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PAPERBACK list:$26.00 Web:$23.40 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Free Resources Sign in to download PDF book and chapters PDF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Interim Design Assessment for the Blue Grass Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant Review of International Technologies for Destruction of Recovered Chemical Warfare Materiel Other Related Titles Using Supercritical Water Oxidation to Treat Hydrolysate from VX Neutralization (1998) Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (CETS) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 55   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. References Armellini, J. , G.T. Hong , and J.W. Tester . 1994 . Precipitation of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate in water from sub- to supercritical conditions: 150°C to 55°C, 100 to 300 bar . Journal of Supercritical Fluids 7 : 147-158 . Battelle . 1996 . Capabilities in Hydrothermal Processing, Preliminary Proposal . November 25, 1996 . Richland, Washington : Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory . Bischoff, J.L. , and R.J. Rosenbauer . 1988 . Liquid-vapor relations in the critical region of the system NaCl-H 2O from 381–415°C: a refined determination of the critical point and two-phase boundary of seawater . Geochimica et Cosmochimica 52 : 2121–2126 . Bischoff, J.L. , and K.S. Pitzer . 1989 . Liquid-vapor relations for the system NaCl-H2O: summary of the P-T-x surface from 300 to 500°C. American Journal of Science 89 : 217–248 . Borovaya, F.E. , and M.I. Ravich . 1968 . Solubility of sodium carbonate and orthophosphate in aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide at elevated temperatures . Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 13(12) : 1720–1722 . Broadbent, D. , G.G. Lewis , and E.A.M. Wetton . 1977 . Phase Equilibria in Aqueous Sodium Phosphate Solutions at Elevated Temperatures . Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Trans. 1997, (5) , 464–8 . Chiavlo, A.A. , P.T. Cummings , H.D. Cochran , J.M. Simonson , R.E. Mesmer . 1995 . Solvation, hydrogenbonding and ion pairing in supercritical aqueous solutions: simulation and experiments . Pp. 65–76 in Innovations in Supercritical Fluids Science and Technology , K.W. Hutchenson , and N.R. Foster , eds. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 608 . Washington D.C. : American Chemical Society . Chowdhury, D.K. 1996 . The Role of Additive for Salt Removal from Supercritical Water . Master's thesis . Austin, Texas : University of Texas at Austin . Dell'Orco, P. , B. Foy , E. Wilmanns , L. Le , J. Ely , K. Patterson , and S. Buelow . 1995 . Hydrothermal oxidation of organic compounds by nitrate and nitrite . Pp. 179–196 in Innovations in Supercritical Fluids Science and Technology , K.W. Hutchenson and N.R. Foster , eds. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 608 . Washington D.C. : American Chemical Society . Ding, Z.Y. , S.N.V.K. Aki , and M.A. Abrahams . 1995 . Pp. 232–245 in Innovations in Supercritical Fluids Science and Technology , K.W. Hutchenson and N.R. Foster , eds. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 608 . Washington D.C. : American Chemical Society . Foy, B.R. , P.C. Dell'Orco , W.D. Breshears , S.J. Buelow , J. Ely , L.A. Le , R.E. McInroy , R. Oldenborg , J.M. Robinson , M. Sedillo , and E.G. Wilmanns . 1994 . Hydrothermal Kinetics of Organic and Nitrate/Nitrite Destruction for Hanford Tank Waste Simulant . Unclassified Report No. LA-UR-94:3174. Los Alamos, N.M. : Los Alamos National Laboratory . General Atomics . 1994 . Assessment and Development of an Industrial Wet Oxidation System for Burning Waste and Low Grade Fuels, Final Report Phase IIB . DE-FC07-88ID12711 . San Diego, Calif. : General Atomics, Inc. General Atomics . 1995 . Solid Rocket Motor Disposal Program, Hydrothermal Oxidation System Proof of Prototype Test Report . 629025 N/C . San Diego, Calif. : General Atomics, Inc. General Atomics . 