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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
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Index

A

AAACRU (analysis of aircraft artillery system procedures), 87

AASPEM (advanced air-to-air system performance evaluation model), 48-49

Accreditation of models, 2, 3-5, 74, 326-328, 330, 331, 332, 333-336

Accuracy of performance, 2-3, 53, 72, 74, 106, 259, 262, 263, 264

Acquisition simulation users, 11, 36-37

ACT-R (adaptive control of thought), 54-59, 64, 66, 97, 106, 107, 108, 109, 132, 133, 134, 138, 187, 265, 266

table of functionalities, 98-105

Adaptive Combat Model, 216, 218-219

Adaptive planning models, 151, 156, 160, 161-162, 163, 216

Advanced air-to-air system performance evaluation model, 35

Aggregation of behavior, 13, 299, 321

decision making, general, 150-151

see also Individual behavior;

Organizational behavior;

Team behavior;

Unit-level behavior

Aggressiveness, 49, 151, 162, 163, 170, 250, 263

Air Force, 37, 112

AASPEM, 48-49

CBS, 46-47

EADSIM, 46

IFOR, 42-43

MIDAS, 75-79, 97, 179-180

modeling requirements, 20

ModSAF, 40

MTWS, 48

situation awareness, 176-178, 191

Soar, 42-44, 50, 58, 66, 79, 90-96, 107, 108, 109, 132, 134, 137-138, 180-181, 193, 218-219, 222-225

STOW, 36, 50, 95

TACBRAWLER, 49

see also Flight simulators;

Helicopters

Air Force Air Warrior Center, 36, 50

Air Force Systems Command, 37

AMP (automated mission planner), 220-221, 227-228

Analysis simulation users, 11

Anger, 250

Annual Report of Army-After-Next, 12

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Anxiety and fear, 163, 242, 243, 244, 250, 253, 255, 256, 265, 267

Architectures, general, 5, 18, 320-321, 322

attention, general, 118-119, 125-126

behavior moderators, 244, 248, 259-268

C3 factors, 270-300

decision making, general, 162-171

hybrid, 55, 108-110, 111, 149, 283, 298, 312

individual behavior, 2, 51-111

information diffusion, 306-310

learning, general, 135-148

methodology, general, 320-342

modular development, 338

multitasking, general, 120-127

planning, general, 212-241

unitary, 337-338

unit-level behavior, 270-300

see also specific architectures

Army, 35, 37, 179

AWSIM, 46

CBS, 46-47

CCTT, 34, 35, 47

CSSTSS, 46-47

JANUS, 35

MIDAS, 75-79, 97, 179-180

ModSAF, 40

NAC-VPM, 195

NVESD/NVL, 194

Soar, 43, 218

STOW, 36, 49-50

stress variables, 243, 247, 248

tactical planning, 204-215, 228-229, 323

TRADOC, 37

VISEO, 195

WARSIM, 47

Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate, 195

Army Concepts Analysis Agency, 37

Army Materiel Command, 37

Army Research Laboratory, 229

Army Space and Strategic Defense Command, 46

Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command Research, Development and Engineering Center, 195

ART (adaptive resonance theory), 80, 83, 140, 143-148

Artificial intelligence, 10, 15, 135, 136-148, 322

ACT-R, 138-139

C3 factors, 281, 284-285

emotions, 260-261

environmental representations, 236, 238

IFOR, 42

planning, 203, 208, 228-229, 232, 233, 234-238

Soar, 42-44, 50, 58, 66, 79, 90-96, 137-138

unit-level behavior, 274, 281, 284-285, 293-294

see also Neural networks

Assessment, see Accreditation of models;

Validation of models;

Verification of models

Attention, 2, 16, 18, 112-119, 120-121, 125-128, 172, 258

automatic processing and, 114, 115, 116, 123

decision making, general, 150, 161, 163

divided, 117-118

focused, 117

individual behavior architectures, 268

ACT-R, 55

COGNET, 59-60, 61

HOS, 67, 69, 70-71

neural networks, 146

MIDAS, 76, 78, 79

SAMPLE, 88, 89

learning, 113-115, 128

obsessiveness, 255

planning, 239

selective, 115, 117, 118-119

situation awareness, 174, 177

skill level, 114, 115, 116

see also Multitasking

Attitudes, 130, 151, 155, 162, 163, 164, 167, 170, 244, 252, 255-256, 268

information diffusion/belief, 302, 308, 310-311, 312, 313-314, 316

see also Belief formation and diffusion

Attrition, battlefield, 12, 243, 270

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Auditory perception, 42

individual behavior architectures, 53, 57, 76, 83, 87-88, 98

multitasking, general, 122, 123, 125

neural networks, 83, 143

noise, 243-248 (passim), 259, 268

selective attention, 117

situation awareness, 200

Automatic and controlled processing theory, 123

Automatic processing, learning, 130, 240

attention/multitasking, general, 114, 115, 116, 123

individual behavior architectures, 83, 84, 85, 92, 93

memory, general, 132

neural networks, 147

Avenues of approach, 22, 23, 24, 27-28, 216, 219

Awareness models, see Situation assessment/awareness

AWSIM (air warfare simulation), 46

B

Battalion task forces, 35, 212, 224, 225, 322

CBS, 47

CCTT, 47

JANUS, 45

vector-in-command, 46

WARSIM, 47

Bayesian methods, 101, 138, 165

belief networks, 181, 182-183, 186-192, 201, 264, 312-313

Behavior moderators, general, 2, 18, 67, 199, 202, 242-268

history of research, 243

training, 243, 244, 258, 259, 264

see also Psychological factors;

Workload and fatigue

Belief formation and diffusion, 18, 109, 244, 256, 296

belief networks, 181, 182-183, 186-192, 201, 264, 312-313

C3 factors, 286

communications technology, 315-316

decision theory, 150, 168

information diffusion, 302, 303, 306-307, 308-319

see also Uncertainty

Benchmarks, 3, 5, 338-339

Blackboard systems, 60, 61, 76, 182, 201, 229, 238

Brigade-level behavior, 26, 212, 270

CASTFOREM, 45

CBS, 47

CCTT, 47

CoVRT, 216, 218-219

JANUS, 45

WARSIM, 47

BRS (battlefield reasoning system), 220-221, 228, 229-230

C

C3, see Command, control and communications

Calibration, 327-328

CAPS, 58

Case-based approaches, 185-186, 236, 320-321

behavior moderators, 263

decision making, general, 161-162

learning, 128, 139-141, 149

planning, 231-232, 233, 236-237

situation awareness, 182, 185-186, 191, 197, 202

see also Expert systems, Neural networks, Rule-based models

CASTFOREM (combined arms task force effectiveness model), 45, 251

CBS (Corps Battle Simulation), 35, 46-47

C/C++ programming language, 62, 70, 72, 77, 90, 93-94

CCSIL (control simulation interface language), 44, 224, 225

CCTT (close combat tactical trainer), 34, 35, 47

CCTT SAF (CCTT semiautomated force), 38-40, 41

Center for Naval Analysis, 37

CFOR (command forces), 40, 43-44, 224, 225

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Chunking, 92, 93, 116, 137, 138, 197(n.1), 198, 202, 288

