biosphere 2 Research Center, 464
Biopolymers, 546, 547
Bioremediation, see Biological control and remediation
Biotechnology, 65, 242, 376
biopolymers, 546, 547
environmental services via, 76, 107-108
fungi, 156-157
oil-eating bacteria, 544-545
soils, 242-249
see also Biological control and remediation;
Medical applications
Birds
classification, 32
countryside biogeography, 111
exotic species, hybridization, 328
extinction, 47, 48-49, 50-51, 57, 58, 435
municipal parks, 588
OCR for page 607
Page 607
number of species, 77, 590-591
speciation, 48
Bolivia, 565
Botanical Gardens Conservation International, 359
Bowker, Geoffrey, 291-300
Brazil, see Amazon Basin
Brooks, Thomas, 46-62
Brown, Lester, 337
Brunei, fungal diversity, 159
Butman, Cheryl Ann, 84-103
C CAB INTERNATIONAL, 353
Canada, 16-17, 74, 402
mites, 197-198
NAFTA, 328, 366-367, 593
Carbon and carbon cycling, 4, 66, 67, 74, 75-76, 91, 107, 108, 122, 124, 132, 235, 398, 414, 525, 527, 533-534, 540, 541
Costa Rican policy, 503-505
knowledge-based economies, 400, 408
see also Climate change
Carson, Rachel, 14
Castro, René, 500-505
Cattle, see Ranching
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 462-470
Center for Plant Conservation, 367
Central America, see Latin America; specific countries
Charophyta, 145
Chemical prospecting, 543-550
see also Medical applications
Chichilnisky, Graciela, 398-410
Chile, 535-542
China
fungi, 163
human population growth, 310, 321
Chlorophyta, 144-145
Choanozoa, 141-142, 148
Chromista, 134-135, 140, 141, 143, 145-146, 149, 150
Chrysophyta, 143, 144, 145, 146
Chytridiomycota, 147, 148
Ciliophora, 142-143, 148
Cincotta, Richard, 303-314
Cities, see Urbanization
Classification, 413-414
algae, 143-144, 147-148
bacteria, 31, 413
conservation biology, 24
conservation genetics, 265, 266-267
Costa Rican rain forests, 528, 577-578, 580-581
databases, 32, 380-384, 589-592
ecosystems, 23, 288
environmental services, 107
ethnobotany, 438-441
extinction of species and, 51
eukaryotes, 30-45, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136
sequencing, 118, 120, 121, 124
fungi, 32, 140, 146, 160, 166-167, 169
genetic sequencing, 24, 85, 118-126, 183
Hawaii Biological Survey, 282, 285, 286, 288
historical perspectives, 31-32, 130
insects, 32, 33, 213, 215-217
mites, 192-196, 198-199
international programs, 351-353
marine species, 84-86, 415
microorganisms, 31, 117-118, 130, 413
nematodes, 32, 176-177, 179-183, 186-188
population diversity, 77
public policy, 417
protists, 130, 131-135, 139, 140-151
seed banks, 370
soil, 228, 232, 235
synonyms, 32-34, 37, 136, 180, 214
systematics science, 376-377, 380-384
taxonomists, number of, 32
tropical invertebrates, Africa, 206-208
see also Inventories, species; Morphology; Systematics science
Climate change, 73, 74, 96, 99, 106, 303, 304, 235, 339-340, 343, 474, 491, 533-534, 570
Convention on Climate Change, 399-400, 491, 503-504, 505, 511, 567
Costa Rican policy, 503-505, 524, 525, 527
national security policy, 508
see also Carbon and carbon cycling
Coastal areas, 92, 95, 98-100, 101
bioremediation, 246
coral reefs, 88-89, 99, 304, 414
global warming, 343
mites, 195, 196
Cohen, J., 316
Colombia, 58, 311, 424, 483-492, 565
Columbia Earth Institute, 464-465
Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, 382, 383, 384, 579, 586
OCR for page 608
Page 608
Commercial applications
Africa, tropical insects, 210-211
bioremediation, 248
see also Biotechnology; Medical applications
The Coming Plagues, 552-553
Communications Consortium Media Center, 456, 457
Computer technology, 14-15
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 206
Colombia, 491
education, 583
extinction models, 54
fungal diversity, imaging, 161
Hawaii Biological Survey, 281-290
knowledge vs information technology, 401
intellectual property issues, 409-410
Mexico, 586-595
National Biological Information Infrastructures, 291-300
SPECIES 2000, 351-353
systematics science, 380-381
see also Databases; Internet
Conference on Nature and Human Society, 516
Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), 211, 288, 382, 383, 384, 586, 587, 588, 592-594
Conservation biology, 24, 35-36, 255-263, 521-542
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 466, 467-468
Chile, 536-542
Colombia, 486, 488-489
conservation medicine, 551-556
Costa Rica, 500-505, 521-529, 573-585
defined, 22, 255-257, 258, 266
ethnobotany, 439-441
evolution and, 256, 258, 266
genetics, 264-275, 489, 588
population diversity, 73, 80-81, 258, 279
U.S. efforts, 388, 389, 395-396, 557
utilitarian benefits of, 65-69, 73, 256, 264, 265, 524-526
see also Sustainable development
Conservation medicine, see Medical applications
Conservation strategies, other
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 205-211
conservation biology and, 258-259, 260
Endangered Species Act, 81, 493-499, 602-603
incentives, 414, 416-417, 502
indigenous peoples, 431-432
land preservation, 17
national parks and preserves, 52, 54, 59, 276-280, 375, 396, 436, 502, 521-529, 562-566, 575-577, 596-603
marine species, 100-102
public support for, 31
see also International agreements; Policy
Conservation value, 65-69, 73, 256, 264, 265, 524-526
see also Ecosystem services
Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, 359, 389, 508
Convention on Biological Diversity, 329, 331, 348-349, 359-360, 387-397, 418, 439-440, 457, 566-571
Colombia, 485, 486, 490, 491-492
Costa Rica, 528, 573, 583
DIVERSITAS, 347, 349, 349-356, 379, 380, 384, 394
funding, 392, 561, 564-571
genetics, 561
Global Environment Facility, 348, 360, 382, 383, 557-558
Internet access, 387
Kew Seed Banks, 359, 365
property rights, 406-407
standards, 393-394
structure, 391-395, 560-561
systematics science, 374, 382
U.S. involvement, 388, 389, 395-396, 557
Convention on Climate Change, 399-400, 491, 503-504, 505, 511, 567
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 268, 436, 588, 593
Cost and cost-benefit factors
Africa, training, 209
agricultural crop diversity decline, 414
Climate Change Convention, 504
developing countries, export dumping, 399
environmental services, 67
exotic species control, 328-329
fungal diversity assessment, 163
insect diversity assessment, 216-217
knowledge market, 404-405
nematode diversity assessment, 183, 187
seed banks, 358, 359
soil diversity assessment, 233
see also Funding
Costa Rica, 381-382, 500-505, 521-529, 573-585
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 206, 207
OCR for page 609
Page 609
climate change policy, 503-505, 524, 525, 527
countryside biogeography, 111
databases, 591
fungal diversity, 159
government policy, 500-505, 521-529, 573-585
inventories, 525, 577-578, 580-581
pharmaceuticals, INBio-Merck contract, 503, 527-528, 581-582
pollutants, 472
prescribed burning, 601
