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3	SOFTWARE FOR NETWORKED INFORMATION SYSTEMS	3-1
	Introduction
	Background
	The Role of Software
	Development of an NIS
	System Planning, Requirements, and Top-Level Design
	Planning and Program Management
	Requirements at the System Level
	Background
	The System Requirements Document
	Notation and Style
	Where to Focus Effort in Requirements Analysis and Documentation
	Top-Level Design
	Critical Components
	The Integration Plan
	Project Structure, Standards, and Process
	Barriers to Acceptance of New Software Technologies
	Findings
	Building and Acquiring Components
	Component-Level Requirements
	Component Design and Implementation
	Programming Languages
	Systematic Reuse
	COTS Software
	The Changing Role of COTS Software
	General Problems with COTS Components
	Interfacing Legacy Software
	Findings
	System Integration
	System Assurance
	Review and Inspection
	Formal Methods
	Testing
	System Evolution
	Findings
	References
4	REINVENTING SECURITY	4-1
	Introduction
	Evolution of Security Needs and Mechanisms
	Access Control Policies
	Shortcomings of Formal Policy Models
	A New Approach
	Findings
	Identification and Authentication Mechanisms
	Network-Based Authentication
	Cryptographic Authentication
	Token-Based Mechanisms
	Biometric Techniques
	Findings
	Cryptography and Public-Key Infrastructure