CLARION, 109

CMMS (conceptual model of the mission space), 297

Coalition forces, see International coalition forces

COGNET (COGnition as a NEtwork of Tasks), 59-63, 71, 97, 106, 108

table of functionalities, 98-105

Cognitive processes, general, 9, 10, 14, 31, 324-326

as behavior moderators, 244

C3 factors, 271, 277

cultural factors, 25, 256-258

defined, 52-53

fatigue and, 246

individual combatant architectures, 53, 109, 137, 271, 272

ACT-R, 54-59, 265, 266

COGNET, 59, 63

EPIC, 58, 63-64, 65, 95, 107

HOS, 67, 69, 107

Micro Saint, 74

MIDAS, 76, 225-226

Neural networks, 79-84

OMAR, 85

Soar, 90-96, 226, 265, 266

MCSF, 41

multitasking, general, 120, 125, 128

obsessiveness, 255

situation awareness, 174, 176, 199

Soar, 42-44, 50, 58, 66, 79, 90-96, 109, 137

unit-level behavior, 271, 272, 277, 292, 299

workload, 150, 163, 170, 248-250, 259

see also Artificial intelligence;

Attention;

Decision making;

Individual behavior;

Knowledge representation;

Learning;

Memory;

Neural networks;

Planning;

Reasoning abilities;

Task analysis

Command behavior, 1, 9, 12, 13, 33, 243, 265-268, 270, 297

AMP, 227-228

CBS (Corps Battle Simulation), 35

CCTT SAF, 41

CFOR, 43

cultural factors, 257-258

current models, 35, 41, 43, 48

table of functionalities, 39

decision making theory, 150, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 164, 230-231

DSD, 230-231

learning, general, 135, 136, 139

memory, general, 130

MTWS, 48

planning, general, 206, 208, 209, 212-213, 216-217, 230-231

platoon behavior, 21-33, 113, 114, 116, 265

situation assessment, 199, 267

structural factors, 12, 46, 48, 214, 224, 269, 276, 290, 297, 299

subordinates, relations, 206, 207-208, 213, 224, 230, 232, 233, 234, 240, 257, 270, 276

visual reasoning, 216-217

workload and fatigue, 250

see also Staff and staffing requirements

Command, control and communications, 1, 11, 12, 16, 18, 20, 35, 269-300, 304, 318, 322

artificial intelligence, 281, 284-285

CASTFOREM, 45

CFOR, 43, 44

EADSIM, 46

enemy detection and assessment, 270, 271, 273, 283

environmental representations, 271, 296

individual behavior, 270, 271, 273-274, 289

ISAG, 228

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 36

JWARS, 50

knowledge representation, 274, 279, 282, 293

learning, 271, 273, 284, 285-287, 296, 299

MCSF, 41

Navy, 35-36

NSS, 48

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

personality factors, 253-254

planning, general, 214

platoon behavior, 21-33

rule-based models, 275, 278-279, 283

task analysis, 270, 272, 276, 277, 279-280, 282, 290-292, 294, 297 -300

team behavior, 270, 271, 272, 277

Communication processes, 14, 16

ModSAF, 40

MIDAS, 79

natural language, 94-95, 299, 319

OMAR, 84

planning, general, 207, 208

TACBRAWLER, 49

team behavior and, 1

technology, role of, 270, 306, 315-316, 318-319

types to be represented, 14

see also Auditory perception;

Information dissemination

Computer languages

individual behavior architectures, 60, 104

C/C++, 62, 70, 72, 77, 90, 104, 108

CCSIL, 44, 224, 225

comparative table, 104

FORTRAN, 108

HyperCard, 57

JAVA, 86

Lisp, 57, 66, 77, 84-85, 86, 108

MATLAB, 82

unit-level behavior, SDML, 294-295

Computer platforms, 57, 58, 62, 66, 70, 73, 86, 94, 103, 108

Computer science, 5, 10, 16, 17, 33, 322

conferences on, 7, 340-341

current models, 38-50

decision making, general, 150, 151

expert systems, 183-184

fear of computers, 256-257

human cognitive process modeling, 14, 15

individual behavior architectures, support environments, 104

ACT-R, 57-58, 104

COGNET, 60-61, 62, 104

comparative table, 104

EPIC, 66, 104

HOS, 70, 104

Micro Saint, 73, 104

MIDAS, 78, 104

neural networks, 82-83, 104

OMAR, 84, 86, 104

SAMPLE, 90, 104

Soar, 94, 104

multitasking, general, 120, 127

planning, 216-241

situation awareness, 174, 175, 178, 179, 181-182, 191, 199

stress, 243

see also Architectures;

Artificial intelligence;

Expert systems;

Models and simulations;

specific computer models/simulations

Constructive simulations, general, 11, 12, 34-38, 44-48, 73, 106

see specific constructive simulations

Constructural modeling, 294, 306, 308-309

Contractors, general, 8, 10, 341

CFOR, integration of, 44

modeling requirements, 19

Control and estimation theory, 121-122, 193-194, 198, 262

Controversial information model, 306-308

CORP (Computational Organizational Performance), 274

Cost-effectiveness, 3, 4, 6, 334

constructive/virtual simulations linked, 35

decision making, general, 165, 169

hybrid models, 283

individual behavior architectures,

ACT-R, 56, 57

Micro Saint, 74

Soar, 43

live simulations, 34

training, 35, 270

Cover and concealment, 24, 30, 31-32, 113

CoVRT (commander's visual reasoning tool), 216-217, 218-219

Crew behavior, see Team behavior

CSIM (crew/system integration model), 87

CSSTSS (combat service support training support simulation), 46-47

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Cultural factors, 117, 242, 243, 244, 252, 256-258, 268, 308, 319

unit-level behavior, 276-277, 283, 299

D

Decision making, 1, 2, 6, 11, 12, 13, 34, 148, 150-171, 196-197, 268

alternative courses of action, 27-29, 36

course-of-action phases, 204, 205-206, 210, 211, 214, 221, 227-228

defined, 150

depression, impact on, 255

expertise and, 251

fuzzy, 41, 139, 143, 223, 227, 262

individual behavior architectures, 52-53, 68, 93, 101, 107, 109, 150-151, 155-156, 162-163, 170, 318

information warfare, 318

joint and combined forces, 38

learning, general, 136, 167-168, 171

memory, general, 130

multitasking, general, 121, 122, 125, 128

neural networks, 83

NSS, 48, 226-227

obsessiveness, impact on, 255, 265

personality factors, 253

planning, tactical, 203-216, 221, 226-231

platoon-level, 20-33

probability, 154, 156-161, 162, 164, 170

risk assessment, 36, 151, 152-155, 158, 162, 163, 164, 166, 170, 253, 258, 267

temperature, effect on, 247

theory, 16-17, 121

unit-level behavior, 268-269, 298

see also Artificial intelligence;

Command behavior;

Doctrine; Errors, decision making;

Multitasking;

Planning;

Situation assessment/awareness;

Tactical behavior;

Uncertainty

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 35, 37, 218

Defense Modeling and Simulation Office, 6, 9, 10, 16, 329-330, 339-342

C3 factors, 271, 276, 296

information exchange role, 8

interoperability policy, 5

MCSF, 41

methodology, general, 2-3, 321, 327

modeling requirements, 19

Department of Defense, 11

modeling requirements, 19

see also Defense Modeling and Simulation Office

Depression, 255, 265, 267

Distributed interactive simulation, 9, 11, 12-13, 34, 38, 40, 293

neural networks, 79-84

Division-level behavior

CBS, 47

CSSTSS, 47

Eagle, 46

JANUS, 45

DMSO, see Defense Modeling and Simulation Office

Doctrine, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 37, 190, 203-213 (passim), 240, 258, 322, 325

current models, 33, 38, 39, 41, 45, 46, 48

Documentation, 4-5, 210, 322, 323-325, 335-336

DSD (decision support display), 230-231

Dynamic social impact theory, 309-310

E

EADSIM (Extended Air Defense Simulation), 46

Eagle, 46

Echelon effects, 12, 32, 41, 169, 201, 204, 206, 207-208, 214, 232-233

Education and training, see Training, general

Emotions, 162, 166-167, 242, 244, 252, 254-255, 260-261, 264, 266, 268

anger, 250

anxiety and fear, 163, 242, 243, 244, 250, 253, 255, 256

depression, 255, 265, 267

fatigue and, 246

information diffusion and, 310

neural networks, 83, 143

regret, 166-167

Emulation models, 275, 328

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Enemy detection and assessment, 1, 13, 38, 113, 282-284