systematics science, 381-382
tropical forests, Costa Rica, 500-505, 521-529, 573-585, 601
tropical invertebrates, 206
Coral reefs, 88-89, 99, 304, 414
Corliss, John, 130-155
Cox, Paul, 435-442
Cracraft, Joel, 374-386
Cryptomonada, 140, 145
Cultural factors, human societies, 11-12, 18, 455-462
aesthetics, 72, 105, 112
Colombia, 490
conservation biology, 260-261
countryside biogeography, 112
ecopsychology, 20
ethical issues, 46, 72, 104, 105, 256, 258, 259,262,265, 312,406,415,461, 467-468, 557, 573, 583, 597
ethnobotany, 435-442
human population growth, 318-319
indigenous peoples, 420-434, 562, 563
Colombia, 490
ethnobotany, 422-434, 436-441, 465
language extinction, 437-438, 515
media, 13, 14-15
religion, 20, 112, 429, 443-454, 458, 461
tropical rain forests, indigenous peoples, 420-434
D Daily, Gretchen, 71-83, 104-113
Daly, H. E., 478-479
Databases
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 206, 208
CONABIO, 211, 288, 382, 383, 384, 586, 587, 588, 592-594
Convention on Biological Diversity, 392
exotic species, 331-332
geographic information systems (GISs), 282, 283,292,581, 587,592, 593, 594
geospatial information, 277
Global Resource Information Database, 277
Hawaii Biological Survey, 282-283
inventories, 588-594
Mexico, 587-594
National Biological Information Infrastructures, 291-300
priority areas, geospatial information systems, 276-280
seed banks, 370
systematics science, 380-384
taxonomic, 32, 380-384, 589-592
see also Internet
De Leij, Frans, 242-251
Defense, see National security
Demographic factors, see Population factors, human; Rural areas;
Urbanization
Deserts and desertification, 234, 235, 337
Kew Seed Bank, 351-367
Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-603
nematodes, 184
Developing countries, general, 5-6, 51, 557-572
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 204-212
coastal areas, mega-cities, 99-100
developed countries, relations with, 398-399, 409, 483-492, 500-505
human population growth, 304, 306, 322
Kew Seed Bank, 362
patent licensing to low-income groups, 404, 405
population factors, human, general, 304, 306,322
sustainable development, 322, 534-535, 557-572
systematics science, 378-379
technological development, 315-316;
see also Technology transfer
see also Africa;
Nongovernmental organizations;
Latin America;
World Bank;
specific countries
Diatomae, 146, 150
Dictyochae, 140, 145
Dinozoa, 141, 145, 148
Diversa Corporation, 527
DIVERSITAS, 347, 349, 349-356, 394
systematics science, 353, 379, 380, 384
DNA, 6, 23
conservation genetics, 268-269
insects, 215
OCR for page 610
Page 610
microorganisms, 118
bacteria, 31, 118
mutation, 25
nematodes, 179, 182-183, 188
number of species, estimation, 31, 43
sequencing, 24, 85, 182-183, 215, 243
Drugs, see Medical applications
E Earth Summit, 6, 347, 348, 484
see also Convention on Biological Diversity
Economic factors, 5-6, 7, 8, 63, 74-75, 337-338, 514-518
Africa, 408
trade relations, 398-399
tropical invertebrates, 204-205, 206, 209-211
benefits of biodiversity, 65-66, 67-68, 74, 81, 105, 106, 107-108, 112, 401, 414-415, 489-490, 564
classification, 23, 288
Colombia, 489-490
Costa Rica, 500, 501
conservation biology, 65-69, 73, 256, 264, 265, 524-526
employment, 20, 337, 402, 458, 566
exotic species control, 328-329, 330
fisheries, 74, 471-472
fungi, 157
globalization, 12, 16, 17-19, 63, 398-400, 514-516
Gross Domestic Product, 18
Gross National Product, 490, 575
human population growth, 318-319
incentives, 414, 416-417, 502
indigenous peoples, 420-434
intellectual property rights, 400, 401-402, 404-408, 415
knowledge markets, 400-410, 476
marine ecosystems, 89
mites, 195, 198, 199
national security policy, 509-510
natural capital, 471-480
nematodes, 179-180, 182
property rights, 399, 400, 401-402, 403, 404-408, 415, 430, 570
service economies, 402-403, 475-476
taxation, 414, 502, 504, 570, 571
tourism and recreation, 68, 102, 530, 535, 539, 564, 582, 589
see also Agriculture;
Commercial applications;
Cost and cost-benefit factors;
Biotechnology;
Developing countries;
Funding;
Globalization;
Medical applications;
Poverty;
Sustainable development
Ecosystems, 18, 22-23, 337
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 206
conservation biology and, 257, 258, 262, 264
conservation medicine, 551-556
Convention on Biological Diversity, 390-391
defined, 22, 31
biotechnology, 242
exotic species, impact on, 326-327, 330
international programs, 351
knowledge markets, 400
marine, 89-91
National Biological Information Infrastructures, 291-300
soil biodiversity and, 225-230, 233-241
threatened, 80
see also Deserts and desertification;
Forests and forestry;
Freshwater species;
Geographic factors;
Habitats;
Marine species
Ecosystem services, see Environmental services
Ecuador, 565
Education and training
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 207-209
Colombia, 491
Costa Rica, 524-525, 580-581
conservation biology, 260, 261, 262
conservation genetics, 273
conservation medicine, 552
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 462-470
Convention on Biological Diversity, 560-561
ethnobotany, 440-441
fungal diversity assessment, 160, 166-167, 169
Hawaii Biological Survey, 284-285, 286
intellectual property rights, 405
nematode diversity assessment, 186-187
seed banks, 367, 370-371
soil habitats, 235
wildland habitats, 524-525
see also Information dissemination;
Public education;
Technology transfer
Ehrlich, Paul, 71-83
Eisner, Thomas, 543-550
Elder, jane, 455-461
OCR for page 611
Page 611
El Niño, 343, 514
Employment, 20, 337, 458, 566
knowledge sector, 402
Endangered Biodiversity Act (proposed), 81
Endangered species, see Threatened and endangered species
Endangered Species Act, 81, 493-499, 600, 602-603
Endemism, 23, 28, 51-52, 87, 281, 587
Colombia, 488
exotic species, impact on, 327
geospatial information systems, 279
nematodes, 182, 185
soil, 233
Endophytes, 162-163, 170
Energy resources, 2, 3-4, 20, 27, 60, 304, 322, 323, 523, 567, 575, 576
bioenergy, 65, 66
efficiency, 416, 421, 472-478 (passim), 504
forests, 343
fossil fuels, 398, 478;
see also Climate change
hydroelectric power, 503
marine environment, 87, 91, 92
metabolic processes, 2, 20, 120, 121-126, 127
soil-based organisms, 227, 246-247
photosynthesis, 4-5, 91, 92, 125-126, 141
savannah, 342
urban areas, 13
Engelman, Robert, 303-314
Environmental Defense Fund, 497
Environmental services, 64, 65, 66-68, 74-76, 80-81, 105-107, 303
chemical prospecting, 543-549
conservation biology, 260, 265, 526, 528
countryside biogeography, 109-113
forests, 74, 75-76, 502, 509-510, 517, 526, 528, 530
fungi, 156, 157
insects, 67-68, 75, 208
marine ecosystems, 89, 91-92
mites, 193
national security policy, 509-510
pollution control, 132, 156, 157, 544-545
soil, 225, 226-227, 230, 235
