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From Generation to Generation: The Health and Well-Being of Children in Immigrant Families
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Index
A
Academic achievement see Educational attainment;
Accidents and injuries, 66, 78, 107, 178
Acculturation, see Assimilation
Administration for Children and Families, 167
Adolescent Health Survey, 177(n.2)
Adolescents, 6, 35, 90-91, 166, 178
acculturative stress, 85-89 (passim), 161
African American, 79-80, 89, 90, 91
African immigrants, not African Americans, 79, 83, 88
alcohol use, 79, 107-108, 159, 160
Asians, 79, 90, 91
Chinese, 83, 88, 96, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, 161
assimilation, 79, 89, 159-160, 161
behavioral risk factors, 79, 80, 82-84, 178
alcohol use, 79, 107-108, 159, 160
smoking, 79, 107, 159
substance abuse, 8, 79, 80-81, 83, 107, 159, 160, 178
violence, 79, 80-81, 83, 107, 159
blacks, 89, 90, 141;
see also ''African American" supra Caribbean immigrants, 83, 88
Cuban, 83, 88, 91
Central Americans, 79, 83, 88
chronic illness, 70
defined, 275
education, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98-100, 178
European immigrants, 79, 83, 88
first-generation immigrants, 6, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88-90, 91
health care access, 144
health status, 64, 78-83, 90-91, 107, 123, 159-161, 177 (n.2), 178
Hispanics, 79, 80-82, 83, 85, 88, 89, 91
HIV infections, 70
mental health status, 6, 161, 178
self-esteem, 6, 80-81, 87, 88-90, 92-93, 94-95, 109, 161
Mexicans, 79, 82, 83, 88, 91-92, 109-110
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psychological factors, 6, 35, 80-81, 88-91
race/ethnicity, 79, 91-92
risk factors, general, 6, 35;
see also "behavioral risk factors" supra second-generation immigrants, 6, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88-89, 91
sexual behavior, 6, 79-83, 92, 95, 107, 159
South Americans, 79, 83, 88
substance abuse, 8, 79, 80-81, 83, 107, 159, 160, 178
suicide, 91
third- and later-generation, 6, 7, 79, 81, 82, 83, 88-91, 161
African Americans, 79-80, 89, 90, 91
welfare, 123
white, 79, 82, 83, 89
Vietnamese, 83, 88, 92
Adoption, 124
Adult immigrants, 34, 130
see also Parents
AFDC, see Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Affidavits, see Sponsorship
African Americans, 26, 38, 156
adolescents, 79-80, 89, 90, 91
assimilation, 26-27
census data, 20(n.1)
educational attainment, 47, 90, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107
health care access, 145-147
health insurance, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153
health status, general, 62, 65, 67, 72, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82
historical perspectives, 2, 26-27, 38
infant mortality, 62
language abilities, 158, 159
mental health status, 81, 89-91, 93
numerous siblings, 51
overcrowded housing, 52
poverty, 2, 5, 42, 45, 52, 158, 212-213
research methodology, 2, 5, 12, 170, 171, 181
research recommendations, 2-3, 12, 170, 171, 181
single-parent families, 50
socioeconomic / demographic status, 5, 52, 89
tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254, 259, 264
welfare, 129, 130, 133, 143, 152
see also Blacks
African immigrants, not African Americans
adolescents, 79, 83, 88
behavioral risk factors, 83
English as a second language, 54
health status, 71, 72, 75, 79, 83, 88
poverty, 43
research methodology, 170
see also Middle East;
specific nationalities
Age factors, 177
adult immigrants, 24, 130;
see also Parents
age at entry, 25
cohort studies, 35-36, 171
elderly persons, 21-22, 115, 119, 180(n.3)
intergenerational cohesion/ conflict, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 87, 92, 94, 169
language factors, 8, 54
population in general, 21
sexual behavior, 6, 79-83, 92, 95, 107, 159
adolescents, 6, 79-83
see also Adolescents;
Neonatal care;
Young children
Agricultural sector, see Migrant workers
Agriculture Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998, 112(n.2)
AIDS, see Human immunodeficiency virus
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Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 112-114, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 134
see also Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
Alcohol use/abuse, 63, 79, 87, 107-108, 159, 160, 169
adolescents, 79, 107-108, 159, 160
gender factors, 63
mothers, 63, 108
Amebiasis, 71
American Academy of Pediatrics, 138, 144
American Indians, see Native Americans
Anemia, 66, 72, 76, 77
Anthropological research, see Ethnographic research
Arizona, 21
Asians, 38, 62, 91
adolescents, 79, 90, 91
Chinese, 83, 88, 96, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, 161
educational attainment, 62, 97, 101, 103, 105, 107, 161, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259, 264
health care access, 145-148
health insurance, 140-143, 153, 164
infant mortality, 61, 62
lead poisoning, 74
nutrition, 75-76
racial factors, 26, 28
research recommendations, 170, 171
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254 , 259, 264
statistics on immigration, 1-2, 3
welfare participation, 131-132, 134, 162
see also Southeast Asians;
specific nationalities
Aspirations, 79, 168
educational, 7, 97, 104-105, 106, 109
parental expectations, 32, 33
Assessment, see Monitoring systems
Assimilation, 3, 5, 23-26, 31-32, 123, 159-160
acculturative stress, 25, 63, 79, 84-88, 105, 106, 161, 272
adolescents, 79, 89, 159-160, 161
African Americans, 26-27
chronic illness, response to, 69
defined, 272
ecological/life-course models, 29-31
economic factors, 24-25
educational attainment and, 24-25
first-generation immigrants, 12, 85-91
Hispanics, acculturative stress, 85-86, 88, 89
historical perspectives, 23-24, 26
mental health and, 25, 84-88, 161
migration experience (stress), 14, 25, 31, 35, 37
nutrition, 76
parents, 25
prenatal health, 63
racial/ethnic factors, 23-24, 26-28
research recommendations, 12, 23
third- and later-generation immigrants, 12
African Americans, 26-27
upward mobility, 24-25
see also Discrimination;
English as a second language
Asthma, 66, 69-70, 79, 80, 107, 138, 159
Attitudes
health care services, 148-149, 152