AASPEM, 48

C3 factors, 270, 271, 273, 283

CBS, 47

emotions and, 261

expertise, 251-252

JANUS, 45

JWARS, 50

memory, general, 131

METT-T, 22, 198, 204-205, 265, 324

NSS, 48

obsessive leader, 266

planning, 205, 220-221, 227

platoon behavior, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26-27, 31-32, 205, 265-266

situation awareness, 174, 189, 191

SUTT, 42, 220-221

unit-level behavior, 269-270

see also Friendly forces;

Target identification and handoff

Environmental protection, 35, 245

Environmental representations, 6, 13, 121, 339

artificial intelligence, 236, 238

C3 factors, 271, 296

contextual effects, 215

decision making, general, 150, 169

exemplar-based models, 140

fields of fire, 23-24

individual behavior,

COGNET, 60

EPIC, 65

MIDAS, 76

Soar, 109

modeling requirements, 20

neural networks, 141, 143

NSS, 48

obsessiveness and, 255

planning, general, 23-24, 205, 208, 212, 236, 238

situation awareness and, 173, 174, 192-193, 197

stressors, 242, 243, 245-248, 259

TAEMS, 295-296

unit-level behavior, 271, 289, 295, 296

urban areas, 42, 194, 207

see also Avenues of approach;

Human-machine interaction;

Spatial dimension;

Terrain;

Weather

EPIC (executive-process interactive control), 58, 63-67, 95, 97, 108, 109, 126, 132

table of functionalities, 98-105

Errors, decision making, 114, 130, 134, 151, 152, 159, 163-171

C3 factors, 279

individual behavior architectures, 68, 74, 78, 79, 80, 91, 92, 142, 143-144, 259

information diffusion, 309, 311, 318

neural networks, 79, 80, 142, 143-144

Estimation theory, see Control and estimation theory

Evaluation, see Accreditation of models;

Research methodology;

Research recommendations;

Validation of models

Exemplars, see Case-based approaches

Expected utility models, 152-154, 163

Expected value models, 152

Experimental data, see Laboratory data

Expertise, domain, 244, 251-252

learning, general, 130-131

multitasking, 127

planning, 235, 240

see also Skill level

Expert judgment, 10, 17-18, 41, 322, 326

interdisciplinary teams, 5

model validation, 4

Expert systems, 136, 182, 183-184, 276, 283

CCTT SAF, 41

planning, 216, 228-231

situation awareness, 182, 183-184, 201, 202, 263

F

Fatigue, see Workload and fatigue

Fear, see Anxiety and fear

Feedback, 15, 81, 135, 141, 158, 162, 238, 244, 250, 255, 278, 286, 298, 339

Fidelity, see Simulation fidelity

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Fields of fire, 23-24, 26, 31

Flight simulators, 36, 49, 57, 75-79, 84, 87-90, 93, 97, 124-125, 179-180, 191, 218-219, 222-226

FORTRAN, 108

Friendly forces, 13, 21, 26-27, 38, 48, 174, 205, 212, 243

Funding

conferences, 7

research, 6, 9

see also Cost-effectiveness

Fuzzy logic, 41, 139, 143, 223, 227, 262

FWA (fixed-wing aircraft)-Soar, 43, 44, 180, 181, 218-219, 222-224, 226

G

Game theory, 155

Genetic algorithms, 287-288

Georgia Tech Vision Model, 195

GPS (general problem solver), 234-235

Ground forces

MTWS, 48

STOW, 50

see also Infantry;

Platoon behavior;

Terrain

Ground vehicles, 13, 20, 21-22, 38, 189-190

CCTT, 34, 47

CCTT SAF, 41

Micro Saint, 74

MIDAS, 75

ModSAF, 40

neural networks, 82

see also Tanks

Group behavior, 19

C3 factors, 271

information dissemination, 303, 307

multitasking, 128

transactive memory, 314-315

see also Organizational behavior;

Team behavior;

Unit-level behavior

H

HARDMAN III, 73

Hearing, see Auditory perception

Helicopters, 16, 26, 31, 32

CCTT, 34, 35, 47

CFOR, 44

IFOR, 42-43

MIDAS, 75-79, 97, 179-180, 225-226

table of functionalities, 98-105, 218-219

Soar, 42-43, 44, 95, 218

HOS (human operator simulator), 67-71, 73, 74, 97, 106, 107, 108

table of functionalities, 98-105

Human-machine interaction, 67-71, 73, 75-79, 84-96, 97, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 218-219, 225-226, 257

situation awareness, 179-180, 191

see also Flight simulators;

Man-in-the-loop models

HyperCard, 57

I

IFOR (intelligent forces), 40, 42-43, 137, 218-219, 222-225, 275, 337

C3 factors, 272

IMPRINT, 71, 243, 259-260, 268

Individual behavior, 1, 9, 243-268 (passim), 299, 322, 339

automatic processing, 83, 84, 85, 92, 93

C3 factors, 270, 271, 273-274, 289

cognitive processes, general, 53-59, 74, 76, 79-84, 85, 90-96, 109, 137, 225-226, 265, 266, 271, 272

combat, 10, 13, 16-17, 18, 21, 33, 51-111

current models, 51-108, 218-219

table of functionalities, 39, 98-105

decision making, general, 52-53, 68, 93, 101, 107, 109, 150-151, 155-156, 162-163, 170, 318

environmental representations, 60, 65, 76, 109

hybrid models, 108-110, 111, 149

inference, 56, 61, 74, 78, 80, 81, 88, 110

information diffusion/belief, 304-310, 313, 315, 318

information processing theory, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

MCSF, 41

modeling requirements, 19-20, 33

ModSAF, 40

planning, 206, 241

probability, 56, 57, 61, 69, 71, 72, 88, 92, 105, 111

procedures, 52, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 76, 77, 78, 84-92, 96-97, 106, 107, 109

rule-based models, 55, 56, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 76, 80, 81, 84, 85, 88, 93, 106, 108

statistical analyses of, 65, 80, 88

stress, 243

structural influences, 6, 56, 57, 64, 83, 85, 87, 92, 93

time factors, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 72, 74, 76, 85, 89, 92, 93, 98, 111

workload, 63, 71, 72, 74, 76, 265, 268

see also Attention;

Attitudes;

Behavior moderators;

Decision making;

Knowledge representation;

Learning; Memory;

Motor behavior;

Multitasking;

Perception;

Planning;

Psychological factors;

Situation assessment/awareness;

Stress;

Workload and fatigue;

subheadings beginning ''individual…"(passim)

Individual difference variables, see Behavior moderators

Infantry, 70, 189-190, 217, 220

anxiety, 244

modeling requirements, 20-33

SUTT, 42, 179, 220-222

Inference, 255

individual behavior architectures, 56, 61, 74, 78, 80, 81, 88, 110

learning, 138-140

situation awareness, 172-173, 181-188 (passim), 191

Information dissemination, 302, 304-319

time factors, 306, 307-308, 309

unit-level behavior, 274

see also Belief formation and diffusion

Information exchange, professional, 2, 3, 7-8, 330-333, 340-341

CFOR, 43

interservice, 8

multitasking, general, 127

planning, general, 210, 214

see also Communication processes;