see also Carbon and carbon cycling;
Climate change;
Nitrogen and nitrogen cycling
Epstein, Paul, 551-556
Ethical issues, 46, 72, 104, 105, 256, 258, 259, 262, 265, 312, 344-345, 406, 415, 461, 467-468, 557, 573, 583, 597
Ethnobotany, 465
endangered species, 436-441
indigenous peoples, 422-434
Euglenozoa, 141, 143, 145, 148
Eukaryotic species, 30-45, 122, 123
classification, 30-45, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136
genetic sequencing, 118, 120, 121, 124
pathogens, 122, 132
protists vs, 130, 131
see also specific species
Europe
Africa, technology transfer, 208-209
countryside biogeography, 110
human population growth, 305, 307
systematics science, 378
see also United Kingdom
European Union, 566-567
Evolution, 22-29
allopatric speciation, 48
birds, 48
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 466-467
conservation biology defined, 256, 258, 266
evolutionary distance, 120-121
extinction and, 47-48
host races, 27
marine species, 95-96
nematodes, 180
polypoidy, 26-27
protists, 131-132
speciation, 3, 24, 25-27, 47-48, 64
sympathetic speciation, 27, 28, 47-48
systematics science, 376-377
vertical, 24-25
see also Endemism;
Mutation
Exotic species, 75, 325-334, 436-437, 526, 535, 554
conservation biology, 258
countryside biogeography, 109
fish and fisheries, 327, 328, 329, 331, 414-415
insects, 330-331
Malpai Borderlands Group, 599-600
marine, 96, 99
nematodes, 179, 181, 233-234
plants, 75, 326-327, 330, 436-438
public education, 328-329
soil, 233-234
tourists transporting, 325, 328
Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification, 589
OCR for page 612
Page 612
Extinction, 3, 4, 5, 63-64, 71, 78-80, 276, 304, 414, 435, 554
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 205
birds, 47, 48-49, 50-51, 57, 58, 435
countryside biogeography, 110
deforestation and, 19, 50-51, 54, 78, 436
ecosystem services, 64
ethnobotany, 435-442
fisheries, 414, 471-472
fossil record, 42, 47, 49
protists, 132, 136, 137, 139, 140-150 (passim)
Hawaii, 281, 326, 327, 436
historical perspectives, 40-43, 48, 50-51, 58, 59
islands, oceanic, 48, 49, 50, 52, 436-437
language extinction, 437-438, 515
models, 52-54, 55-56
next major event, 46-62, 303, 414, 455, 456
North America, 50-51, 54
plants, 64, 358, 435-442
protists, 132, 136, 137, 139, 140-150 (passim)
species alive today, total number of, 41-43
statistical methodology, 157-158, 166-167
U.S., 325-329, 331
see also Threatened and endangered species
F FAO, see UN Food and Agricultural Organization
Federal government
Canada, 16-17
Chile, 535-542
Colombia, 483-492
Costa Rica, 500-505, 521-529, 573-585
geographic information systems, 292
Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-597
Mexico, 586-594
National Biological Information Infrastructures, 291-300
national security, 506-513
seed banks, 366-367
sustainability, general, 514-518
see also United States;
terms beginning “U.S.”
Fire, 259, 326, 343, 431, 436, 471, 495, 497, 512, 514, 522, 525, 527, 528
lichen, 162
Malpai Borderlands Group, 597, 601, 602
slash-and-burn agriculture, 426-427, 522-523
Fish and fisheries, 90-91, 93, 94, 96, 97-98, 304, 337, 414
economic value, 74, 471-472
exotic species, 327, 328, 329, 331, 414-415
freshwater, 328, 329, 414-415, 509
global warming, 339
international policy, 510
political factors, 17
Food and nutrition, 20, 108, 338, 389, 415
Africa, tropical insects, 204-205, 210
benefits of biodiversity, 65, 67-68
exotic species, impact on, 327, 328-329
fungal damage, 157
global warming, 340
indigenous hunter-gatherers, 304, 305, 401, 422-432
marine species, 87-88, 92
microorganisms, general, 118
protists, 132
sympathetic speciation, 27
see also Agriculture
Food chain
human population growth, 319
marine, 89-90, 93-94, 98
Foraminifera, 139
Foreign trade, see International trade
Forests and forestry, 22-23, 414, 515, 537, 570
bird speciation, 48
bird extinction, 50-51, 57
deforestation, 19, 50-51, 54, 55-57, 58, 78, 111, 235, 339-340, 341-343, 414, 436, 521-522, 589
Costa Rica, 502-503, 504
extinction and, 19, 50-51, 54, 78, 436
indigenous peoples, 424, 426, 430-431
endangered species, 498
environmental services, 74, 75-76, 502, 509-510, 517, 526, 528, 530
exotic species, 326-327
ionizing radiation, 341
mites, 193, 196, 197-198
nematodes, 184, 326-327
park preserves, 59, 521-529, 537-541, 570
sustainability, 483-492, 500-505, 521-542, 573-585
see also Tropical forests
Framework Convention on Climate Change, see Convention on Climate Change
Freshwater species, 515
exotic, 328, 329, 414-415
fish, 328, 329, 414-415, 509
fungi, 164-165, 171
OCR for page 613
Page 613
human impacts on, 304, 414-415, 509
nematodes, 179, 181
mites, 194, 196
soil diversity and, 230
Fossil record, 42, 47, 49
protists, 132, 136, 137, 139, 140-150 (passim)
Funding, 564-569
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 206
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 469
conservation genetics, 273
Convention on Biological Diversity, 392, 561, 564-571
Costa Rica, forest preservation, 504, 521, 524-535, 527-528
endangered species, land acquisition, 495
Global Environment Facility, 557-558
insect inventories, 213
international programs, 353
Kew Seed Bank, 359, 371
national parks and preserves, 521, 566-567
NGOs, 564-567, 569, 571
protists research, 151
systematics science, 375, 376, 382, 383-384
World Bank, 416
Fungi, 134, 135, 146-147, 156-175, 531, 548-549
classification, 32, 140, 146, 160, 166-167, 169
education for diversity assessment, 160, 166-167, 169
environmental services, 156, 157
exotic species, 326
freshwater, 164-165, 171
habitat, general, 157, 158, 163-164, 170, 171
microhabitat predictors, 160
insect hosts, 159, 160
medical applications, 156-157
mites, feeding on, 193
number of species, 35, 37, 38, 39-40, 146-148, 149, 232, 531
tropical, 40, 157-175
palms, 157, 158, 163-164, 170
pathogens, 157, 163, 164, 165
soil, 229-230, 232, 234, 244
see also specific types of fungi
The Future Population of the World: What Can We Assume Today?, 316
G Gámez, Rodrigo, 573-585
Gardens, 23, 378, 381, 462, 489, 591
ethnobotany, 440-441
Kew Seed Bank, 358-373
wildlands as, 521-529, 576, 579
GATT, see General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Gemmill, Barbara, 204-212
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
exotic species control, 328
WTO, 491
Genetics, 24, 264-275
conservation genetics, 264-275, 489, 588
Convention on Biological Diversity, 561
crop diversity loss, 64, 65, 414, 415-416
global climate change, 73
diversity, general, 17-18, 23-25, 73, 414
exotic species, hybridization, 328
genomes, 6, 25, 120, 124, 292, 380, 508, 528
historical perspectives, 13-14
marine biodiversity, 96
plant variability, 73, 75
population differentiation, 72-73, 77
RNA sequencing, 118-126