health insurance, 141
individual personal, 32, 33, 59, 148-149
see also Aspirations;
Discrimination
Austrians, 54
Automobiles, see Motor vehicle ownership
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B
Balanced Budget Act of 1997, 112, 115
Behavioral risk factors, general, 6, 87, 105, 107, 159, 160, 169
accidents and injuries, 66, 78, 107, 178
adolescent, 79, 80, 82-84, 178
data sources, 166-167, 168
see also Alcohol use/abuse;
Crime and criminal justice system;
Sexual behavior;
Smoking;
Substance abuse, adolescents;
Violence
Biculturalism, 13, 27-28, 34, 64, 85, 172, 272
Bilingualism, 34, 64, 100
Birth and Death Registration Systems, 166
Birth control, see Contraception
Birth defects, 74, 166, 178
Birthplace and status
citizenship and, 1, 14, 37(n.2), 56, 114, 176
country of origin, see Country of origin;
specific nationalities
foreign-born children, see First-generation immigrants
foreign-born parents, U.S.-born children, see Second-generation immigrants
U.S.-born children of U.S.-born parents, see African Americans;
Third- and later-generation immigrants
Birthweight, 5, 60-63, 107, 159
defined, 60
Blacks, 5, 156
adolescents, 89, 90, 141
education, 90, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259, 264
English language abilities, 159, 213, 230-231, 264-271
health care access, 70, 145-147
health insurance, 140, 141, 142, 148, 153
health status, 63, 65, 67, 70
mental health, 89-91, 93
population constitution, 20
research methodology, 20, 26, 28, 38, 44, 181
socioeconomic/demographic risk factors, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
welfare, 129, 130, 133
see also African Americans
Block grants, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119
Breastfeeding, 77
Bureau of Census, 20, 40-58, 167, 174, 177(n.2), 179, 181
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 178
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 179
C
California, 21
education of immigrants, 91, 92, 96
health status of immigrants, 71, 73, 77
welfare reform, 118
Cambodians, 8, 43, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 77, 92, 134, 143, 158
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 246 247, 254, 259, 264-265
Canada, 83, 88, 106, 216-217, 220-221, 226, 229, 234-235, 244-245, 252-253, 257, 270-271
Cancer, 71, 166, 178
Caribbean immigrants, 170
adolescents, 83, 88
infectious diseases, 72
poverty, 45, 53
racial factors, 26
single-parent families, 49, 50
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
see also specific nationalities
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Cars, see Motor vehicle ownership
Centers for Disease Control, 166, 177-178
Central Americans, 170
adolescents, 79, 83, 88
birthweight/infant mortality, 60, 61
educational attainment/poverty, 53, 106
health insurance, 143
infectious diseases, 72
refugees, 58
single-parent families, 49, 50
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
welfare, 121
see also specific nationalities
Charity, see Private assistance
Child abuse, 78
Child Care and Development Block Grant, 114, 117, 119
Children of Immigrants: Health, Adjustment, and Public Assistance, xvi
Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study, 91, 92
Children's Bureau, 124
Chinese
adolescents, 83, 88, 96, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, 161
educational attainment, 7, 96, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, 110, 161
health insurance, 143
infant mortality, 61
infectious diseases, 71
language factors, 54, 55, 158
lead poisoning, 73
nutrition, 77
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 214-215, 220-221, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 250 251, 256, 261, 268-269
see also Hong Kong Chinese
Cigarettes, see Smoking
Cirrhosis, 71
Cities, see Urban areas
Citizenship, 37, 56-57, 175, 176, 177
birthplace and, 1, 14, 37(n.2), 56, 114, 176
civic participation of immigrants, 17
country of origin and generation,
table, 231, 233, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
defined, 273
first-generation immigrants, 231, 233, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
health insurance, 139, 140, 142
parents, 56-57, 135, 175, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
poverty and, 56-57
report methodology, 18-19
second-generation immigrants,
tables, 231, 233, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
welfare eligibility, 56-57, 112-115, 120, 135, 136, 174
see also Immigration status
Colombia, 55, 214-215, 218-219, 225, 228, 230-231, 238-239, 248-249, 255, 260, 266-267
Communicable diseases, see Infectious diseases
Community Health Services Program, 118
Contraception, 79, 80, 82
Cost and cost-benefit factors
health care, 10, 123-124, 166, 178
health insurance, 138, 141
research recommendations, 166, 178, 179
Country of origin, general adolescents, 91
education, 97, 109, 161, 164
English-speaking, general, 54
family size, 51
health insurance, 153
health status, 74, 76, 92, 109, 168
infectious diseases, 7, 70, 108, 160
lead poisoning, 73
mental health, 92
nutrition, 74, 76
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parents, 14, 46-49
risk/protective factors, 160
by country of origin and generation, tables, 212-271
poverty and, 8, 42, 43-44, 48, 50,
tables, 42-43, 212-227, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246-258
research recommendations, 14, 164, 165, 168, 170, 176-181
sampling and, 11, 14-15, 36, 40, 64, 97, 153, 164, 171-172, 174, 176-180 (passim)
variation across persons from same country, 59
see also Birthplace and status;
specific nationalities
Crime and criminal justice system, 27, 177, 178
child abuse, 78
detention centers, 57
see also Illegal immigrants;
Violence
Cubans, 20(n.1)
acculturative stress, 85-86, 88
adolescents, 83, 88, 91
birthweight/infant mortality, 60, 61, 62
educational attainment, 107
health insurance, 143
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 214-215, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 250-251, 256, 261, 268-269
welfare, 118, 123, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 161-162
Cultural factors, 3, 7, 8, 37
biculturalism, 13, 27-28, 34, 64, 85, 172, 272
chronically ill children, 69