Interoperability

Information processing theory, 51-54, 64, 90, 143, 200, 267-268, 310, 311-312

attention, 118-119

individual behavior architectures, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63

multitasking, 123, 127

unit-level behavior, 274, 292-293, 294

workload and, 249, 250

Information warfare, 18, 128, 301-319

Innovation, 253, 306-307

Innovativeness, personal, 213, 253

Intellective models, 275

Intelligence, human, 20, 172, 242, 244, 250-251

see also Artificial intelligence

Intelligence, military information, 21, 50, 201, 205, 208, 215, 216, 228, 229

information warfare, 301, 302, 303, 304, 319

Interdisciplinary teams, 5, 7, 274, 293, 318, 322, 338, 321, 322, 338

International coalition forces, 35, 38

International Simulation Advisory Group, 228-229

Interoperability, 5, 6, 11, 36, 38, 339

individual behavior architectures, 51

see also Joint/combined forces

IPME (integrated performance modeling environment), 73

J

JANUS, 35, 45

Japan, 256

JAVA, 86

JCATS (joint combat operations), 50

JCM (joint conflict model), 49

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 36

Joint/combined forces, 11, 336

C3 factors, 271

current models, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 46, 49-50

table of functionalities, 39

international, 35, 38

Joint Services

JWARS, 35

JTLS (joint theater level simulation), 49

JWARS (joint warfare system), 35, 50

K

Knowledge representation

C3 factors, 274, 279, 282, 293

declarative vs procedural, defined 55

group memory and, 314-315

individual behavior architectures, 55,

106 ACT-R, 55, 56, 57, 100, 101,

106 COGNET, 60, 61, 100, 101

comparative table, 100, 101

EPIC, 64, 100, 101

HOS, 71, 100

Micro Saint, 74, 100, 101

MIDAS, 76, 100, 101

neural networks, 83-84, 100, 142

OMAR, 84, 100, 101, 106

SAMPLE, 88-89, 100, 101

Soar, 92, 93, 100, 101, 276

information diffusion, 308

memory, general, 131-132, 314-315

planning, general, 206, 213, 215(n.8), 232, 235

structural factors, 56, 57, 93, 94, 133

unit-level behavior, 274, 276, 279, 282, 293

see also Situation assessment/awareness

L

Laboratory data, 2, 3, 4, 299

NIH/NSF, 7

Leadership, see Command behavior

Learning, 2, 6, 130, 135-149, 241

attention/multitasking, general, 113-115, 128

C3 factors, 271, 273, 284, 285-287, 296, 299

case-based, 128, 139-141, 149

chunking, 92, 93, 116, 137, 138, 197(n. 1), 198, 202, 288

decision making, general, 136, 167-168, 171

individual behavior architectures, 52, 53, 296, 299

ACT-R, 55, 56-57, 101, 106, 138-139

comparative table, 101

hybrid architectures, 109-110, 149

ModSAF, 40

neural networks, 80, 81, 101, 106, 109, 136, 141-147

OMAR, 84

Soar, 42, 91-92, 93, 95, 101, 106, 137-138

probability, 138-141, 148

rule-based models, 136, 137-139, 140, 142, 147, 148, 149

simulation, learning by, 135-148

situation awareness, 130-131, 185-186, 197-198, 202

unit-level, 271, 273, 284, 285-289, 296, 298, 299-300

see also Artificial intelligence;

Training

Lisp, 57, 66, 77, 84-85, 86

Live simulations, 33-34, 47, 341

see also War games

Logistics, supply, see Support logistics

M

MACE, 293-294

Man-in-the-loop models, 4, 34, 46, 47, 54, 86, 87, 110, 109, 270, 273, 334

see Human-machine interaction

Marine Computer-Generated Force (CGF), 217-219, 222

Marine Corps, 41, 42, 216, 218

CBS, 47

CGF, 217-219, 222

Eagle, 26

MCSF, 41

ModSAF, 40

MTWS, 48

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Soar, 43

SUTT, 42

Mathematical models, 45

belief formation, 310-312

C3 factors, 280

individual behavior architectures, 55, 81

learning, 140, 142

memory, general, 132

selective attention, 119

MATLAB, 82

MCSF (Marine Corps Synthetic Forces), 41

Memory, 2, 129-135, 136, 139, 148-149

attention/multitasking, general, 114-115, 122, 125, 128

decision making, general, 158

depression, 267

group/transactive, 314-315

knowledge representation and, 131-132, 314-315

individual behavior architectures, 52, 53, 97

ACT-R, 55, 56, 57, 58, 99, 132, 133, 134, 138

COGNET, 99

comparative table, 99

EPIC, 64, 99, 132

HOS, 99

MIDAS, 77-78, 99

neural networks, 81, 82, 83, 99, 133, 134, 142-147 (passim)

OMAR, 99

Soar, 91, 92-93, 95, 99, 132, 134, 223-224

obsessiveness, impact on, 255

short- vs long-term defined, 129-130

situation awareness, 177, 185, 197

skill level, 129, 130

types of, 131-135

Methodology, see Research methodology

METT-T (mission, enemy, troops, terrain, and time available), 22, 198, 204-205, 265, 324

Micro Saint, 66, 71-75, 97, 106, 107, 108, 244

table of functionalities, 98-105

MIDAS (man-machine integrated design and analysis system), 75-79, 97, 179-180, 225-226, 231

table of functionalities, 98-105, 218-219

Missile systems

AASPEM, 48-49

EADSIM, 46

TACBRAWLER, 49

Mission planning and preparation, 11, 203

AASPEM, 48

JWARS, 50

MIDAS, 76, 77

NSS, 48

platoons, 20, 22-30, 265

rehearsal, 20, 29-30, 208, 265

situation awareness, 174

Soar/STOW models, 43

Models and simulations, general

accreditation of, 2, 3-5

attention, general, 118-119, 125-126

behavior moderators, 244, 248, 259-268

belief formation, 310-215

benchmarks, 3, 5, 338-339

C3, 270-300 (passim)

current, 19, 33-51;

see specific types infra and supra

tables of functionalities, 39, 98-105

decision making, general, 162-171

definitional issues, 10-14, 33-35

DMSO role, general, 8

framework for development of, 2-7, 330-340

individual behavior architectures, 51-111

information diffusion, 306-310

learning, general, 135-148

memory, general, 131-135

methodology, general, 320-342

military requirements, 19-38

multitasking, general, 120-127

planning, general, 212-241

platoon behavior, 20-33

unit-level behavior, 270-300

see also specific models and types of models (e.g., Multiagent models)

Modified stage models, general, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 63, 64

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

ModSAF (modular semiautomatic forces), 40, 41, 74, 217, 219, 221, 227

Monte Carlo models, 44, 48, 49

Motor behavior, 10, 16, 259-260, 325

decision making, general, 150

individual behavior architectures, 52-53, 97, 106, 109, 111

ACT-R, 55, 57, 97, 99, 109

COGNET, 99, 106

comparative table, 99

EPIC, 65, 97, 99, 109

HOS, 68-69, 99, 106

Micro Saint, 97, 99, 106

MIDAS, 75-76, 78, 79, 99

neural networks, 80, 81, 83, 99, 144

OMAR, 85-86, 97-98, 99

SAMPLE, 87, 99

Soar, 91, 92, 95, 97, 106

memory, general, 131

multitasking, general, 120, 125, 128

situation awareness, 178, 194-195

speech production, 57, 59, 78, 125

MOUT (military operations in urban terrain), 42, 207

Movement, see Motor behavior;