seed banks, 358-373
sequencing, 24, 85, 118-126, 182-183, 215, 243
soil bioremediation, 247
uniformity, dangers of, 64
value of population diversity, 72-73
see also Biotechnology;
DNA;
Evolution;
Mutation
Genomes, 6, 25, 120, 124, 292, 380, 508, 528
Genuine Progress Indicator, 18
Geographic factors
conservation genetics, 265-272
country-side biogeography, 109-113
extinction, 49-54
fungi, 157-158
geographical information systems (GISs), 279, 282, 283, 292, 581, 587, 592, 593, 594
Hawaii Biological Survey, 281-290
insects, number of, 38-39
isolated populations, 24
marine species, 91, 96
nematodes, 180-184, 187
plankton, 91
OCR for page 614
Page 614
population diversity, 77-78
priority areas, geospatial information systems, 276-280
soil biodiversity, 227-228, 232
speciation, 25-28;
see also Endemism
threatened and endangered species, 52
see also Ecosystems;
Islands and archipelagos;
Regional issues;
specific countries and regions
Glaucophyta, 144
Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 464
Global Biodiversity Assessment (UNEP), 276, 277, 349, 355, 356, 378, 394
Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems, 349-350
Global climate change, see Climate change
Global Environment Facility, 348, 360, 382, 383, 557-558
Globalization, 12, 16, 17-19, 63, 398-400, 514-516
Global 2000 Report to the President of the United States, 389
Global Resource Information Database, 277
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 447-449 (passim)
Government role, 338, 417
conservation biology, 258-259
see also Federal government;
Legislation;
Political factors;
Policy
Great Britain, see United Kingdom
Greenhouse effect, see Global climate change
Gross Domestic Product, 18
Gross National Product, 490, 575
Guatemala, 565
H Habitats, 31, 104
Colombia, 487
Costa Rica, 503
countryside biogeography, 109, 110
destruction/fragmentation, 54-58, 414
global warming, 339
fungi, 157, 158, 163-164, 170, 171
microhabitat predictors, 160
human population threats to, 303-304, 323
nematodes, 180-186
see also Agriculture;
Deserts and
desertification;
Forests and forestry;
Freshwater species;
Geographic factors;
Marine species;
Soil and sediment;
Threatened and
endangered species
Halliday, R. B., 192-203
Hammond, P. M., 33-38 (passim), 40
Haptomonada, 140, 145
Hawaii, 28
bird extinctions, 38, 51, 436
exotic species, 281, 326, 327, 436
Hawaii Biological Survey, 281-290
Hawken, Paul, 471-480
Hawksworth, D. L., 156-175, 347-357
Hay, David, 242-251
Heliozoa, 140
Henne, Gudrun, 387-397
Herren, Hans, 204-212
High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, 292
Historical perspectives, 4-5, 347
agricultural biodiversity, 13, 64, 65, 73, 407, 415-416, 424-430
biodiversity, concept of, 22-29
classification of species, 31-32, 130
Costa Rica, 575-576
deforestation, 50-51, 58, 502
indigenous peoples, 424, 426, 430-431
economic benefits of biodiversity, 66-67
economic development, 338, 398
Endangered Species Act, 493-494
exotic species, 327
extinction, 40-43, 48, 50-51, 58, 59
globalization, 18, 398
Hawaii Biological Survey, 286
human population growth, 305-306, 308, 309, 310, 315, 318, 319-320
knowledge revolution, 398
Malpai Borderlands Group, 599
microorganisms, 117-118
mite species recorded, 199
national security policy, 506-507, 509, 510-511
natural capital destruction, 471
religion and sustainability, 446-454
scientific method, 11-14
species alive presently, number of, 40-43
urbanization, 13
Ho, W. H., 156-175
Honeycut, Rodney, 264-275
Hong Kong, fungal diversity, 157, 158, 166-167, 514
How Many People Can the Earth Support?, 316
How to Grow a National Park, 521
Hughes, Jennifer, 71-83
Human Genome Project, 292, 508
Human rights, 344-345
OCR for page 615
Page 615
Hunting, 522
indigenous hunter-gatherers, 304, 305, 401, 422-423
whales, 85, 98
Hyde, K. D., 156-175
I Imaging techniques, 587, 589
fungi, 161
INBio (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad), 211, 288, 525, 527-528, 576, 577-579, 580-583
INBio-Merck, 503, 527-528, 581-582
India, 73, 321, 323
Indigenous peoples, 420-434, 562, 563
Colombia, 490
ethnobotany, 436-441
Indonesia, 382, 563, 566-567
Information dissemination, 14-15, 291-300
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 206, 207, 208
Colombia, 487
Convention on Biological Diversity, 392, 561
ethnobotany, 440-441
exotic species, 328-329, 331-332
Hawaii Biological Survey, 284-288
knowledge markets, 400-410
Mexico, 586-595
National Biological Information Infrastructure, 291-300
see also Computer technology;
Databases;
Education and training;
Gardens;
Internet;
Media;
Museums;
Public education;
Technology transfer
Information science, see Computer technology
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, 381-382
InterAmerican Biodiversity Information Network, 491
Interfaith Center, 453-454
Intergovernmental Conference of Experts on the Scientific Basis for Rational Use and Conservation of Resources of the Biosphere, 388
International agreements, 387-396, 418
Amazon Basin, 509-510
Convention on Climate Change, 399-400, 491, 503-504, 505, 511, 567
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 268, 436, 588, 593
Colombian biodiversity, 485, 487, 490-491
Costa Rican biodiversity, 528
exotic species control, 328-329, 331
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/WTO, 328, 491
investment, 19, 570, 571
NAFTA, 3660367, 328, 593
see also Convention on Biological Diversity
International Biodiversity Group, 526
International Botanical Congress, 506
International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, 207-208, 209, 210
International Conference on Population and Development, 516
International Cooperative Biodiversity Group, 528
International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), 347, 349, 355-356
International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, 349
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 316
International organizations and programs, 288-289, 347-357, 387-396
Africa, technology transfer, 209
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 462-470
classification, 351-353
Colombia, 491
Kew Seed Banks (UK), 358-373
national security policy, 511
systematics science, 377-385
trade relations, 398-399
see also Nongovernmental organizations;
specific organizations and programs
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 359
International Rice Research Institute, 73
International trade, 18, 268, 570
Africa, 398-399
carbon dioxide, trade offsets, 504, 505
developing/developed countries, 398-399, 409, 483-492, 500-505
endangered species (CITES), 268, 436, 588, 593
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/WTO, 328, 491
globalization, 12, 16, 17-19, 63, 398-400, 514-516
NAFTA, 328, 366-367, 593