ecological/life-course models, 29-31
health care, culturally sensitive, 5, 9, 13, 14, 70, 151-152, 173, 175-176
health care services and access, 9, 70, 149, 150-152
health insurance, 141
health status, general, 9, 68, 69-70, 108
infant mortality, 63
multiculturalism, 27-28
nutrition, 77
research recommendations, 165, 168, 169, 172
services provisions, 5, 9, 13, 14
see also Assimilation;
Ethnographic research;
Language factors;
Religious factors
Culturally competent care, 5, 9, 13, 14, 70, 151-152, 173, 175-176
Current Population Reports, 181
Current Population Survey, 167, 177(n.2), 179
D
Data collection, see Monitoring systems;
Research methodology;
Research recommendations;
Sampling
Decennial Census of Population and Housing, 20, 40-58, 167, 179
Deeming, welfare eligibility, 273
Delinquency, see Crime and
criminal justice system
Demographic factors, general, 37, 40-58
fertility, 20, 82, 178
health insurance, 140-141
population in general, 21-22
by country of origin, 212-271
report methodology, 2, 18
research recommendations, 11, 177
risk factor status by country of origin and generation, tables, 212-271
urban residence, 4, 24, 32, 73, 93, 122-123, 170, 174
welfare participation, 131-134
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see also Age factors;
Employment factors;
Families and households;
Gender factors;
Population;
Racial/ethnic factors;
Socioeconomic status;
specific nationalities and ethnic groups
Dental health and services, 66, 78
Mexicans, 6, 108, 160
Department of Health and Human Services, 174, 176
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 180(n.3)
Deportation, 57
Depression, 92-93, 94-95
see also Self-esteem/self-concept
Detention centers, 57-58
Developmental psychology, 33-35
acculturative stress, 87-88, 272
ecological models, 29
life-course models, 11, 12, 23, 29, 30-31
poverty, 7
research recommendations, 12, 22-23, 35, 36-37, 165, 168, 171
Diarrhea, 72
Diet, see Nutrition
Disabled persons, 115, 119, 122, 124
Discrimination, 5, 26-28, 34-35, 85, 92, 94, 109, 158-159, 165
educational, 5, 105, 106
Diseases and disorders, 5
acute, 5, 10, 64, 69, 71, 74, 107, 108, 136, 138, 159, 163;
see also Emergency medical services
chronic, 5, 10, 64, 68-70, 71, 107, 108, 136, 138, 149, 159, 178
ear ailments, 138
learning, 5, 80-81, 105
visual impairments, 66, 78
see also Disabled persons;
Infectious diseases;
Mental health and illness;
Respiratory ailments;
Toxins;
specific diseases
Doctors, see Physicians
Dominicans, 8, 44-45, 53, 56, 158, 230-231
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
DPT, 68
Drinking, see Alcohol use/abuse
Drug abuse, see Substance abuse, adolescents
E
Ear ailments, 138
Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey, 166, 178
Eastern Europeans, 75, 123, 133, 134
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
Ecological models, 29
Economic factors, 3, 7, 18
aging population, 21-22
assimilation, 24-25
chronic illness, 68
Great Depression, 30
New Deal, 122, 124
self-esteem/depression, 94
see also Cost and cost-benefit factors;
Funding;
Poverty;
Socioeconomic status
Education
adolescents, 89, 90, 94, 98-100, 178
country of origin, general, 97, 109, 161, 164
discrimination, 5, 105, 106
generation of immigration, 46-47, 93-96, 97-101, 102-105, 106, 109, 157
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 217, 227-229, 238, 241, 243, 245, 259
health education, 122, 123
learning difficulties, 5, 80-81, 105
professional, 151-152
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report methodology, 19
research recommendations, 14, 164, 166-167, 169, 171, 177
school as protective factor, 32
see Information dissemination;
Preschool education;
Primary and secondary education
Educational attainment, 7, 93-107, 109-110, 161
acculturative stress, 86
African Americans, 47, 90, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107
Asians, 62, 97, 101, 103, 105, 107, 161, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259, 264
Chinese, 7, 96, 98, 100, 104, 105, 109, 110, 161
aspirations, 7, 97, 104-105, 106, 109
assimilation and, 24-25
blacks, 90, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259, 264
Central Americans, 53, 106
Cubans, 107
fathers, 46-47, 53, 157
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 217, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
first-generation immigrants, 7, 46-47, 93, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 109, 157, 161
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 217, 227-229, 238, 241, 243, 245, 259
health insurance and, 143, 144
Hispanics, 97-99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259, 264
infant mortality and, 62
literacy, 47
reading test scores, 96, 98, 161
math test scores, 96, 98, 109-110, 161
Mexicans, 7, 47, 53, 63, 96-99, 101, 104, 105, 109-110, 213, 227, 237, 259, 264
mothers, 46
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 217, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
parents, 7, 8, 31, 46-49, 53, 96, 98, 140, 144, 157
by country of origin and generation, tables, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
racial differences, general, 26-27
reading test scores, 96, 98, 161
research recommendations, 14, 164, 166-167, 169, 171, 177
second-generation immigrants, 7, 46-47, 93-96, 97, 100, 102-105, 106, 109, 110, 157, 164, 171
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 217, 227-229, 238, 241, 243, 245, 259
socioeconomic status, 96, 98
poverty, 7, 48-49, 53, 106
third- and later-generation immigrants, 7, 46-47, 93, 96, 100, 103, 104-105, 106, 109-110, 157, 161
African Americans, 47, 90, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259-263
whites, 7, 47, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105
see also English as a second language
Elderly persons, 21-22, 115, 119, 180(n.3)
El Salvadorans, see Salvadorans
Emergency medical services, 114, 115, 117, 124, 125, 138, 149-150, 175
Employment factors, 3, 17, 157-158, 171, 177, 224, 254
aging population, 21-22
children, 123
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fathers, 7-8, 48-49, 50, 52, 158, 224-226, 254-258
first-generation immigrants, 7, 41, 46, 48, 52, 157, 158, 224-226, 254-258