Spatial dimension

MTWS (marine tactical warfare system), 48

Multiagent models, 318

planning, 221, 229

situation awareness, 181-182

unit-level behavior, 271, 274, 279, 288, 289, 292-295, 298

Multiattribute utility, 154-155

Multidisciplinary teams, see Interdisciplinary teams

Multinational forces, see International coalition forces

Multitasking, 2, 112-116, 119-128

automatism and, 114, 115, 116

divided attention, 117-118

individual behavior architectures, 52, 53, 107, 111, 268

ACT-R, 55, 102-103, 107, 109

COGNET, 59-63, 102-103

comparative table, 102-103

EPIC, 58, 63-67, 102-103, 109, 126

HOS, 67, 70, 102-103

Micro Saint, 71-75, 102-103

MIDAS, 76-77, 102-103

neural networks, 102-103, 125, 128

OMAR, 84, 102-103, 126

SAMPLE, 87-90, 102-103

Soar, 91, 94, 95, 102-103

motor behavior, 120, 125, 128

procedures, 114, 115, 123

psychological factors, 120, 122-125, 126-127

selective attention, 115, 117

situation awareness, 172

skill level, 122, 125

time factors, 120-121, 124, 125, 126

N

NAC-VPM (National Automotive Center Visual Perception), 195

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 95, 179

National Institutes of Health, 7

National Science Foundation, 7

Natural language, 94-95, 299, 319

Naval Air Warfare Center, 42

Naval forces, 20, 35-36, 37, 228-229

ModSAF, 40

NSS, 35, 36, 44, 48, 220-221

Soar, 43

Naval Systems Command, 37

Networked virtual simulations see Distributed interactive simulations

Network techniques, 34, 35, 72, 133, 216, 225, 253, 259, 321-325 (passim)

belief networks, 181, 182-183, 186-192, 201, 264, 312-313

information diffusion/warfare, 301-306, 311-318

unit-level behavior, 271, 275, 278-281, 284, 296-298

see also COGNET;

Micro Saint;

Neural networks:

OMAR

Neural networks, 79-84, 109, 125, 128, 133, 134, 136, 141-147, 287

problem solving, 80, 83, 142, 288

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

table of functionalities, 98-105

time factors, 81-82, 83, 143

Night operations, 23, 30-31, 194-195

Noise

auditory, 243-248 (passim), 259, 268

other, 87, 121, 137, 194, 196

Nonlinear techniques, 15, 80, 81, 141, 142, 153, 154, 235, 311

unit-level behavior, 271, 273, 277, 283

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 50

NSS (naval simulation system), 35, 36, 44, 48, 220-221, 226-227

NVESD (Night Vision and Electronic Sensor Directorate), 194-195

O

Obsessiveness, 255, 265, 266, 267

Obstacles, 23, 24, 83, 229-230

OCOKA, 23-24, 26-27

OMAR (operation model architecture), 84-86, 97, 106, 108, 126

table of functionalities, 98-105, 107

Operating procedures, see Standard operating procedures

OPFOR (opposing forces), see Enemy detection and assessment

Optimization techniques, 59, 204, 211, 214, 219, 232, 233, 271, 281, 285, 288, 298, 299

ORGAHEAD, 296, 321

Organizational behavior, 1-2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 19, 275, 322, 325

CBS, 47

JANUS, 45

moderators, general, 2

platoons, 21

vector-in-command, 46

see also Command behavior;

Command, control and communications;

Group behavior;

Information dissemination;

Information warfare;

Unit-level behavior

P

Pacific operations, 35-36

Pandemonium theory, 127

Pattern matching/recognition, 328, 333

behavior moderators, 244, 252, 253, 256

decision making, 168-169

individual behavior architectures, 55, 80, 81, 85

information dissemination, 304, 307, 309, 310

learning, 138-147

situation awareness, 173, 178, 180

unit-level behavior, 273, 281, 294-295

Perception, 2, 261-262, 267, 326

decision making, general, 150, 158, 230

estimation models, 193-194

individual combatant architectures, 52, 53, 109, 111

ACT-R, 57, 98, 109

COGNET, 60, 61, 63, 98

comparative table, 98

EPIC, 63-64, 98, 109

HOS, 68, 69, 98

MCSF, 41, 98

MIDAS, 75, 76, 98

OMAR, 85, 98

SAMPLE, 87, 98

Soar, 91, 92, 95, 98, 180-181

multitasking, general, 126, 127

neural networks, 141

planning, 230, 233-234

selective attention, 115

situation awareness, 173, 174, 192-194, 200, 201

see Auditory perception;

Sensory behavior;

Visual perception

PERFECT (performance effectiveness for combat troops), 248

Performance, general, 2, 9, 36, 51, 63, 67, 86

accuracy, 2-3, 53, 72, 74, 106, 259, 262, 263, 264

data on, 3, 8

learning, general, 136

neural networks, 83

simulation metrics, 3, 70, 334

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

situation awareness, 202

speed, 2, 53, 92, 259, 262, 263, 264

vector-in-command, 46

stressors, 244, 248-250, 259-260

see also Speed of performance;

Stress;

Workload and fatigue

Personality, 165, 244, 250, 252-254, 258, 260-261, 263, 264, 268

aggressiveness, 49, 151, 162, 163, 170, 250, 263

innovativeness, personal, 213, 253

see also Emotions

Personnel selection, 63, 282

PERT charts, 280, 291, 294, 325

Petri nets, 280

Pilots, 16, 42-44, 49, 257, 265, 320, 323

attention/multitasking, 112, 120, 124, 125

individual behavior architectures, 54, 70, 79, 87, 95

planning, 218, 219, 224, 240

situation awareness, 179, 181, 191

see also Flight simulators

Planning, 2, 18, 52-53, 101, 107, 203-241

adaptive planning models, 151, 156, 160, 161-162

artificial intelligence, 203, 208, 228-229, 232, 233, 234-238

C3 factors, 270, 284

case-based, 231-232, 233, 236-237

course-of-action phases, 204, 205-206, 210, 211, 214, 221, 227-228

defined, 204

knowledge representation and, 206, 213, 215(n.8), 232, 235

procedures, 212-213, 219, 225, 226, 235, 239

rule-based models, 217, 218-219, 221, 222-233 (passim), 240

situation awareness in, 173, 175, 198-199, 204, 210, 212, 215, 217, 230, 233-234

skill level, 233, 241

specific models, 216-240

staff-level, 204, 207, 209, 210, 212, 214-217, 219, 230

structural factors, 214, 222, 226, 235

time factors, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214-215, 224, 226, 235-236, 267

uncertainty, 214, 215, 236, 239

see also Intelligence, military information;

Mission planning and preparation;

Strategy;

Tactical behavior

Platoon behavior, 20-33, 265

attention/multiasking, 113, 114, 116

CCTT SAF, 41, 47

enemy detection and assessment, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26-27, 31-32, 205, 265-266

MCSF, 41

ModSAF, 40

planning, 20, 22-30, 204-205, 207

SUTT, 42

Political processes, 15, 299

Power distance, 257

Prediction

C3 factors, 271

decision making, general, 158

force effectiveness, 37

individual behavior architectures,

COGNET, 62

EPIC, 63

HOS, 68

neural networks, 80

learning, exemplar-based models, 139

model analysis, general, 4, 335

neural networks, 142

situation awareness, 173, 178, 188

war outcomes, 12

see also Planning

Probability, 42, 45, 112, 121, 239, 242, 256, 264

decision making, general, 154, 156-161, 162, 164, 170

individual behavior architectures, 56, 57, 61, 69, 71, 72, 88, 92, 105, 111

learning, 138-141, 148

situation awareness, 186-192, 194, 197-198

unit-level behavior, 284, 288

see also Bayesian methods;