1996 . Supercritical Water Oxidation Data Acquisition Testing . Final Report, Vol. 1, Phase 1. DOE Testing, Idaho Operations Office. DE-FC07-94ID13303, November 1996 . San Diego, Calif. : General Atomics, Inc. General Atomics . 1997a . Treatability Study: Supercritical Water Oxidation of VX Hydrolysate . Test Report 229003/A . San Diego, Calif. : General Atomics, Inc. (produced under Subcontract PS-02552 from Stone & Webster Corporation, Army Prime Contract No.DAAA-15-91-D-0005). General Atomics . 1997b . Confirmatory Testing Using Supercritical Water Oxidation to Destroy VX/NaOH Hydrolysate . Test Report. 499002 N/C . San Diego, Calif. Page 55 Front Matter (R1-R12) Executive Summary (1-6) 1 Introduction and Background (7-10) 2 Process Description and Scientific Principles (11-14) 3 Technology Status (15-34) 4 Scale-Up, Stability, and Reliability (35-40) 5 Full-Scale Process Design (41-51) 6 Findings and Recommendations (52-54) References (55-58) Appendix A (59-64) Appendix B (65-70)

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Using Supercritical Water Oxidation to Treat Hydrolysate from VX Neutralization References Armellini, J. , G.T. Hong , and J.W. Tester . 1994 . Precipitation of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate in water from sub- to supercritical conditions: 150°C to 55°C, 100 to 300 bar . Journal of Supercritical Fluids 7 : 147-158 . Battelle . 1996 . Capabilities in Hydrothermal Processing, Preliminary Proposal . November 25, 1996 . Richland, Washington : Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory . Bischoff, J.L. , and R.J. Rosenbauer . 1988 . Liquid-vapor relations in the critical region of the system NaCl-H 2O from 381–415°C: a refined determination of the critical point and two-phase boundary of seawater . Geochimica et Cosmochimica 52 : 2121–2126 . Bischoff, J.L. , and K.S. Pitzer . 1989 . Liquid-vapor relations for the system NaCl-H2O: summary of the P-T-x surface from 300 to 500°C. American Journal of Science 89 : 217–248 . Borovaya, F.E. , and M.I. Ravich . 1968 . Solubility of sodium carbonate and orthophosphate in aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide at elevated temperatures . Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 13(12) : 1720–1722 . Broadbent, D. , G.G. Lewis , and E.A.M. Wetton . 1977 . Phase Equilibria in Aqueous Sodium Phosphate Solutions at Elevated Temperatures . Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Trans. 1997, (5) , 464–8 . Chiavlo, A.A. , P.T. Cummings , H.D. Cochran , J.M. Simonson , R.E. Mesmer . 1995 . Solvation, hydrogenbonding and ion pairing in supercritical aqueous solutions: simulation and experiments . Pp. 65–76 in Innovations in Supercritical Fluids Science and Technology , K.W. Hutchenson , and N.R. Foster , eds. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 608 . Washington D.C. : American Chemical Society . Chowdhury, D.K. 1996 . The Role of Additive for Salt Removal from Supercritical Water . Master's thesis . Austin, Texas : University of Texas at Austin . Dell'Orco, P. , B. Foy , E. Wilmanns , L. Le , J. Ely , K. Patterson , and S. Buelow . 1995 . Hydrothermal oxidation of organic compounds by nitrate and nitrite . Pp. 179–196 in Innovations in Supercritical Fluids Science and Technology , K.W. Hutchenson and N.R. Foster , eds. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 608 . Washington D.C. : American Chemical Society . Ding, Z.Y. , S.N.V.K. Aki , and M.A. Abrahams . 1995 . Pp. 232–245 in Innovations in Supercritical Fluids Science and Technology , K.W. Hutchenson and N.R. Foster , eds. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 608 . Washington D.C. : American Chemical Society . Foy, B.R. , P.C. Dell'Orco , W.D. Breshears , S.J. Buelow , J. Ely , L.A. Le , R.E. McInroy , R. Oldenborg , J.M. Robinson , M. Sedillo , and E.G. Wilmanns . 1994 . Hydrothermal Kinetics of Organic and Nitrate/Nitrite Destruction for Hanford Tank Waste Simulant . Unclassified Report No. LA-UR-94:3174. Los Alamos, N.M. : Los Alamos National Laboratory . General Atomics . 