health insurance, 10, 123-124, 137-138, 142, 143, 145-146
historic perspectives, 24
illegal immigrants, employer sanctions, 120
infant mortality, 63
migrant workers, 6, 65, 68, 74, 160
migration, rationale for, 37
mothers, 48, 49, 157-158, 224-226, 254-255
part-time workers, 49, 52, 53, 158, 224-226, 254, 256-258
racial differences, 27
refugees, 8, 44
second-generation immigrants, 7, 41, 46, 48, 144, 224, 254-258
self-employment, 143
third- and later-generation immigrants, 7, 41, 46, 48, 52, 224, 254-258
unskilled workers, 8, 44, 53, 121, 159
English as a second language, 3, 4, 8-9, 49, 54-55, 58, 93, 158, 159
acculturative stress, 84-86, 161
blacks, 159, 213, 230-231, 264-271
first-generation immigrants, 3, 9, 28, 54, 55, 58, 84-85, 89, 92-93, 95-96, 148-149, 213, 215, 217, 230-231, 241, 243, 245, 264-265
health insurance, 141
household language not English, 8, 49, 55, 98, 158, 213, 215, 217
by country of origin and generation, table, 230-231, 232, 234, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 264, 268, 270
literacy, 47
reading test scores, 96, 98, 161
neighborhood language not English, 55, 158
parents, 3, 8, 49, 54-55, 86, 230-235, 265, 267, 269, 271
second-generation immigrants, 54, 89, 95-96, 158, 213, 215, 217, 230-231, 241, 243, 245, 264-265
self-esteem, 92, 93, 94
Spanish television and, 55
status by country of origin and generation, table, 230-235, 265, 267, 269, 271
third- and later-generation immigrants, comparative indices, 89, 95-96, 213, 230-231, 264-271
African Americans, 158, 159
Environmental Protection Agency, 74
Epidemiology, see Risk factors;
specific risk factors
Ethnicity, see Racial/ethnic factors;
specific groups
Ethnographic research, 13, 33, 172-173
European immigrants, 26, 170
adolescents, 79, 83, 88
Eastern Europeans, 75, 123, 133, 134, 212-271 (passim)
health insurance, 143
nutritional status, 75
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
welfare, 118, 123, 133, 134, 162
Western Europeans, 133, 134, 212-271 (passim)
Evaluation
see also Monitoring systems
F
Families and households, 3, 6, 32-34, 108, 157, 158, 161
acculturative stress, 85, 86-88
AFDC, 112-114, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 134
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chronically ill children, 69
ecological/life-course models, 29-31
educational support, 97, 100-105
health insurance, 140-141
health services use, 144-148
immigration policy, 1, 120, 126
intergenerational cohesion/ conflict, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 87, 92, 94, 169
language of household not English, 8, 49, 55, 98, 158, 213, 215, 217
by country of origin and generation, table, 230-231, 232, 234, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 264, 268, 270
overcrowded, 7, 8, 31, 42, 51-52, 135, 221, 223, 247, 249, 251, 253
research recommendations, 14, 34-35, 169, 172, 177, 178, 179
residential mobility/stability, 31, 32
siblings, numerous, 7, 31, 41-42, 50-51, 153, 213, 215, 217, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245
telephone access, household, 219, 221, 223, 247, 249, 250, 253
motor vehicle ownership, 218, 220, 222, 246, 248, 250, 252
welfare participation, 120, 126, 131-134
AFDC, 112-114, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 134
TANF, 112-113, 115, 117, 118, 162
see also Fathers;
Housing;
Mothers;
Parents
Fathers
educational attainment, 46-47, 53, 157
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 217, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
employment, 7-8, 48-49, 50, 52, 158, 224-226, 254-258
see also Parents
Federal government, 2, 4
culturally competent care, 14, 173
research recommendations, 12, 14-15, 164-181
welfare, 111-120 (passim), 124-154 (passim)
see also Funding;
Legislation;
specific departments and agencies
Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 15, 180-181
Fertility, 20, 82, 178
Filipinos health insurance, 143
health status, 61, 71, 77, 83, 110
mental health/adjustment, 88, 89, 92, 96, 98, 100, 104-105
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 216-217, 222-223, 226, 229, 234-235, 244-245, 252 253, 258, 263, 270-271
First-generation immigrants
Note: foreign-born children
adolescents, 6, 64, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88-90, 91
assimilation, 12, 85-91
chronic illness, response to, 69-70
citizenship status, 231, 233, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
decennial census, 41
defined, 37-38, 273
educational attainment, 7, 46-47, 93, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 109, 157, 161
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 217, 227-229, 238, 241, 243, 245, 259
employment status, 7, 41, 46, 48, 52, 157, 158, 224-226, 254-258
English as a second language, 3, 9, 28, 54, 55, 58, 84-85, 89, 92 93, 95-96, 148-149, 213, 215,
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217, 230-231, 241, 243, 245, 264-265
health care access, 11, 70, 145-148, 154, 159, 163
health insurance, 139-143, 153, 154, 163
health status, general, 1, 64-66, 69, 72, 75, 76, 78-83, 107, 108, 168
housing, overcrowded/old, 7, 51-52, 219, 223, 247, 249, 251, 253
information dissemination, 15
lead poisoning, 73
mental health, 85-88, 91, 109
motor vehicle ownership, 218, 220, 222, 246, 248, 250, 252
nutrition, 75, 76
population growth, 1, 17, 20-21
poverty, 7, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 53, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
research methodology, 15, 40
research recommendations, 15, 34-36, 164, 168, 169, 171, 181
siblings, number of, 50-51, 213, 217, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245
single-parent families, 7, 49, 50, 158, 213, 215, 217, 241, 245
socioeconomic risk/protective factors, 40-41
tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 240-271 (passim)
telephone access, 219, 221, 223, 247, 248, 250
welfare participation, 9, 58, 125, 127-133, 152-153, 161-162
Florida, 21, 71, 85, 91, 118
Food and Consumer Service, 167
Food assistance, 112, 119, 175, 122-123
school lunch program, 114, 116, 122-123, 124
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 114, 115, 116, 124, 175, 275