Stochastic processes

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Problem solving, 96, 288

ACT-R, 55, 58-59, 98, 138

CFOR, 44

COGNET, 60

MIDAS, 76

neural networks, 80, 83, 142, 288

situation awareness, 176, 178, 197

Soar, 42, 44, 91, 92, 95, 137

team, 176

see also Case-based models

Procedures, 38, 45, 46, 168, 323, 324-326, 339

accreditation/validation of models, 3, 4-5, 328, 330, 333-336

attention/multitasking, general, 114

behavior moderators, 244, 257

coupling, 242-243

flight simulators, 36

individual behavior architectures, 52, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 76, 77, 78, 84-92, 96-97, 106, 107, 109

joint service tasks, 35

memory/learning, general, 130-131, 136, 137, 139

multitasking, 114, 115, 123

planning, 212-213, 219, 225, 226, 235, 239

situation awareness, 179, 183, 193

unit-level behavior, 16, 24, 269, 270, 272, 273, 278, 279, 285, 286, 289, 296-300, 321, 322

see also Standard operating procedures

PROCRU (procedure oriented crew), 87

Protective clothing (Equipment), 245, 246, 247, 259, 260

Psychological factors, 2, 5, 14-15, 16, 17, 51, 244, 322

individual behavior architectures, 111

COGNET, 63

EPIC, 65, 66, 67

Micro Saint, 74

MIDAS, 79

OMAR, 86

Soar, 91

multitasking, general, 120, 122-125, 126-127

obsessiveness, 255, 265-266, 267

see Cognitive processes;

Cultural factors;

Emotions;

Personality;

Stress

Q

Quality control, 3, 17

see also Accreditation of models;

Cost-effectiveness;

Validation of models

Queuing theory, 120-121, 122

R

Random utility models, 156-158, 160, 163, 170

Rank-dependent utility, 154, 163

Reactive behavior, 21, 53, 85, 109

Real-time data/processes, 12-13

C3, 287

EPIC, 65

Micro Saint, 74

NSS, 48

OMAR, 86

Soar, 91, 94, 95

see also Virtual simulations

Real-world data, 2, 3, 13, 95, 322, 327-328, 333, 339

C3 factors, 297

learning/memory, 149

planning, 217

workload and fatigue, 248

Regret, 166-167

REM (retrieving effectively from memory), 133

Research methodology, 15, 18, 320-328

accreditation, 2, 3-5, 326-328, 330, 331, 332, 333-336

framework for model development, 2-7, 330-340

NIH/NSF, 7

report methodology and scope, ix, 10, 17

task analysis, 322, 323, 324-326, 331, 333, 336, 341

see specific methodologies (e.g., Statistical analyses)

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Research recommendations, 2, 6, 9-10, 329-342

behavior moderators, 268

C3, 287, 296-300, 318

decision making, 168-171

framework for model development, 2-7, 330-340

individual behavior architectures, 109-111, 335, 336, 337, 339

information diffusion/belief, 316-319

information exchange, 2, 7-8, 340-341

learning/memory, 148-149

multitasking, 127-128

planning, 240-241

situation awareness, 173, 199-202

unit-level behavior, 6, 7, 287, 296-300, 335, 336, 337, 339

Reasoning abilities, 248, 264, 270, 315

BRS, 220-221, 228, 229-230

case-based, 185, 197, 202, 232, 262, 263

individual behavior architectures, 76, 78, 81, 83, 95, 109

planning, 208, 216, 235, 237

situation awareness, 178, 181, 182, 183, 187, 188, 199, 201

Resource effects, 122-123, 124, 128, 135, 214-215, 235-236, 267, 284

C3 factors, 270, 279, 280, 299

planning, general, 206, 208

situation awareness, 174

see also Attrition, battlefield

Resource theories and models, 122-123, 124

Response delays, 53

Risk assessment, decision making, 36, 151, 152-155, 158, 162, 163, 164, 166, 170, 253, 258, 267

see also Situation assessment/awareness

Rotorcraft, see Helicopters

Rule-based models, 16, 24, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 128, 134, 241, 262, 263, 323, 326

C3 factors, 275, 278-279, 283

individual behavior architectures, 55, 56, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 76, 80, 81, 84, 85, 88, 93, 106, 108

learning, 136, 137-139, 140, 142, 147, 148, 149,

see also Case-based approaches;

Neural networks

perception, 262

planning, 217, 218-219, 221, 222-233 (passim), 240

situation awareness, 178, 193, 196-197, 201

unit-level behavior, 272, 273, 275, 277-279, 283-284, 289

see also Expert systems

RWA (rotary wing aircraft)-Soar, 43, 44, 218-219, 224-225

S

SAINT (systems analysis of integrated networks of tasks), 71

SAM (search of associative memory), 133

SAMPLE (situation awareness model for pilot-in-the-loop evaluation), 87-90

Schema-based techniques, 55, 106, 109, 126

SCORE, 85

SDML (strictly declarative modeling language), 294-295

Sensory behavior, 10, 97, 325

decision making, general, 158

detection/identification of enemy/friendly forces, 13

individual behavior architectures, 52, 53

ACT-R, 55, 98

comparative table, 98

EPIC, 64, 98

ModSAF, 40, 98

neural networks, 83, 98, 144

OMAR, 84, 98

SAMPLE, 87, 98

selective attention and, 118

situation awareness and, 178, 182, 193, 201

toxins, effect on, 246

see also Auditory perception;

Visual perception

Sequential sampling models, 156, 158-162, 163, 170

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

SIMNET (simulation network), 35

see also CCTT

Simulated annealers, 148, 287, 288

Simulation fidelity, 18, 334

decision making, general, 168

specific models, 36, 44, 45, 47

Simulations, see Models and simulations, general

Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command, 10

Situation assessment/awareness, 2, 6, 13, 18, 53, 101, 106-107, 172 -202, 263-265

case-based approaches, 182, 185-186, 191, 197, 202

CCTT SAF, 41

cognitive processes, general, 174, 176, 199

defined, 172-175

environmental representation and, 173, 174, 192-193, 197

expert systems, 182, 183-184, 201, 202, 263

individual behavior architectures, 52, 53, 62, 76, 78, 87-90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 106-107, 109

inference and, 172-173, 181-188 (passim), 191

intelligence, military information, 21, 50, 201

JWARS, 50

learning, general, 130-131, 185-186, 197-198, 202

MCSF, 41

memory, 177, 185, 197

MIDAS, 76, 79, 101

ModSAF, 40

motor behavior, 178, 194-195

multiagent models, 181-182

other modes, relation to, 192-199

pattern recognition, 173, 178, 180

perception, general, 173, 174, 192-194, 200, 201

planning, general, 173, 175, 198-199, 204, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 217, 230, 233-234

platoon leaders, 23-27, 32

prediction, general, 173, 178, 188

probability, 186-192, 194, 197-198

problem solving, 176, 178, 197

procedures, 179, 183, 193

reasoning abilities, 178, 181, 182, 183, 187, 188, 199, 201

research recommendations, 173, 199-202

rule-based models, 178, 193, 196-197, 201

SAMPLE, 88, 101

sensory behavior, 178, 182, 193, 201

auditory perception, 200

visual perception, 181, 194-196, 200

spatial dimension, 174, 195-196

staff-level, 198, 199

statistical analyses, 198, 202

structural factors, 185, 192, 197, 199, 202

SUTT, 42, 179

tactical behavior, 173, 175, 182, 185, 191, 197, 201

team behavior, 174, 176, 202

uncertainty, 175, 178, 181, 186, 187, 192, 199, 201

validation of models, 191, 201-202

types of, 177-181

Skill level, general, 48, 84, 136, 138, 139, 168, 242, 262, 263, 264, 323

attention, 114, 115, 116

memory, 129, 130

multitasking, 122, 125

planning, 233, 241

unit-level behavior, 279, 280, 282, 294, 298

see also Expertise, domain;

specific skills

Sleep loss, 248, 259, 268

Soar, 42-44, 50, 58, 66, 79, 90-96, 107, 108, 109, 132, 134, 137-138, 180-181, 193, 222-225, 231, 265, 266, 275, 276, 294-295, 299, 337

