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Formal research on Community Reinforcement began 25 years ago, with the work of Hunt, Azrin and coworkers (Azrin, 1976; Hunt and Azrin, 1973). Despite the utility of their early work and the time that has elapsed since then, relatively few studies have been undertaken regarding community reinforcement. Those few that have been undertaken have demonstrated the cost efficacy of this approach. They include the following:

• the role of the community in motivating drug abusers to seek treatment, organizing groups of addicts to seek treatment concurrently, and in providing family/household support for the addict in treatment (Westermeyer and Bourne, 1978);

Front Matter (R1-R22)

Executive Summary (1-15)

1 Introduction (16-26)

2 The Gaps Between Research, Treatment, and Policy (27-55)

3 Approaches to Closing the Gaps (56-72)

4 Benefits and Challenges of Research Collaboration for Community-Based Treatment Providers (73-88)

5 Benefits and Challenges of Community-Based Collaboration for Researchers (89-110)

6 Findings and Recommendations (111-120)

Appendix A: Statment of Task (121-124)

Appendix B: Workshops and Roundtable: Agendas and Participants (125-134)

Appendix C: Commissioned Paper: Drug Treatment Programs and Research: The Challenge of Bidirectionality (135-146)

Appendix D: Commissioned Paper: The Treatment of Addiction: What Can Research Offer Practice? (147-185)

Appendix E: Commissioned Paper: The Substance Abuse Treatment System: What Does It Look Like and Whom Does It Serve? Preliminary Findings from the Alcohol and Drug Services Study (186-197)

Appendix F: National Institute of Health Consensus Development Statement on Effective Medical Treatment of Heroin Addiction (198-225)

Appendix G: Useful Internet Resources -- Examples (226-232)

Appendix H: List of Currently Available CSAT Tretment Improvement Protocols (TIPs) (233-234)

Appendix I: Opportunities for Collaboration (235-245)

Appendix J: Summary of Interviews with Minnesota State Alcoholism-Addiction Leaders (246-250)

Index (251-264)