Food Stamps Program, 4, 22, 112-114, 116, 119, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 134
Foreign-born persons, see First-generation immigrants
Foreign language speakers, see English as a second language;
Language factors
Foster care, 57, 124
Funding
block grants, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119
research recommendations, 12, 155, 164
welfare, 118
see also Balanced Budget Act of 1997;
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
G
Gastrointestinal diseases, 70, 72
Gender factors, 31, 177
alcohol abuse, 63
English language acquisition, 86
interfamilial conflicts, 87
self-esteem/depression, 92, 94
sexual behavior, adolescents, 79
Generational factors
intergenerational cohesion/ conflict, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 87, 92, 94, 169
see also First-generation immigrants;
Second-generation immigrants;
Third- and later-generation immigrants
Germans, 54, 123
Giardia, 72
Government role, see Federal government;
Local government;
State government
Great Depression, 30
New Deal, 122, 124
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immunization, 68
infectious diseases, 72
lead poisoning, 73, 160
nutrition, 75, 76, 77
overcrowded housing, 52, 213, 219, 237, 247
poverty, 158, 212, 236
single-parent families, 50, 213, 237
socioeconomic status, 8, 43, 44, 45, 50, 52-53, 56
tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
suicide, 91
tuberculosis, 71
welfare, 6, 108, 121, 129, 130, 131, 153, 160, 161-162
Michigan, 21
Middle East, 73
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
see also specific nationalities
Migrant workers, 6, 65, 68, 74, 160
Migration experience (stress), 14, 25, 31, 35, 37
see also Illegal immigrants;
Refugees
Military service, 117
Minority groups, see Discrimination;
Racial/ethnic factors
Monitoring systems, 14-15, 32, 135, 136, 155, 164, 166-167, 176-179
decennial census, 20, 40-58
generational perspective lacking, 59
see also Longitudinal studies;
specific studies
Monitoring the Future Survey, 166, 178
Mothers
alcohol use, 63, 108
breastfeeding, 77
educational attainment, 46, 213, 215, 217, 241
by country of origin and generation, tables, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
employment status, 48, 49, 157-158, 224-226, 254-255
migrant workers, 68
see also Parents
Motivation, see Aspirations;
Attitudes
Motor vehicle ownership, 218, 220, 222, 246, 248, 250, 252
Multiculturalism, 27-28
Mumps, 68
N
National Center for Education Statistics, 166-167, 178
National Center for Health Statistics, 166, 178
National Crime Victimization Survey, 166, 178
National Educational Longitudinal Survey, 88-89, 93, 167, 178
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 63-67, 69-70, 72, 73, 76, 78, 166, 178
National Health Interview Survey, 63-65, 166, 178
National Household Education Survey, 167, 178
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 166, 170, 178, 179
National Institute on Aging, 180(n.3)
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 178
National Integrated Quality Control Survey, 167
National Longitudinal Adolescent Health Survey, 78-80, 88, 89, 166
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National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 78-83, 88, 178
National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, 179
National Medical Care Expenditure Surveys, 167(n.1)
National Science Foundation, 167, 180(n.3)
National Survey of American Families, 174
National Survey of Family Growth, 166, 178
Native Americans, 42, 52
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254, 259, 264
Naturalization, see Citizenship
Neonatal care, 5, 61, 138, 159-160
see also Infant mortality
Netherlands, 54, 216-217, 222-223, 226, 229, 234-235, 244-245, 252-253, 257, 263, 270-271
Nevada, 21
New Deal, 122, 124
New Immigration Survey, 171-172
New Jersey, 21
New York, 21, 71, 74, 118-119, 123-124
Nicaraguans, 8, 44, 77, 85-86, 91, 107
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 238-239, 246 247, 255, 264-265
Nigerians, 49, 54, 214-215, 220-221, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 248-249, 256, 261, 268-269
Non-Hispanic whites, 20(n. 1)
Numeracy, see Math test scores
Nurses, 122, 123
Nutrition, 34, 74-78, 175
anemia, 66, 72, 76, 77
Asians, 75-76
country of origin, general, 74, 76
detention centers, 57
prenatal, 61, 63
weight indices, 75, 76, 80-81, 107, 159
obesity, 75, 80-81, 107, 159
see also Food assistance;
Food Stamps Program
O
Obesity, 75, 80-81, 107, 159
Ohio, 21
Outreach, 115, 118, 122
P
Pacific Islanders, 62
Pakistanis, 49, 73, 214-215, 218-219, 225, 228, 230-231, 238-239, 248-249, 255, 260, 266-267
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 127, 129, 130, 167, 180
Parasitic infections, 71, 72, 107, 108, 160
Parents
acculturative stress, 86-87
aspirations for children, 32, 33
assimilation, 25
citizenship, 56-57, 135, 175, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
country of origin, general, 14, 46-49;
see ''parents" under specific nationalities
educational attainment of, 7, 8, 31, 46-49, 53, 96, 98, 140, 144, 157
by country of origin and generation, tables, 227-229, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 254, 259-263
educational support for children, 6-7, 97-98, 100-105, 109
employment status, 7, 48-49, 157-158, 224-226, 254-258
English proficiency, 3, 8, 49, 54-55, 86, 230-235, 265, 267, 269, 271
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expectations of, 32, 33
health care access, attitudes, 148-149, 152
health status of child, parental assessment, 63-68
immigration status of, 119, 120, 135, 136, 174-175
illegal immigrants, welfare for children of, 119, 135
intergenerational cohesion/conflict, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 87, 92, 94, 169
language of household not English, 8, 49, 55, 98, 158, 213, 215, 217
by country of origin and generation, table, 230-231, 232, 234, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 264, 268, 270
racial differences, 27
single-parent families, 7, 31, 41-42, 49-50, 52, 158, 213, 215, 217, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245
welfare eligibility, verification, 119, 120, 135