1994 . Assessment and Development of an Industrial Wet Oxidation System for Burning Waste and Low Grade Fuels, Final Report Phase IIB . DE-FC07-88ID12711 . San Diego, Calif. : General Atomics, Inc. General Atomics . 1995 . Solid Rocket Motor Disposal Program, Hydrothermal Oxidation System Proof of Prototype Test Report . 629025 N/C . San Diego, Calif. : General Atomics, Inc. General Atomics . 1996 . Supercritical Water Oxidation Data Acquisition Testing . Final Report, Vol. 1, Phase 1. DOE Testing, Idaho Operations Office. DE-FC07-94ID13303, November 1996 . San Diego, Calif. : General Atomics, Inc. General Atomics . 1997a . Treatability Study: Supercritical Water Oxidation of VX Hydrolysate . Test Report 229003/A . San Diego, Calif. : General Atomics, Inc. (produced under Subcontract PS-02552 from Stone & Webster Corporation, Army Prime Contract No.DAAA-15-91-D-0005). General Atomics . 1997b . Confirmatory Testing Using Supercritical Water Oxidation to Destroy VX/NaOH Hydrolysate . Test Report. 499002 N/C . San Diego, Calif.

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Using Supercritical Water Oxidation to Treat Hydrolysate from VX Neutralization : General Atomics, Inc. (produced under Subc ontract PS-029978 from Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation, U.S. Army Contract No. DAAM-01-96-D-0010) . General Atomics . 1997c . Supercritical Water Oxidation Studies . Vols. 1 and 2. 349807 N/C . San Diego, Calif. : General Atomics, Inc. Gloyna, E.F. , and L. Li . 1997 . Supercritical Water Oxidation of Methylphosphonic Acid: Destruction Efficiency and Kinetics . Final draft report, revised September 26, 1997 . San Diego, Calif. : Eco Waste Technologies, Inc. Gopalan, S. , and P.E. Savage . 1995 . Phenol oxidation in supercritical water . Pp. 217–231 in Innovations in Supercritical Fluids Science and Technology, K.W . Hutcheson and N.R. Foster , eds. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 608 . Washington D.C. : American Chemical Society . Haroldsen, B.L. , D.Y. Ariizumi , B.E. Mills , B.G. Brown , and D. Greisen . 1996 . Transpiring Wall Supercritical Water Oxidation Reactor Salt Deposition Studies . SAND96-8255 . Albuquerque, N.M. : Sandia National Laboratories . Harradine, D.M. , S.J. Buelow , P.C. Dell'Orco , R.B. Dyer , B.R. Foy , J.M. Robinson , J.A. Sanchez , T. Spontarelli , and J. Wander . 1993 . Oxidation chemistry of energetic materials in supercritical water . Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 10(2) : 233–246 . Killilea, W.R. 1997 . Personal communication to Dr. Walter May, October 29, 1997 . Killilea, W.R. , Swallow, K.C. , and G.T. Hong . 1992 . The fate of nitrogen in supercritical water oxidation . Journal of Supercritical Fluids 5 : 72–78 . LaJeunesse, C.A. , B.L. Haroldsen , S.F. Rice , and B.G. Brown . 1997 . Hydrothermal Oxidation of Navy Shipboard Excess Hazardous Materials . SAND97-8212 . Albuquerque, N.M. : Sandia National Laboratories . Latanision, R.M. 1995 . Corrosion science, corrosion engineering, and advanced technologies . Corrosion Science 51 : 270–283 . Latanision, R.M. , D.B. Mitton , S.-H. Zhang , J.A. Cline , N. Caputy , T. Arias , and A. Rigos . 1997 . Corrosion and corrosion mechanisms in supercritical water oxidation systems for hazardous waste disposal . Pp. 865–868 in Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids . Sendai, Japan : Tohoku University Department of Chemical Engineering . Li, L. , P. Chen , and E.F. Gloyna . 1991 . Generalized kinetic model for wet oxidation of organic compounds . American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal 37 : 1687–1697 . Li, L. , P. Chen , and E.F. Gloyna . 1993 . Kinetic model for wet oxidation of organic compounds in supercritical and critical water . Pp. 305–313 in Supercritical Fluid Engineering Science: Fundamentals and Applications , E. Kiran and J.F. Brennecke , eds. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 514 . Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society . Manthei, J.H. , R.A. Way , K.P. Cameron , B.I. Gaviola , and D.M. Bona . 1997a . Toxicological Evaluation of VX/Sodium Hydroxide (VX/NaOH) By-Products, Super Critical Water Oxidation (SCWO) Effluent Samples, and VX/Water Neutralized Samples by the Intravenous Route in Mice . Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. : Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center . Manthei, J.H. , R.A. Way , D.M. Bona , and B.I. Gaviola . 1997b . Results of Department of Transportation (DOT) Test Procedures in Rats (Oral) and Rabbits (Dermal) with Super Critical Water Oxidation (SCWO), Prior to Evaporator . Alternative Technology Program, Interim Report 97-319-02. February 27, 1997 . Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. : Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center . Marshall, W.L. , C.E. Hall , and R.E. Mesmer . 1981 . System dipotassium hydrogen phosphate-water at high temperatures (100–400°C): liquid-liquid immiscibility and concentrated solutions . Journal of Inorganic Nuclear Chemistry 43 : 449–455 . Martynova, O.I. 1976 . Solubility of inorganic compounds in subcritical and supercritical water . Pp.13–138 in High Temperature, High Pressure, Electrochemistry , D. Jones and R.W. Staehle , eds., Houston, Tex. : National Association of Corrosion Engineers . Martynova, O.I. , and O.K. Smirnov . 1964 . Solutions of inorganic compounds in supercritical steam . Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 9(2) : 145–149 . Modell, M . 1989 . Supercritical water oxidation . Pp. 8–153 in Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal , H.M. Freeman , ed. New York : McGraw Hill . National Research Council (NRC) . 1993 . Alternative Technologies for the Destruction of Chemical Agents and Munitions . Committee on Alternative Chemical Demilitarization Technologies. Board on Army Science and Technology . Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press .

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Using Supercritical Water Oxidation to Treat Hydrolysate from VX Neutralization NRC . 1994a . Recommendations for the Disposal of Chemical Agents and Munitions . Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Board on Army Science and Technology . Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press . NRC. 1994b . Review of Monitoring Activities within the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program . Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Board on Army Science and Technology . Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press . NRC . 1996a . Review and Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies . Panel on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies. Board on Army Science and Technology . Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press . NRC . 1996b . Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility . Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Board on Army Science and Technology . Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press . Proesmans, P.I. , L.Luan , and S.J. Buelow . 1997 . Hydrothermal oxidation of organic wastes using ammonium nitrate . Industrial Engineering Chemical Research 36 : 1559–1566 . Resources Conservation Company . 1997 . Test report for the evaporation and crystallization bench scale tests of sample effluent from the VX/NaOH hydrolysate by supercritical water oxidation treatment. June 1997 . Bellevue, Wash. : Resources Conservation Company . Ravich, M.I. , and L.F. Yastrebova . 1959 . The solid phases crystallizing the systems Na3PO4-Na2SO4-H2O at high temperatures (200–350°C) . Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 4 : 69–74 . Schoenmann, L. , M. Young , and K.S. Ahluwalia . 1997 . Use of transpiring-wall platelet reactor in hydrothermal oxidation of organic materials . Presentation to the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, October 28, 1997 , National Research Council , Washington, D.C. Shanableh, A. , and E. Gloyna . 1991 . Supercritical water oxidation of wastewaters and sludges . Water Science 23 : 389–398 . Shaw, R.W. , T.B. Brill , A.A. Clifford , C.A. Eckert , and E.U. Franck . 1991 . Supercritical water: a medium for chemistry . Chemical and Engineering News 69 : 26–39 . Sandia National Laboratories . 