C3 factors, 272, 276, 294-295, 299

table of functionalities, 98-105, 218-219

Sociological factors, 2, 5, 9, 15, 16, 17, 289, 291, 293-294, 322

see also Belief formation and diffusion;

Cultural factors;

Information warfare;

Organizational behavior

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

SOLE (systems operator loading evaluation), 71

Span of attention, see Attention

Spatial dimension

battlefield movement, 12, 13, 20, 22, 30-33, 271, 333

information diffusion, 309-310

ModSAF, 40

multitasking, general, 123

situation awareness, 174, 195-196

see also Terrain

Speech production, 57, 59, 78, 125

Speed of performance, 2, 53, 92, 259, 262, 263, 264

Staff and staffing requirements, 11, 27, 37, 45, 47, 48, 78, 188, 189, 333, 334

decision making, 151

information diffusion, 301, 302

planning, 204, 207, 209, 210, 212, 214-217, 219, 230

situation awareness, 198, 199

training, 36, 46, 49

unit-level behavior, 270, 277, 300

Staff Organization and Operation (FM 101-5), 204, 209

STAMIS (standard Army management information system), 47

Standard operating procedures, 2, 219, 225

behavior moderators, 242-243

flight simulation, 87

joint/combined forces, 38

unit-level behavior, 272, 296, 299-300

see also Doctrine

Standards

decision making models, 169

military language, decision making, 166, 169

see Accreditation of models;

Doctrine;

Quality control;

Validation of models

Statistical analyses

accreditation/validation, 3, 327-328, 334

battle outcomes, 11

belief updating, 109

C3 architectures, 271, 280-281

cultural factors, 283

decision models, 158

environmental variables, 65

individual behavior architectures, 65, 80, 88

memory/learning, 134, 141, 145

neural networks, 80, 134, 141

situation awareness, 198, 202

see also Bayesian methods;

Probability

Stochastic processes, 4, 34, 45, 46, 69, 71, 156, 158, 196, 237

STOW (synthetic theater of war), 36, 40, 43, 49-50, 95, 180, 275, 297

C3 factors, 272

Strategic Workload Management Theories, 124

Strategy, 33, 64, 83, 125, 130, 189, 191, 193, 215, 238, 239, 303, 317, 323

behavior moderators, 243, 244, 250, 256, 258

decision making, general, 150, 155, 161

learning, 135, 136, 298

unit-level behavior, 270, 280, 288, 289, 298

Stress, 2, 21, 32, 124, 150, 163, 170, 171, 199, 202, 241, 242, 243, 247-250, 263, 265

C3 factors, 270

external vs internal, 244

vibration, 247

see also Anxiety and fear;

Noise;

Weather;

Workload and fatigue

STRICOM (simulation, training, and instrumentation command), 41

Structural factors, 6, 17

behavior moderators, 242, 258

command, 12, 46, 48, 214, 224, 269, 276, 290, 297, 299

environmental, 56

expectation, 126

force-level, 12, 37, 49

individual behavior, 6, 56, 57, 64, 83, 85, 87, 92, 93

information warfare, 301-319

knowledge, 56, 57, 93, 94, 133

memory/learning, 129-131, 133, 134

planning, 214, 222, 226, 235

situation awareness, 185, 192, 197, 199, 202

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

task, 6, 123, 126, 304, 326, 336

theory, 15, 17, 64

unit-level behavior, 6, 16, 269, 272, 275-279 (passim), 282, 283, 292, 293, 300, 302, 325

validation of models, 326-327

see also Command, control and communications

Submarines, 62-63, 228

Support logistics, 26, 46, 47, 49, 208

SUTT (small unit tactical trainer), 42, 179, 220-222

SWARM, 295

T

TACBRAWLER (tactical air combat simulator), 49

TACSIM (tactical simulation model), 46-47

Tactical behavior, 11, 33, 34, 36, 166, 204-215, 228-229, 323

AASPEM, 48

ACT-R, 59

CASTFOREM, 45

CCTT, 34, 35, 47

CCTT SAF, 38-40, 41

expertise, 251-252

JANUS, 45

JCATS, 50

MCSF, 41

ModSAF, 40

MTWS, 48

neural networks, 83

NSS, 48, 226-227

planning, 203-241, 323

situation awareness, 173, 175, 182, 185, 191, 197, 201

Soar, 222-226

SUTT, 42, 179, 220-222

TACBRAWLER, 49

TACSIM, 46-47

theory, 212-213

unit-behavior, 20-21

see also CCTT;

CCTT SAF;

Doctrine

The Tactical Decision making Process (ST 100-9), 204, 208

TADMUS, 182

TAEMS (task analysis, environment modeling, and simulation), 295-296

Tanks, 20-33, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 121, 130, 190, 204-205, 207

CCTT, 34, 35, 47

Micro Saint, 74

TARDEC Visual Model, 195-196

Target identification and handoff, 21, 26, 84, 117, 143, 157

see also Enemy detection and assessment

Task analysis, 5, 51, 169

C3 factors and270, 272, 276, 277, 279-280, 282, 290-292, 294, 297-300

DMSO role, 8

IMPRINT, 71, 243, 259-260, 268

individual behavior architectures, 109, 324

ACT-R, 55

COGNET, 59-63

HOS, 67, 70

Micro Saint, 71-75

MIDAS, 76-78, 226

OMAR, 84, 85

PERFECT, 248

methodology, general, 322, 323, 324-326, 331, 333, 336, 341

ModSAF, 40

situation awareness, 174

Soar, 42-44, 93, 94, 223, 225, 226

structural factors, 6, 123, 126, 304, 326, 336

SUTT, 42

TAEMS, 295-296

team behavior, 243

unit-level behavior, 243, 270, 272, 276, 277, 279-280, 282, 289-292, 294, 295-296, 299-300, 322, 324

see also Multitasking

TAWL (task analysis work load), 71

Team behavior, 1, 112, 212, 322

C3 factors, 270, 271, 272, 277

CASTFOREM, 45

communications, 14

JANUS, 45

modeling requirements, 19-20, 33

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

OMAR, 84

SAMPLE, 87, 98

situation awareness, 174, 176, 202

Soar, 95

task allocation, 243

toxins, exposure to, 247

see also Unit-level behavior

Temperature, see Weather

Terrain, 198, 216, 217, 221, 227, 228, 229

METT-T, 22, 198, 204-205, 265, 324

MIDAS, 75

obstacles, 23, 24, 83, 229-230

platoon behavior, 22, 23, 24, 30, 265

see also Avenues of approach

Theater-level behavior, 35-36, 46, 47, 49, 91, 94

STOW, 36, 40, 43, 49-50, 95, 180, 272, 275, 297

Theoretical issues, 1-2, 3, 10, 14-18 (passim), 340

activation-based processing, 55, 57

attention/multitasking, general, 115, 118-119, 126

behavior moderators, 245-250

decision theory, 150-169, 230-231

exemplar-based models, 140

framework for research, 6-7, 330, 331, 340

multitasking, 63, 64, 70, 77, 120-125, 126-127

neural networks, 81, 83, 141-147

queuing theory, 120-121, 122

resource theories, 122-123, 124

structural theory, 15, 17, 64

tactical planning, 212-213

unit-level behavior, 271-275

weak task concurrence, 59

see also Doctrine;