see also Fathers;
Marriage and marital status;
Mothers;
Neonatal care;
Prenatal care
Part-time workers, 49, 52, 53, 158, 224-226, 254, 256-258
see also Migrant workers
Pennsylvania, 21
Perinatal infections, 70
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, 4, 22, 112, 155
Peru, 77
Pesticides, 6, 65, 68, 74, 160
Philippines, see Filipinos
Phosphorous necrosis, 123
Physicians, 10, 71, 72, 122, 137, 138, 144, 146-148, 149, 154, 163, 176
Poisoning, 66, 78
see also Lead poisoning;
Toxins
Policy, see Immigration policy;
Legislation;
Welfare
Polio, 68
Population
Bureau of Census, 20, 40-58, 167, 174, 177(n.2), 179, 181
by country of origin and generation, tables, 212-270 (passim)
growth, 20, 21, 164
see also Demographic factors;
Fertility
Poverty, 2, 4, 5, 7-8, 31, 42-45, 47, 109, 158, 160
African Americans, 2, 5, 42, 45, 52, 158, 212-213
assimilation and, 25
citizenship and, 56-57
country of origin, general, 8, 42, 43-44, 48, 50, 53, 56-57, 158-159, 168
tables, 42-43, 212-227, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246-258
educational attainment and, 7, 48-49, 53, 106
English as a second language, 54
first-generation immigrants, 7, 42-45 (passim), 47, 53, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
health care access, 150
health insurance, 141, 143;
see also Medicaid
health status, general, 75, 159-160, 168
Hispanics, 5, 42, 52, 158, 212, 236
illegal immigrants, 56
language factors, 49, 54
Mexicans, 158, 212, 236
nutrition and, 75
physician visits, 149
second-generation immigrants, 42-45, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
single-parent families, 50
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sponsorship, 113(n.1), 114, 118, 121, 125-127, 175, 275
third- and later-generation immigrants, 42-45, 47, 56, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
African Americans, 2, 5, 42, 45, 52, 158, 212-213
visa restrictions, 125-126
see also Welfare
Pregnancy, 79, 82
contraception, 79, 80, 82
Prenatal care, 5-6, 33, 60-63
racial differences, 27
see also Birthweight
Preschool education, 6-7, 65, 100, 109
Head Start program, 65, 114, 115, 117, 119, 124
Primary and secondary education, 46, 93-107, 109-110
adolescents, 89, 90, 94, 98-100, 178
behavioral problems, 105-106
chronically ill children, 68
health education and services, 122, 123
high school graduates, 46
learning difficulties, 80-81, 105
school lunch program, 114, 116, 122-123, 124
Private assistance, 121, 122-124
Professional organizations
American Academy of Pediatrics, 138, 144
culturally competent care, 14, 176
Projections, statistics, 20, 21
Protective factors, general, 2, 3, 5-7, 31-34, 40, 91, 108-109, 156, 157-159, 164-165
defined, 32
health care, preventive services, 62-63, 138, 154, 163, 164
report methodology, 2, 18, 22
unexplored, 7, 168-169
PSID, see Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Psychological factors, 109
adolescents, 6, 35, 80-81, 88-91
individual personal, 32, 33, 59, 148-149, 168
refugees, violence, 57-58
research recommendations, 12, 35, 168, 169, 171
self-esteem, 6, 80-81, 87, 88-90, 92-93, 94-95
see also Attitudes;
Developmental psychology;
Mental health and illness;
Migration experience (stress);
Stress
Public assistance, see Welfare
Public Health Services Act, 118
Public Health Surveillance Systems, 166
Puerto Ricans, 20, 69
Q
Qualitative research, 13, 173
R
Racial/ethnic factors, 1-2, 5, 22, 26-28, 36, 37, 38, 47-48, 158-159
acculturative stress, 86
adolescents, 79, 91-92
Asians, 26, 28
assimilation, 23-24, 26-28
asthma, 69, 70
birthweight/infant mortality, 60
census data, 20
educational attainment, 26-27
employment, 27
health insurance, 140-143
health status, general, 67, 68, 159, 160
historical perspective, 23-24
infectious diseases, 70
minority defined, 273
population trends, general, 20, 21-22
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research recommendations, 165, 172, 177
see also Assimilation;
Discrimination;
specific racial/ethnic groups and nationalities
Reading
literacy, 47
test scores, 96, 98, 161
Refugee Act, 120
Refugees, 31, 37
defined, 274
employment, 8, 44
Medicaid eligibility, 10, 114, 118, 144
socioeconomic status, 8, 43-44, 52-53
Southeast Asian, 9
state government role, 126
Supplemental Security Income, 114, 116, 118
violence and crime, 57-58
welfare, 4, 113(n.3), 114, 116-118, 120-121, 126, 134, 153
see specific refugee nationalities (e.g., Cambodians)
Religious factors, 33
Eastern European Jews, 123
Research methodology African Americans, 2, 5, 12, 170, 171, 181
Asians, 1-2, 3, 170, 171
assimilation research, 24
blacks, 20, 26, 28, 38, 44, 181
Children's Bureau, 124
cohort studies, 35-36, 171
cost factors, 166, 178, 179
country of origin, general, 14, 164, 165, 168, 170, 176-181
linguistic/cultural factors, 64, 108
New Immigration Survey, 171-172
report at hand, xv-xvi, 2, 12, 17-19, 127-128, 136-137, 144
risk-protective factors, 32-33
U.S. born/immigrant comparisons, 12, 17-18, 36-37
see also Ethnographic research;
Longitudinal studies;
Monitoring systems;
Sampling
Research recommendations, 2-3, 11-15, 18, 22-23, 34-37, 164-181
Respiratory ailments, 64, 65, 66-67, 70, 107
asthma, 66, 69-70, 79, 80, 107, 138, 159
tuberculosis, 6, 42, 70, 71
Rhode Island, 21, 74
Risk factors, general, 3, 18, 31-34, 40-58, 156, 157-159
adolescents, 6, 35
defined, 32
report methodology, 2, 18
research recommendations, 11, 14, 22, 164-165, 166, 169
tabulated by country of origin and duration of residence, 212-271
see also Behavioral risk factors;
Protective factors;
specific risk factors
Rubella, 68
S
Salvadorans, 8, 43-44, 77, 107
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 238-239, 246-247, 255, 260, 264-265
Sampling
country of origin sampling, 11, 14-15, 36, 40, 64, 97, 153, 164, 171-172, 174, 176-180 (passim)
health and welfare reform, 13-14
microdata, 14, 177
research recommendations, 11, 12-14, 15, 171, 174, 177, 179-180
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Saudi Arabians, 73
SCHIP, see State Children's Health Insurance Program
Schistosomiasis, 71
School lunch program, 114, 116, 122-123, 124
Schools, see Preschool education;
Primary and secondary education