1996 . Transpiring Wall Supercritical Water Oxidation Reactor Salt Deposition Studies . SAND96-8255 UC-702. September 1996 . Albuquerque, N.M. : Sandia National Laboratories . Solomon, R.L. 1997 . Design and operation of evaporator systems . Presentation to the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, October 28, 1997 , National Research Council , Washington, D.C. Southwest Research Institute . 1997 . Preliminary analytical results of distillate and solids from the evaporation and crystallization bench-scale tests of SCWO sample effluent. August, 1997 San Antonio, Tex. : Southwest Research Institute . Stoddard, M.C. 1997 . Sandia National Laboratories: Projects in Supercritical Water Oxidation . Presentation to the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, October 28, 1997 , National Research Council , Washington, D.C. Stone and Webster . 1996 . Supercritical Water Oxidation Data Acquisition Testing, Final Report. Vol. 1, Phase 1 . DE-FC07-94ID 13303. November 1996. Idaho Operations Office . Boston, Mass. : Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation . Stone and Webster . 1997a . Information Package for the NRC Technical Assessment of the SCWO Post-Treatment Units for the Newport VX Chemical Agent Disposal Facility at Newport Chemical Depot, Newport, Indiana. Vol. 1 . Boston, Mass. : Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation . Stone and Webster . 1997b . Evaluation of Confirmatory Testing of Supercritical Water Oxidation for Treating VX/NaOH Hydrolysate . May 30, 1997 . Boston, Mass. : Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation . Stone and Webster . 1997c . Information Compiled for the National Research Council on Pilot-and Full-Scale Testing and Application of SCWO Technology . December 10, 1997 . Boston, Mass. : Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation . Tester, J.W. , H.R. Holgate , F.J. Armellini , P. Webley , W.R. Killilea , G.T. Hong , and H.E. Barner . 1993 . Supercritical water oxidation technology: a review of process development and fundamental research. Pp. 35–76 in Emerging Technologies for Hazardous Waste Management III , D.W. Tedder , and F.G. Pohland , eds. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 518 . Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .

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Using Supercritical Water Oxidation to Treat Hydrolysate from VX Neutralization U.S. Army . 1996a . Material Safety Data Sheet: Lethal Nerve Agent VX . Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. : U.S. Army Chemical Biological Defense Command . U.S. Army . 1996b . Newport Chemical Activity Concept Design Package for VX Neutralization Followed by Off-Site Biodegradation . April 14, 1996 . Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. : U. S. Army Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization . U.S. Army . 1996c . Alternative Technology Program Evaluation Report, September 9, 1996 . Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. : U.S. Army Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization . U.S. Army . 1997 . Generation of VX/NaOH Hydrolysate for Post-Treatment Studies Subtests 15–17. Vol. 1 . Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. : U.S. Army Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization . Valyashko, V.M. . 1976 . Phase equilibria in water-salt systems: some problems of solubility at elevated temperature and pressure . Pp. 153–157 in High Temperature, High Pressure Electrochemistry in Aqueous Solutions , D. Jones and R.W. Staehle , eds. Houston, Tex. : National Association of Corrosion Engineers . Wade, D.F. 1997 . Control of Sodium Sulfate Scaling in Supercritical Oxidation Reactors: Temperature and Inhibitor Investigations . Master's thesis . Austin, Tex. : University of Texas at Austin . Weismantel, G. Supercritical water oxidation treats toxic organics in sludge . Environmental Technology 6(5) : 30–34 . Yang, Y-C. 1995 . Chemical reactions for neutralizing chemical warfare agents . Chemistry and Industry 1995(9) : 334–337 .

Representative terms from entire chapter:

water oxidation