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (World Conservation Union), 268, 271, 347, 350, 359, 388, 389, 390, 400, 436
OCR for page 616
Page 616
International Union of Biological Sciences, 347
Colombia, 488
DIVERSITAS, 347, 349, 349-356
International Union of Microbiological Societies, 349
Internet, 14
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 208
Area de Conservation Guanacaste, 521, 524, 525
CONABIO, 586, 593
Convention on Biological Diversity, 387
Costa Rica, forest conservation, 527-528, 587
Gap Analysis Program, 589
Hawaii Biological Survey, 285
High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, 292
Mexico, conservation ministry, 586, 587, 589
National Spatial Data Infrastructure, 292, 299
Nature Conservancy, 589
nematodes, 188
soil, 236-237
SPECIES 2000, 352
various, 589
World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 587
Ireland, mites, 195-196
Insecticides, see Pesticides
Insects
Africa, tropics, 204-212
agriculture, environmental services, 67-68, 75, 436
biological control, 243, 330-331
classification, 32, 33, 213, 215-217
mites, 192-196, 198-199
endemism, 28
environmental services, 67-68, 75, 208
exotic species, 330-331
fungal hosts, 159, 160
insecticides, 14, 207, 330, 472, 475, 546, 548
inventories, 35, 36, 38-39, 42, 213-222, 232, 531
mites, 192-203
nematode hosts, 179, 243-244
nocturnality, 111
oil-eating bacteria and, 544-545
soil, 232-233, 235
mites, 193, 199
sympathetic speciation, 27, 28
Islands and archipelagos
endemism, 23, 28
extinction of species, 48, 49, 50, 52, 436-437
geographic speciation, 25, 27
see also specific islands
Intellectual property, 400, 401-402, 404-408, 415
Inventories, species, 14, 415, 422
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 205-206
algae, 35, 37, 38, 143-146, 232
arthropods, 35, 38, 77, 232-233
birds, 77, 590-591
Colombia, 486, 487-488
Costa Rica, 525, 577-578, 580-581
databases, 588-594
endangered species, 52
eukaryotes, 30-45
fungi, 35, 37, 38, 39-40, 146-148, 149, 232, 531
tropical, 40, 157-175
Hawaii Biological Survey, 281-290
insects, 35, 36, 38-39, 42, 213-222, 232, 531
Mexico, 588-594
microorganisms, general, 117
mites, 194-200
nematodes, 35, 36-37, 38, 176-191, 232
plankton, 93, 141-142, 144
plantae, 35, 38, 39, 143, 144-145, 147-148, 149
protists, 35, 37, 38, 131, 138-143, 148, 149, 150, 232
soil, 227-233
see also Classification;
Systematics science
IUBS-SCOPE-UNESCO Programme on Biodiversity, see DIVERSITAS
J. Jacob, Francois, 11
Janzen, Daniel, 521-529
Japan, 436, 511
human population growth, 311
nematodes, 179, 326-327
Juma, Calestous, 387-397
K Kapitza, Sergey, 315-324
Kenya, 55
Kew Foundation, 358-373
Keynes, John Maynard, 18, 19
OCR for page 617
Page 617
Koleff, Patricia, 586-595
Kyoto Protocol, see Convention on Climate Change
L Labyrinthomorpha, 140, 147
Lamont Doherty Earty Observatory, 464
Land and Water Conservation Fund, 495
Land management, 17, 375, 414, 521-542
conservation biology and, 258-259, 260
Costa Rica, 501-502
endangered species, 495, 497-498
human rights and, 344-345
Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-603
national parks and preserves, 52, 54, 59, 276-280, 375, 396, 436, 502, 521-529, 562-566, 575-577, 596-603
see also Sustainable development
Lane, Meredith, 291-300
Language extinction, 437-438, 515
Latin America
Amazon Basin, 28, 343, 421, 427, 471, 509-510, 512
economic organization, 408
endemism, 52
exotic species, 326, 327
fungi, 40
global warming, 343
human population growth, 305, 308
indigenous peoples, 421, 424, 425
insects, 207
nematodes, 182
systematics science, 378
trade relations, 398-399
see also specific countries
Legislation, 5, 460
Colombia, 486, 490=491
Costa Rica, 577
Endangered Biodiversity Act (proposed), 81
Endangered Species Act, 27, 493-499, 602-603
exotic species control, 328-329
Indonesia Conservation Act, 566
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 11
Library of Congress, 1
Lichen-forming fungi, 160, 161, 162, 164, 168-169, 341
Linares, Olga, 420-434
Linnaeus, Carl, 438-439
Lovejoy, Thomas, 401, 506-513
Lynch, James, 242-251
M MacArthur Foundation, 273
Macromycetes, 161, 168
Maize, 65, 209-210
Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-603
Malthus, Thomas, 318
Mammals
extinction rates, 59
marine, 86-87, 90, 93, 94-95, 98
Marine species, 84-103, 126, 144, 415, 515
benthos, 87-88, 89, 93-94, 95, 98, 139
nematodes, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184
classification, 84-86, 415
conservation strategies, 100-102
corals, 88-89, 99, 304, 414
deep-sea, 85-86
Endangered Species Act, 494
energy needs, 87, 91, 92
environmental services, 89, 91-92
exotic, 326, 328, 329
food chain, 89-90, 93-94, 98
foraminifera, 139
geographical factors, 91, 96;
see also Coastal areas
mammals, 86-87, 90, 93, 94-95, 98
mites, 196
number of species, general, 35, 38, 40
photosynthesis, 91, 92
plants, 88, 91-92
plankton, 88, 91-94, 99
number of, 93, 141-142, 144
pollution, 472
public education, 101, 102
turtles, 95, 98, 494
see also Fish and fisheries
Mass media, see Media
May, Robert, 30-45
McDonald, William, 596-603
McNeely, Jeffrey, 557-572
Media, 13, 14-15
Medical applications, 65, 66, 73, 106, 376, 415, 475, 507-509, 510, 527-528, 543-544, 571, 587
conservation medicine, 551-556
Costa Rica, INBio-Merck contract, 503, 527-528, 581-582
ethnobotany, 465
fungi, 156-157
genomes, 6, 25, 120, 124, 292, 380, 508, 528
human population growth, 304, 305, 311-312
OCR for page 618
Page 618
mites, 198
plant-based, 66, 415, 508, 587
soil biodiversity, 226
Mediterranean region, 34, 471
Meffe, Gary, 255-263
Melnick, Don, 264-275, 462-470
Merck, 503, 527-528, 581-582
Metabolic processes, 2, 20, 120, 121-126, 127
soil-based organisms, 227, 246-247
Metamonada, 141, 148
Methodology, see Research methodology
Mexico, 382
biological information system (CONABIO), 211, 288, 382, 383, 384, 586, 587, 588, 592-594
Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-603
nematodes, 182
mites, 197
NAFTA, 328, 366-367, 593
systematics science, 382, 383, 384
Microorganisms, general, 117-129
classification, 31, 117-118, 130, 413
soil, 139, 229-230, 246-248
see also Archaea;
Bacteria;
Eukaryotic species;
Fungi;
Viruses
Microspora, 142, 147, 148
Miller, Scott, 204-212, 281-290
Millennium Seed Bank, 358-373
Ministerio del Ambiente y Energia, 523, 525, 576
Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energía y Minas, 575-577
Mites, 192-203
coastal areas, 195, 196
economic impacts, 195, 198, 199
freshwater, 194, 196
Models and modeling
biotic impoverishment, 344-345
countryside biogeography, 110
databases, species, 592
extinction, 52-54, 55-56
forest ecosystems, 534-535
human population growth, 317-321
RNA sequencing, 118-126
service economies, 402-403, 475-476
soil, 236
speciation, 47-48
see also Statistical methodology