Seasonal workers, see Migrant workers
Second-generation immigrants
Note: U.S.-born children of foreign-born parents
adolescents, 6, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88-89, 91
birthweight/infant mortality, 5, 107
chronic illness, 64, 69
citizenship status, 231, 233, 235, 265, 267, 269, 271
decennial census, 41
defined, 37-38, 274
educational attainment, 7, 46-47, 93-96, 97, 100, 102-105, 106, 109, 110, 157, 164, 171
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 217, 227-229, 238, 241, 243, 245, 259
employment status, 7, 41, 46, 48, 144, 224, 254-258
English as a second language, 54, 89, 95-96, 158, 213, 215, 217, 230-231, 241, 243, 245, 264-265
health care access, 10, 145-148, 154, 163, 174
health insurance, 10, 139, 140-144, 153, 154, 163
health status, general, 6, 38, 59, 62-83 (passim), 107, 108, 159, 164, 168, 169, 171
housing, old/overcrowded, 7, 51-52, 219, 223, 247, 249, 251, 253
information dissemination, 15
mental health, 59, 83-85, 89, 109, 171
motor vehicle ownership, 218, 220, 222, 246, 248, 250, 252
obesity, 75, 80-81
population growth, 1, 17, 20-21
poverty, 42-45, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
research methodology, 15, 37, 38, 40-41, 164, 168, 170, 171, 180-181
research recommendations, 15, 34-36, 164, 168, 170, 171, 174, 180-181
siblings, number of, 50-51, 213, 217, 237, 241, 243, 245
single-parent families, 49, 50, 158, 213, 215, 217, 241, 245
by country of origin, tables, 212-271
socioeconomic risk/protective factors, 8, 40, 43-45, 47, 53, 158
tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 240-271 (passim)
telephone access, 219, 221, 223, 247, 248, 250
welfare participation, 9, 125, 127-134, 152-153, 162, 174
Self-esteem/self-concept, 98
adolescents, 6, 80-81, 87, 88-90, 92-93, 94-95, 109, 161
teachers, impact on, 105-106
see also Depression
Sex differences, see Gender factors
Sexual behavior, 169
adolescents, 6, 79-83, 92, 95, 107, 159
contraception, 79, 80, 82
pregnancy, 79, 82
Sexually transmitted diseases, 70, 166, 178
Siblings, numerous, 7, 31, 41-42, 50-51, 153, 213, 215, 217, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245
Sight deficiencies, see Visual impairments
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Silicosis, 123
Single-parent families, 7, 31, 41-42, 49-50, 52, 158
African Americans, 50
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 217, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245
SIPP, see Survey of Income and Program Participation
Smoking, 6, 169
adolescents, 79, 107, 159
pregnant women, 63, 107-108, 160
Social factors, 3-4, 7
research recommendations, 12, 35, 168, 169, 171, 172, 179
social learning, 27
see also Cultural factors;
Discrimination;
Ecological models;
Housing;
Language factors;
Life-course models;
Socioeconomic status
Social services
chronic illness, 68
eligibility for, 114
illegal immigrants, surveillance, 120
outreach, 115, 118, 122
report methodology, 2, 18
see also Welfare
Socioeconomic status, 3, 5, 6, 7-8, 37, 40-58, 108-109, 158
African Americans, 5, 52, 89
tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254, 259, 264
assimilation, 24, 89
educational attainment, 96, 98
health insurance, 140-141
life-course models, 30
motor vehicle ownership, 218, 220, 222, 246, 250, 252
nutrition and, 75
research recommendations, 11, 14, 34, 166, 168, 176, 179
risk/protective factors by country of origin and generation, tables, 212-271
telephone access, household, 219, 221, 223, 247, 249, 251, 253
upward mobility, 24-25
see also Educational attainment;
Employment factors;
Families and households;
Housing;
Poverty;
Welfare
South Africans, 54, 216-217, 222-223, 226, 229, 234-235, 244-245, 252-253, 263, 270-271
South Americans, 170
adolescents, 79, 83, 88
birthweight, 60, 61
health insurance, 143
infectious diseases, 72
single-parent families, 49
socioeconomic / demographic
status, tables, 212-271 (passim)
see also specific nationalities
Southeast Asians, 53, 58
congenital anemia, 77
educational attainment, 106
health insurance, 143-144, 153, 164
infectious diseases, 72
nutrition, 76-77
welfare, 9, 118, 121, 131, 134
see also specific nationalities
Soviet nationals, 8, 43, 50, 53, 57, 158
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236 237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
Sponsorship, 113(n.1), 114, 118, 121, 125-127, 175
defined, 275
Spouses, see Marriage and marital status
SSI, see Supplemental Security Income
State Children's Health Insurance Program, 11, 115, 118, 136-137
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State government, 3
culturally competent care, 5, 9, 13, 14, 70, 151-152, 173, 175-177
health insurance, state-assisted, 11, 115, 118, 136-137
medical services, 138
refugees, 126
welfare policy, 4, 22, 114, 115, 117-119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 135, 155-156
see also specific states
State-level factors immigrant concentrations, 21
see also specific states
Statistical methodology, see Projections, statistics;
Research methodology;
Sampling
Stress
acculturative, 25, 63, 79, 84-88, 105, 106, 161, 272
migration experience, 14, 25, 31, 35, 37
pregnancy outcomes, 61
Substance abuse, adolescents, 8, 79, 80-81, 83, 107, 159, 160, 178
Suicide, 91, 161
Supplemental Security Income, 4, 10-11, 22, 112, 114, 115, 116, 119, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 134
defined, 275
disabled and elderly, 115
refugees, 114, 116, 118
Survey of Income and Program Participation, 127, 130, 167, 179
Survey of Program Dynamics, 167, 174, 179
Syphilis, 6, 71
T
Taiwanese, 55, 77, 143, 214-215, 225, 228, 232-233, 240-241, 250-251, 256, 262, 268-269
TANF, see Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
Telephone access, household, 219, 221, 223, 247, 249, 250, 253
Television, 55, 97
Temporal factors
duration of residence, 14, 59, 68, 87-88, 107, 120, 160, 174
welfare eligibility limits, 115-120 (passim)
see also First-generation immigrants;
Second-generation immigrants;
Third- and later-generation immigrants
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, 112-113, 115, 117, 118, 162
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Texas, 21, 71, 118