Information processing theory

Time factors, 243, 245, 267, 296, 299-300, 326, 334

action/outcome delay, 250

decision making, general, 150, 159-160, 161, 167, 168, 171, 326

individual behavior architectures, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 72, 74, 76, 85, 89, 92, 93, 98, 111

information diffusion, 306, 307-308, 309

learning, general, 136

METT-T, 22, 198, 204-205, 265, 324

mission rehearsal, 29-30

models defined, 11, 33

multitasking, general, 120-121, 124, 125, 126

neural networks, 81-82, 83, 143

planning, general, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214-215, 224, 226, 235-236, 267

platoon behavior, 22-23, 29-30, 31, 206, 265

response delays, 53

situation awareness, 172

training/rotation lag, 33-34

see also Real-time data/processes;

Speed of performance

Toxins, exposure to, 242, 244, 245-247

TRADOC (Army Training and Doctrine Command), 37, 40, 45, 46, 47

Training, general

of modeling professionals, 7-8, 341

individual combatant architectures, 58, 82, 86, 94

of personnel, 1, 2, 11, 12, 32, 33, 35-36, 37, 42, 45, 46-48, 59, 63, 81, 283, 289, 334

automatism and, 116

behavior moderators, 243, 244, 258, 259, 264

decision making, general, 165

gaming prevention, 20

joint services, 11, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 49-50

memory, general, 130

mismatched, 282

mission rehearsal, 20, 29-30, 208, 265

situation awareness, 176-177

staff-level, 36, 46, 49

see also Learning;

Skill level;

War games

TTES (computer-controlled hostilities for team target engagement simulator), 218-219

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

U

Uncertainty, 11, 137, 141, 151, 168, 251, 257, 277, 318, 333

planning, 214, 215, 236, 239

situation awareness, 175, 178, 181, 186, 187, 192, 199, 201

Unconventional warfare, 50

Unit-level behavior, 1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18, 35, 218, 269-300, 313-314, 321, 322, 339

artificial intelligence, 274, 281, 284-285, 293-294

battlefield movement, 12, 13

C3 factors, 270-300 (passim), 322

CASTFOREM, 45

CCTT SAF, 41, 47

decision making, general, 151

distributed simulation defined, 11

hasty defense, 20-21

JANUS, 45

knowledge representation and, 274, 276, 279, 282, 293

learning, 271, 273, 284, 285-289, 296, 298, 299-300

modeling requirements, 19-33

multiagent models, 271, 274, 279, 288, 289, 292-295, 298

NSS, 48

platoon behavior, 20-33

probability, 284, 288

procedures, 16, 24, 269, 270, 272, 273, 278, 279, 285, 286, 289, 296-300, 321, 322

research recommendations, 6, 7, 287, 296-300, 335, 336, 337, 339

rule-based models, 272, 273, 275, 277-279, 283-284, 289

skill level, 279, 280, 282, 294, 298

staff-level and, 270, 277, 300

stress, 243

structural factors, 6, 16, 269, 272, 275-279 (passim), 282, 283, 292, 293, 300, 302, 325

SUTT, 42

task analysis, 243, 270, 272, 276, 277, 279-280, 282, 289-292, 294, 295-296, 299-300, 322, 324, 325

see also Platoon behavior;

Team behavior

Urban areas, 42, 194, 207, 219

Utility theory, 152-162, 163, 196-197

V

Validation of models, 4, 8, 10, 17, 326-328

C3 factors, 297

individual behavior architectures, 108, 110, 111

ACT-R, 58, 105

COGNET, 62, 63, 105

comparative table, 105

EPIC, 66, 67, 105

HOS, 67, 70, 105, 108

Micro Saint, 73-74, 105, 108

MIDAS, 78-79, 105

neural networks, 83, 105

OMAR, 86, 105

SAMPLE, 90, 105

Soar, 94-95, 105

information diffusion, 317, 318-319

learning/memory, 149

methodology, general, 320, 322, 326-328, 334-335, 341

multitasking, general, 127, 128

planning, general, 216-217

situation awareness, 191, 201-202

unit-level behavior, 297, 298

VDT (virtual design team), 279-280, 291, 292, 294, 316, 321

Vector-in-command, 46, 265

Verification of models, 4, 10, 74, 326, 327, 334

Vibration, as stressor, 247

VIEWNET, 143

Virtual simulations, general, 37-38, 40, 47, 74-75, 106

constructive simulations linked with, 35, 36, 40, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 73, 74, 75, 86

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

defined, 34

see also Distributed interactive simulation;

specific virtual simulation models

VISEO (visual electro-optical), 195

Visual perception, 13, 42, 53

C3 factors, 297

commander reasoning, 216-217

decision making, general, 165

divided attention, 117

expertise and, 251

fatigue and, 248

individual behavior architectures,

ACT-R, 55, 57, 98

EPIC, 65, 98

HOS, 69, 98

Micro Saint, 73

MIDAS, 75-76, 98

neural networks, 81, 83, 98, 125, 143

PERFECT, 248

SAMPLE, 87, 98

Soar, 95, 98, 181

information dissemination, 317-318

intervisibility, 31

JANUS, 45

memory/learning, general, 130, 132

multitasking, general, 117, 120, 122, 123, 125

neural networks, 81

night vision, 23, 30, 194-195

selective attention, 117

situation awareness, 181, 194-196, 200

stressors, 246, 248, 259

SUTT, 42

TACBRAWLER, 49

toxins, effect on, 246

W

War games, 2, 3, 9, 12-13, 18, 205, 211, 229, 243

C3 factors, 297

current models, 44-45, 49

WARSIM (War Simulation) 2000, 47

Weapons systems, 11, 12, 27, 37, 44, 46

AAACRU, 87

CASTFOREM, 45

CBS, 47

CCTT SAF, 41

EADSIM, 46

JANUS, 45

learning, general, 135

NSS, 48

STOW, 50

utility theory, 155

vector-in-command, 46

see also specific systems (e.g., Missile systems; Tanks)

Weather, 23, 24, 242-247 (passim), 259, 268, 284

Workload and fatigue, 2, 123, 124, 172, 242, 243, 244-250, 259, 333

C3 factors, 279

decision making, general, 150, 163, 170, 248

individual behavior architectures, 63, 71, 72, 74, 76, 265, 268

physical, 244, 245, 246, 248

planning, 224

platoon behavior, 21, 22, 32

sleep loss, 248, 259, 268

temperature and, 245, 247

see also Multitasking

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
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Simulations are widely used in the military for training personnel, analyzing proposed equipment, and rehearsing missions, and these simulations need realistic models of human behavior. This book draws together a wide variety of theoretical and applied research in human behavior modeling that can be considered for use in those simulations. It covers behavior at the individual, unit, and command level. At the individual soldier level, the topics covered include attention, learning, memory, decisionmaking, perception, situation awareness, and planning. At the unit level, the focus is on command and control. The book provides short-, medium-, and long-term goals for research and development of more realistic models of human behavior.

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