Molecular biology, 14
fungi, measuring presence, 156, 161
nematodes, measuring presence, 188
soil, 228, 229-230, 246-247
see also Genetics
Morales, Juan Carlos, 264-275
Morphology
conservation genetics, 267
microorganisms, 117-118
mites, 192, 193
nematodes, 178
systematics science, 376-377
Morton, James, 443-454
Moscow Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders, 448-450
Mound, Laurence, 213-222
Multilateral Agreement on Investments, 19
Municipal parks, 588
Kew Gardens, 358-373
Museums, 206, 208-209, 218, 378, 379-381, 462
American Museum of Natural History, 60, 379, 462, 463-464
Hawaii Biological Survey, 281-290
seed banks, 358-373, 509
Mutation, 24, 25
insecticide resistance, 14
Mycetozoa, 139
Mycota, see Fungi
Myxomycetes, 147
Myxozoa, 135, 142, 148
Myers, Norman, 63-70
Myxomycetes, 147
N Nadler, S. A., 176-191
National Biological Information Infrastructure, 291-300
National Biological Survey, 284, 287
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 497
National Forum on BioDiversity, 1, 6, 22, 456
National parks and preserves, 52, 54, 59, 276-280, 375, 396, 436, 502, 521-529, 562-566, 575-577, 596-603
funding, 521, 566-567
National security, 506-513
National Spatial Data Infrastructure, 292
Nature and Human Society:
The Quest for A Sustainable World, 514
The Nature Conservancy, 281, 284, 457, 521, 566, 598, 599
Nematodes
agriculture, 179, 181, 182, 184
benthic, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184
biological control, 244-245
classification, 32, 176-177, 179-183, 186-188
OCR for page 619
Page 619
DNA, 179, 182-183, 188
education for, 186-187
desert species, 184
economic impacts, 179-180, 182
endemism, 182, 185
evolution, 180
exotic species, 179, 181, 233-234
forest species, 184, 326-327
freshwater, 179, 181
geographical factors, 180-184, 187
habitat, 180-186
insect hosts, 179, 243-244
Internet, 188
North American, 179, 180, 233
number of species, 35, 36-37, 38, 176-191, 232
parasites, 177, 179-180, 181, 182-183, 184, 185, 243-245
plant, 177, 179, 243-245, 326-327
pathogens, 177, 179-180, 181
soil and sediment, 176-185 (passim), 232, 233-235, 236, 243-245, 246
benthic, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184
Neomonada, 139, 142
Nepal, 567
New York Botanical Gardens, 285, 462, 464
New Zealand, 18, 169, 328, 329, 437, 530, 531-532, 559
NGOs, see Nongovernmental organizations
Nicaragua, 563
Nielsen, Ebbe, 213-222
Nitrogen and nitrogen cycling, 66, 107, 122, 226, 235, 245, 303, 326, 342, 344, 362, 414, 533, 540
Nixon, Richard, 5
Nocturnality, 111
Nongovernmental organizations, general, 417, 463, 466, 469, 503, 559, 563, 564, 567, 569, 571, 576, 578-579
funding, 564-567, 569, 571
see also International organizations and programs;
specific organizations
Nonindigenous species, see Exotic species
North America, 197-198
Africa, technology transfer, 208-209
bird speciation, 48
bird extinction, 50-51
exotic species, 325-329, 331
extinction, 50-51, 54
forests,
air pollutant impacts, 342-343
management, 375
fungi, 39
human population growth, 305
mites, 197-198
nematodes, 179, 180, 233
soil arthropods, 232-233
systematics science, 378
threatened ecosystems, 80
see also Canada;
Mexico;
United States
North American Biodiversity Information Network, 594
North American Free Trade Agreement, 593
exotic species control, 328
seed banks, 366-367
Norway, 413-414
O OConnor, B. M., 192-203
Organizational factors, 417
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 463-470
Colombian biodiversity, 485-486
conservation biology, 258-261
Convention on Biological Diversity, 391-395, 560-561
countryside biogeography, 108, 112
nematode classification, 179-180
see also Government role;
Policy;
Religion
Organization for Biodiversity Information, 289
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 19
Opalinata, 140-141, 148
Our Common Future, 6, 17, 389-390
Our Stolen Future, 516
Ozone layer depletion, see Ultraviolet radiation
P Pace, Norman, 117-129
Pacific islands
bird extinctions, 48
global warming, 343
Paleobiology, see Fossil record
Palms, fungal habitat, 157, 158, 163-164, 170
Panama, 565
Pandanus, 164, 171
Papua New Guinea, 563-564
Parabasala, 141
Parasites, 131, 132, 135, 139-143 (passim), 148, 552-553
nematodes, 177, 179-180, 181, 182-183, 184, 185, 243-245
plant, 177, 179, 243-245, 326-327
OCR for page 620
Page 620
soil, general, 227, 235
tropical invertebrates, 205
see also Mites
Parks, see Municipal parks; National parks and preserves
Partnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy, 384
Patents, see Intellectual property
Pathogens
eukaroytes, 122, 132
exotic species, 327
fungal, 157, 163, 164, 165
mites, 192-193
nematodes, 177, 179-180, 181
protists, 141, 148, 149
soilborne, 229-230
Pearl, Mary, 462-470, 551-556
Percolozoa, 140
Peru, 28, 76, 563
Pesticides, 14, 207, 330, 472, 475, 546, 548
Phaeophyta, 146
Pharmaceuticals, see Medical applications
Philippines, 563, 565-566
Photosynthesis, 4-5, 125-126, 141
bacterial, 121, 124
marine, 91, 92
Phytoplankton, see Plankton
Pimm, Stuart, 46-62
Plankton, 88, 91-94, 99
number of, 93, 141-142, 144
Plantae, 147-148
bamboo, 164, 171, 428
databases, 589, 591-592
environmental services, 75-76
ethnobotany,
endangered species, 438-441
indigenous peoples, 422-434
exotic species, 75, 326-327, 330, 436-438
extinction, 64, 358, 435-442
genetic variability, 73, 75
indigenous hunter-gatherers, 422-427
ionizing radiation, 341
marine, 88, 91-92
medicines, plant-based, 66, 415, 508, 587
Mexico, 589, 591-592
mite parasites, 193, 195
nematode parasites, 177, 179, 243-245, 326-327
number of species, 35, 38, 39, 143, 144-145, 147-148, 149
palms, fungal habitat, 157, 158, 163-164, 170
photosynthesis, 4-5, 91, 92, 125-126, 141
protists, 134, 135, 143, 144-145
seeds and seed banks, 358-373, 509
systematics science, 378, 382-383, 384;
see also Ethnobotany
see also Agriculture; Forests and forestry
PLANTS National Database, 589
Pokras, Mark, 551-556
Political factors, 16-17, 104-105, 337, 338, 339, 388, 460, 461, 601
land preservation, 52, 576
Policy, 481-603
classification, 417
Colombia, 483-492
conservation biology, 258-259, 262
conservation genetics, 273
conservation medicine, 554
Costa Rica, 500-505, 573-585
countryside biogeography, 112
exotic species control, 328-332
extinction, 52, 54, 59, 80-81
fisheries, 510
funding, 521, 566-567
human rights, 344-345
incentives, 414, 416-417, 502
indigenous peoples, 431-432
intellectual property rights, 400, 401-402, 404-408, 415
national parks and preserves, 52, 54, 59, 276-280, 375, 396, 436, 502, 521-529, 562-566, 575-577, 596-603
natural security and, 506-513
population growth, 321-324
private vs public goods, 400, 403, 406-407
scientific and technological infrastructure, 337-410, 483-484
social infrastructure, 411-480