Thais, 8, 43, 48, 50, 53, 134, 158
socioeconomic/demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-265
Third- and later-generation immigrants
Note: U.S.-born children of U.S.-born parents/U. S.-born families
adolescents, 6, 7, 79, 81, 82, 83, 88-91, 161
African Americans, 79-80, 89, 90, 91
assimilation, 12
African Americans, 26-27
chronic illness, response to, 69-70
decennial census, 41
defined, 37, 275
educational attainment, 7, 46-47, 93, 96, 100, 103, 104-105, 106, 109-110, 157, 161
African Americans, 47, 90, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107
by country of origin and generation, tables, 213, 215, 227, 237, 259-263
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employment status, 7, 41, 46, 48, 52, 224, 254-258
English language abilities, 89, 95-96, 213, 230-231, 264-271
African Americans, 158, 159
health care access, 10, 11, 145-148, 154, 163, 174
health insurance, 10, 139, 140-143, 153, 154, 163
African Americans, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153
health status, general, 1, 5, 6, 18, 33, 38, 59, 62-83 (passim), 78, 107, 108, 159, 160, 164, 168
African Americans, 62, 65, 67, 72, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82
housing, old/overcrowded, 7, 51-52, 219, 221, 247
mental health, 5, 18, 33, 59, 83-85, 89, 109, 171
African Americans, 81, 89-91, 93
motor vehicle ownership, 218, 246
nutrition, 75, 76, 77
population growth, 1, 17-21
poverty, 42-45, 47, 56, 157, 158, 212, 214, 216, 236, 238, 240-242, 244
African Americans, 2, 5, 42, 45, 52, 158, 212-213
research recommendations, 12, 14, 15, 33-36, 164, 168, 170, 181
risk factors, general, 6, 33-35, 41
siblings, number of, 50-51, 213, 237
single-parent families, 7, 49-50, 52, 158, 213
socioeconomic risk/protective factors, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 259, 264-271 (passim)
telephone access, 219, 247
welfare participation, 9, 127-134, 152-153, 162
African Americans, 129, 130, 133, 143, 152
see also African Americans
Time factors, see Temporal factors
Title IV child care assistance, 124
Title XX block grants, 114, 115, 117, 118
Tobacco, see Smoking
Toxins, diseases caused by, 19
lead poisoning, 72-74, 108, 123, 160
migrant workers, 6, 65, 68, 74, 160
see also Poisoning
Transportation, see Motor vehicle ownership
Trichuris, 72
Tuberculosis, 6, 42, 70, 71, 108, 160, 166, 178
U
Undocumented immigrants, see Illegal immigrants
Upward mobility, 24-25
Urban areas, 4, 24, 32, 73, 93, 122-123, 170, 174
Urban Institute, 174
USSR, see Soviet nationals
V
Vietnamese, 8, 43, 50, 57, 158
adolescents, 83, 88, 92
Amerasians, 83
congenital anemia, 77
health care access, 151
health insurance, 143-144
nutrition, 76, 77
socioeconomic /demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 246-247, 254, 260, 264-265
tuberculosis, 71
welfare participation, 134
Virginia, 21
Visual impairments, 66, 78
Violence, 178
adolescents, 79, 80-81, 83, 107, 159
child abuse, 78
refugees, 57-58
report methodology, 19
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W
Washington state, 21
Weight, 75, 76, 80-81, 107, 159
Welfare, 121
African Americans, 129, 130, 133, 143, 152
Asians, 131-132, 134, 162
blacks, 129, 130, 133
Cubans, 118, 123, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 161-162
demography, general, 131-134
eligibility, 56-57, 112-121, 135-136, 137-138, 145, 152, 155-156, 163-164, 174, 175
citizenship and, 56-57, 112-115, 120, 135, 136, 174
deeming defined, 273
illegal immigrants, 113(n.3), 114-117, 118-119, 120, 121, 125, 135, 175
international standards, 120
legal permanent residents, 113(n.3), 114, 116-117
naturalized citizens, 56-57, 112-115, 120, 135, 136, 174
prior to welfare reform, 114, 120-126, 152
refugees, 113(n.3), 114, 116-118, 120-121, 126, 134, 153
time limits, 115-120 (passim)
undocumented immigrants, 113(n.3), 114-117, 118-119, 175
European immigrants, 118, 123, 133, 134, 162
federal role, 111-120 (passim), 124-154 (passim)
first-generation immigrants, 9, 58, 125, 127-133, 152-153, 161-162
heating assistance, 128, 129, 132-133, 134
Hispanics, 129, 161-162
historical perspectives, 114, 120-126, 152
illegal immigrants, 56
local government role, 22, 114, 117, 121, 123, 124
Mexicans, 6, 108, 121, 129, 130, 131, 153, 160, 161-162
private assistance, 121, 122-124
public assistance defined, 274
refugees, 4, 113(n.3), 114, 116-118, 120-121, 126, 134, 153
research recommendations, 11, 13-14, 22, 173-174
second-generation immigrants, 9, 125, 127-134, 152-153, 162, 174
Southeast Asians, 9, 118, 121, 131, 134
state government policy, 4, 22, 114, 115, 117-119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 135, 155-156
third- and later-generation immigrants, 9, 127-134, 152-153, 162
African Americans, 129, 130, 133, 143, 152
use of benefits, 127-136
whites, 129, 130, 133, 134
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children;
Food assistance;
Food Stamps Program;
Medicaid;
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996;
Supplemental Security Income;
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families;
WIC
Welfare Reform and Children: A Three-City Study, 174
Whites, 2, 26, 38, 56
adolescents, 79, 82, 83, 89
Census Bureau, 20
educational attainment, 7, 47, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105
health care access, 145-147
health insurance, 140-143
OCR for page 312
From Generation to Generation: The Health and Well-Being of Children in Immigrant Families
health status, general, 65, 67, 78, 160
infant mortality, 62
population projections, 20
research recommendations, 12, 170
single-parent families, 50
socioeconomic / demographic status, tables, 212-213, 218-219, 224, 227, 230, 236, 246-247, 254, 259, 264
welfare, 129, 130, 133, 134
WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children), 114, 115, 116, 124, 175, 275
Y
Young children
family factors, 6-7
general health surveys, 63-68, 78
lead poisoning, 72-74, 108, 123, 160
nutrition, 75, 76, 77
research recommendations, 35-36
see also Birthweight;
Infant mortality;
Neonatal care
Youth, see Adolescents
Youth Risk Behavior National Survey, 166
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