U.S. policy on sustainability, 514-518
see also Government role;
International agreements;
International organizations and programs;
Legislation;
Sustainable development
Pollution, 14, 516-517, 553
acid pollution, 64, 341, 474, 517
agricultural, 472, 553
Costa Rican policy, 504
environmental services, control of, 132, 156, 157, 544-545
freshwater, 304, 414-415, 509
fungi, 156
marine, 94, 96, 98, 472
oil-eating bacteria, 544-545
protists, 132
soil, 226, 246-249, 472, 553
see also Air pollution
OCR for page 621
Page 621
Polynesia, bird extinctions, 38
Polypoidy, 26-27
Population factors, human, 3-4, 278
Colombia, 489-490
Costa Rica, 500, 574
developing countries, general, 304, 306, 322
global warming, 340
growth, 303-324, 413, 516
historical perspectives, 305-306, 308, 309, 310, 315, 318, 319-320
indigenous peoples, 420-434
medical interventions, 304, 305, 311-312
natural security and, 507
urbanization, 13, 99-100, 305, 322, 414
Population factors, non-human species, 47-48, 50, 63-64
conservation biology, 73, 80-81, 258, 279
conservation genetics, 270-273
definitional issues, 71-72
diversity, 71-83
marine species, 86-87
see also Extinction
Population Growth, Resource Consumption, and a Sustainable World, 315-316
Poverty, 5-6, 339
patent licensing to low-income groups, 404, 405
see also Developing countries
Prasinophyta, 143, 144
Preserves, see National parks and preserves
Property rights, 399, 570
indigenous peoples, 430
knowledge, 400, 401-402, 404-408, 415
private vs public goods, 400, 403, 406-407
Protozoa, 118, 133, 134-135 138-143
biocontrol/remediation, 132
classification, 130, 131-135, 139, 140-151
eukaryotes vs, 130, 131
evolution, 131-132
extinction, 132, 136, 137, 139, 140-150 (passim)
fossil record, 132, 136, 137, 139, 140-150 (passim)
number of species, 35, 37, 38, 131, 138-143, 148, 149, 150, 232
pathogens, 141, 148, 149
plants and, 134, 135, 143, 144-145
pollution, 132
research funding, 151
see also specific species
Public education, 2, 31, 417, 455-461, 583
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 467-469
Colombia, 491
conservation medicine, 554
Convention on Biological Diversity, 561
exotic species control, 328-329
marine biodiversity, 101, 102
media, 13, 14-15
wildland habitats, 524-525, 583
see also Internet; Media
Prance, Ghillean, 358-373
Psuedofungi, 147, 148
R Radiozoa, 140, 150
Rainforest Alliance, 526
Ranching, 522-523, 526-527
Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-603
Raphidophyta, 146
Rapid biodiversity assessment, fungi, 158-172
Reagan, Ronald, 389
Recreation, see Tourism and recreation
Red Data Books, 42
Regional issues
conservation genetics, 269-270
geospatial information systems, 278
population diversity, 75
systematics science, 383
see also specific regions
Religion, 20, 112, 443-454, 458, 461
indigenous peoples, 429
Remote sensing, 89
satellite technology, 292, 589
Research and Development Center of Biology (Indonesia), 382
Research methodology
Colombian biodiversity, 485-492
conference at hand, 2
countryside biogeography, 111-112
fungal diversity, 157-172
geospatial information, 276-280
history of scientific method, 11-14
microbial diversity, 118-121
mite diversity, 197, 200
National Biological Information Infrastructures, 291-300
protist diversity, 132-137, 151
rapid biodiversity assessment, fungi, 158-172
seed banks, 367-370
soil, 227-230, 235-237, 242-243
see also Classification;
Sampling;
Statistical methodology
Rhizophoda, 139
OCR for page 622
Page 622
Rhodophyta, 144, 148
Río Cóndor Project, 535-542
Rio Conference, see Convention on Biological Diversity
RNA sequencing, 118-126
Rodríguez, Sandra, 573-585
Rogo, Lucie, 204-212
Rosenthal Center for Alternative/Complementary Medicine, 465
Rural areas, 13, 416, 502, 583
countryside biogeography, 109-112
indigenous peoples, 420-434
Kew Seed Bank, 362
see also Agriculture
Russonello, John, 455-461
S Samper, Christián, 483-492
Sampling
fungi, 163-171
insects, 217
Kew Seed Bank, 358-373
marine, 86, 91
mites, 195, 196, 198
nematodes, 187-188
soil, 228, 236, 242
Santa Rosa National Park, 521-529
Satellite technology, 292, 589
Schnase, John, 291-300
Schubel, Jerry, 84-103
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 237, 347
SCOPE, 349
Sediment, see Soils and sediment
Seeds and seed banks, 358-373, 509
Serageldin, Ismail, 413-419
Sherman, David, 551-556
Silberschatz, Abraham, 291-300
Silent Spring, 14, 516
Simberloff, Daniel, 325-334
Singh, Ashbindu, 276-280
Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservation, 525, 576-579, 581, 582-583
Smith, Roger, 358-373
Smithsonian Institution, 1, 3, 287, 389
Soberón, Jorge, 586-595
Soil and sediment, 67
agriculture, 226, 234, 235, 236, 245, 246, 472, 553
algae, 232
bacteria, 228, 232
biodiversity, general, 225-241, 351
biological control/remediation, 242-251
biotechnology, 242-249
classification, 228, 232, 235
ecosystems and soil biodiversity, 225-230, 233-241
endemism, 233
energy, soil-based organisms, 227, 246-247
environmental services, 225, 226-227, 230, 235
exotic species, 233-234
fungi, 229-230, 232, 234, 244
geographical factors, 227-228, 232
insects, 232-233, 235
mites, 193, 199
Internet, 236-237
inventories, 227-233
metabolic processes, soil-based organisms, 227, 246-247
microorganisms, 139, 229-230, 246-248
molecular biology, 228, 229-230, 246-247
nematodes, 176-185 (passim), 232, 233-235, 236, 243-245, 246
benthic, 177, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184
parasites, general, 227, 235
pathogens, 229-230
pollution, 226, 246-249, 472, 553
protists, 139
sampling, 228, 236, 242
slash-and-burn agriculture, 426
see also Benthos;
Deserts and desertification
South Africa, 564
South America, see Latin America;
specific countries
Southeast Asia, 514
agricultural biodiversity, 73
conservation genetics, 273
extinctions, 54
indigenous peoples, 425-426
national security policy, 510
Southern Africa Botanical Network, 382-383
Speciation, see Evolution
Species, number of, see Inventories
SPECIES 2000, 351-353
Squibb ICGB, 528
Standards
Convention on Biological Diversity, 393-394
knowledge-based economies, 409
soil sampling, 236
Star, Susan Leigh, 291-300
Statistical methodology
countryside biogeography, 110
endemism, 51, 52
OCR for page 623
Page 623
extinction, 48, 49, 52-54, 55-56, 78-80
fungal diversity, 157-158, 166-167
human population projections, 316-322
UN, 304-305, 307-313
insect diversity, 215
mite diversity, 197
nematode diversity, 185
population diversity, general, 76-78
Subsidiary Body for Scientific, Technical, the Technological Advice, 348, 391-396 (passim), 484
Sustainable development, 2, 18, 20
Africa, tropical insects, 206, 208, 209-211
chemical prospecting, 543-549
Colombia, 483-492
Costa Rica, 500-505, 521-529, 573-585
developing countries, general, 322, 534-535, 557-572
ethnobotany, 436-441
human population growth, 321-324
religion and, 443-454
scientific and technological infrastructure, 337-410
social infrastructure, 411-480
threats to, 301-334, 414;
see also Exotic species
tropical rain forests, 483-492, 500-505, 521-542, 573-585
U.S., 514-518
World Bank, 416-418
Suzuki, David, 7, 11-21
Sympathetic speciation, 27, 28, 47-48
Systematics Agenda 2000 International, 379-380, 384
Systematics science, 35-36, 206, 374-386
bacteria, 413
CBD, 374, 382
computer technology, 380-381
conservation genetics, 265-267, 268
DIVERSITAS, 353, 379, 380, 384
funding, 375, 376, 382, 383-384
impoverishment, 340-341
plants, 378, 382-383, 384;
see also Ethnobotany
U.S. efforts, 375, 379, 384
see also Classification
T Tabor, Gary, 551-556
Taiwan
fungal diversity, 159
Taxation, 414, 502, 504, 570, 571
international, 570
Taxonomy, see Classification
Taylor, J. E., 156-175
Technological factors, 12, 13-14, 85
Africa, tropical invertebrates, 208-209
Convention on Biological Diversity, 395-396, 561
developing countries, 315-316;
see also Technology transfer
dysfunctional, 337-338
human population growth, 305, 311-312, 315-316, 318-319, 338
intellectual property, 400, 401-402, 404-408, 415
knowledge-based economies, 398-410, 415
microorganisms, classification, 117-122
remote sensing, 89
satellite technology, 292, 589
seed banks, 367-371
see also Computer technology;
Education and training;
Globalization;
Pesticides
Technology transfer, 208-209, 348, 360, 365, 367, 370-371
Convention on Biological Diversity, 561
human population growth, 306, 319
seed banks, 370
Telecommunications, see Internet; Media
Thailand, fungi, 162, 165
Threatened and endangered species
chemical prospecting, 546-549
Colombia, 488, 489
birds, 57-58, 59, 497
conservation genetics, 266, 268
Endangered Species Act, 81, 493-499, 602-603
ecosystems, 80
ethnobotany, 435-442
hunting of, 85
language extinction compared to, 437-438
Malpai Borderlands Group, 599-603
management, 54
Mexico, 588
number of, 52
trade controls, CITES, 268, 436, 588, 593
Tourism and recreation, 68, 102, 530, 535, 539, 564, 582, 589
exotic species introduced by travelers, 325, 328
Trade, see Globalization; International trade
Training, see Education and training
OCR for page 624
Page 624
Trillium Corporation, 535
Tropical forests, 19, 23, 111, 521
Amazon Basin, 28, 343, 421, 427, 471, 509- 510, 512, 534
Chile, 535-542
Colombia, 490
Costa Rica, 500-505, 521-529, 573-585, 601
countryside biogeography, 110
economic value of biodiversity, 66, 67
environmental services, 74, 75-76, 502, 509-510, 517, 526, 528, 530
extinction/habitat fragmentation, 55-57, 59, 78-80, 414, 436
indigenous peoples, 424, 426, 430-431
fungi, 40, 156-175, 531
geospatial information, 279
insects, 38, 111, 204-212, 216-217
mites, 199
models, ecosystem, 534-535
national security policy, 509-510
slash-and-burn agriculture, 426-427, 522
soil species, 233
sustainability, 483-492, 500-505, 521-542, 573-585
sympathetic speciation, 28
Turtles, 95, 98, 494
U. Uganda, 51-52
Ultraviolet radiation, 64, 341, 508, 5654
Ulvophyta, 144, 145
UN Climate Convention, see Convention on Climate Change
UN Commission on the Environment and Development, 17
UN Conference on Development and the Environment, 321, 390
UN Conference on Human Environment and Action Plan, 3880389
UN Development Program, 360
Global Environment Facility, 348, 360, 382, 383, 557-558
UN Environment Programme, 276, 277, 349, 359, 378, 400
Global Environment Facility, 348, 360, 382, 383, 557-558
see also Convention on Biological Diversity
UN Food and Agricultural Organization, 351, 359, 389, 491
Union for the Conservation of Nature, 268
United Kingdom
birds, endemism, 51
fungi, 39, 158, 159
Kew Seed Bank, 358-373
mites, 195-196
soil, 237
United Nations, 17, 504
Earth Summit, 6, 37, 348
human population projections, 304-305, 307-313
see also Convention on Biological Diversity;
terms beginning “UN . . . ”
United States, 514-518
agriculture, 75, 325, 329, 553
food globalization, 65-66
CBD, 388, 389, 395-396, 557
Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, 462-470
climate change, 505
coastal fisheries, 344
conservation biology, 259, 260, 261, 269-270
drylands, 362, 363
education in, 207, 462-470
endangered species, 81, 493-499, 600, 602-603
exotic species, 325-329, 331
forests, 72
knowledge assets, 402, 405, 409-410
Malpai Borderlands Group, 596-603
mites, 195, 197
NAFTA, 328, 366-367, 593
National Biological Information Infrastructure, 291-300
national security, 506-513
Nature Conservancy, 281, 284, 457, 521, 566, 598, 599
plant-based medicines, 66
population vs resources, 4-5, 305
post-Cold War environment, 16
religious factors, 447-448, 450-453
salamanders, 50
seed banks, 362, 363, 366
soil biodiversity, 232, 233-234
species-rich countries, by rank and number, 558
systematics science, 375, 379, 384
taxonomic training, 207
value of environmental resources, 67-68, 72, 108
see also Hawaii; terms beginning “U.S.”
UN Scientific, Educational, and Cultural Organization, 349, 388
OCR for page 625
Page 625
UIrbanization, 13, 305, 322, 414
costal areas, 99-100
U.S. Agency for Interantional Development, 382
U.S. Department of Agricultrue
exotic species control, 329, 330
Hawaii Buiological Survey, 284, 287
Malpai Borderlands Group, 598, 599, 601
seed banks, 367
U.S. Department of Defense, 511-512
U.S. Department of State, 514-518
U.S. Department of the Interiior, 268, 277, 284, 286, 287, 495, 602
U.S. Enviornmental Protection Agency, 108
V Valdés, Ana Elena, 573-585
Vegetation, see Agriculture;
Forests and forestry;
Plantae;
Seeds and seed banks
Veltre, Thomas, 15
Venezuela, 54
nematodes, 183
Virginia, Ross, 225-241
Viruses, 229-230
W Wall, Diana, 176-191, 225-241
Water resources, 5, 20, 54, 67, 74-75, 106, 107, 108, 414, 489
pollution, 472
soil biodiversity, 227
see also Freshwater sepcies; marine species
Wetlands, 98, 389, 489, 540, 541
environmental services, 67, 74
Everglades, 54
Wildlife Conservation Society, 462, 464
Wildlife Preservation Trust International, 462, 464
Wirth, Timothy, 514-518
Wilson, Edward, 14, 22-29, 30, 35, 206, 401, 555
Woodwell, George, 337-346
World Bank, 360, 413, 416-419
Global Environment Facility, 348, 360, 382, 383, 557-558
World Commission on Environment and Development, 289-390
World Conservatiion Monitoring Centre, 277, 587
World Convservation Union, see International Union for the Conservation of Nature
World Resources Africa Data Sampler, 277
World Resources Institute, 347
World Trade Organizations, 491
World Wildlife Fund, 80, 400, 457, 502, 516, 566, 516, 567
World Wide Web, see Internet
X Xylariacea, 162
Z Zambia, 564
Zoos, 23, 378, 489
Representative terms from entire chapter:
systematics science
Items in cart [0]
