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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior

APPLICATION TO MILITARY SIMULATIONS

Richard W. Pew and Anne S. Mavor, editors

Panel on Modeling Human Behavior and Command Decision Making: Representations for Military Simulations

Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1998

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Technical Support Services Contract DACW61-96-D-0001 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office of the U.S. Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Modeling human and organizational behavior : application to military simulations / Richard W. Pew and Anne S. Mavor, editors.

p. cm.

"Panel on Modeling Human Behavior and Command Decision Making: Representations for Military Simulations, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council."

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-309-06096-6

1. Psychology, Military. 2. Human behavior—Simulation methods. 3. Decision-making. 4. Command of troops. I. Pew, Richard W. II. Mavor, Anne S. III. National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Modeling Human Behavior and Command Decision Making: Representations for Military Simulations.

U22.3 .M58 1998

355'.001'9—ddc21

98-19705

Additional copies of this report are available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 Call 800-624-6242 or 202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area). This report is also available online at http://www.nap.edu

Printed in the United States of America

Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

PANEL ON MODELING HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND COMMAND DECISION MAKING: REPRESENTATIONS FOR MILITARY SIMULATIONS

RICHARD W. PEW (Chair),

BBN Technologies, GTE Internetworking, Cambridge, MA

JEROME BUSEMEYER,

Psychology Department, Indiana University

KATHLEEN M. CARLEY,

Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University

TERRY CONNOLLY,

Department of Management and Policy and College of Business and Public Administration, University of Arizona, Tucson

JOHN R. CORSON,

JRC Research and Analysis, L.L.C., Williamsburg, VA

KENNETH H. FUNK, II,

Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis

BONNIE E. JOHN,

Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University

RICHARD M. SHIFFRIN,

Psychology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington

GREG L. ZACHARIAS,

Charles River Analytics, Cambridge, MA

ANNE S. MAVOR, Study Director

JERRY S. KIDD, Senior Adviser

SUSAN R. McCUTCHEN, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

COMMITTEE ON HUMAN FACTORS

WILLIAM C. HOWELL (Chair),

Arizona State University, Tempe

TERRY CONNOLLY,

Department of Management and Policy and College of Business and Public Administration, University of Arizona, Tucson

COLIN G. DRURY,

Industrial Engineering Department, University of Buffalo, New York

MARTHA GRABOWSKI,

Rensselaer Polytechnic and LeMoyne College, New York

DANIEL R. ILGEN,

Department of Psychology and Department of Management, Michigan State University

RICHARD J. JAGACINSKI,

Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus

LAWRENCE R. JAMES,

Department of Management, University of Tennessee

BONNIE E. JOHN,

Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University

TOM B. LEAMON,

Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. and Liberty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health, Hopkinton, MA

DAVID C. NAGEL,

AT&T Laboratories, Basking Ridge, NJ

KARLENE ROBERTS,

Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley

LAWRENCE W. STARK,

School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley

KIM J. VICENTE,

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada

EARL L. WIENER,

Department of Management Science, University of Miami

GREG L. ZACHARIAS,

Charles River Analytics, Cambridge, MA

ANNE S. MAVOR, Director

JERRY S. KIDD, Senior Adviser

SUSAN R. McCUTCHEN, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

3

 

INTEGRATIVE ARCHITECTURES FOR MODELING THE INDIVIDUAL COMBATANT

 

51

   

General Introduction to Integrative Architectures

 

52

   

Review of Integrative Architectures

 

54

   

Comparison of Architectures

 

96

   

Hybrid Architectures: A Possible Research Path

 

108

   

Conclusions and Goals

 

110

4

 

ATTENTION AND MULTITASKING

 

112

   

Introduction

 

112

   

Attention

 

116

   

Multitasking

 

119

   

Integrating Conceptual Frameworks

 

125

   

Conclusions and Goals

 

127

5

 

MEMORY AND LEARNING

 

129

   

Basic Structures

 

129

   

Modeling of the Different Types of Memory

 

131

   

Modeling of Human Learning

 

135

   

Conclusions and Goals

 

148

6

 

HUMAN DECISION MAKING

 

150

   

Synopsis of Utility Theory

 

152

   

Injecting Variability and Adaptability into Decision Models

 

156

   

Incorporating Individual Differences and Moderating States

 

162

   

Incorporating Judgmental Errors into Decision Models

 

163

   

Conclusions and Goals

 

169

7

 

SITUATION AWARENESS

 

172

   

Situation Awareness and Its Role in Combat Decision Making

 

173

   

Models of Situation Awareness

 

176

   

Enabling Technologies for Implementation of Situation Awareness Models

 

182

   

Relationships to Other Models

 

192

   

Conclusions and Goals

 

199

8

 

PLANNING

 

203

   

Planning and Its Role in Tactical Decision Making

 

203

   

Models for Planning in Military Human Behavior Representations

 

215

   

Planning Models in the Artificial Intelligence and Behavioral Science Communities

 

234

   

Conclusions and Goals

 

240

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Preface

This report is the work of the Panel on Modeling Human Behavior and Command Decision Making: Representations for Military Simulations. The panel was established by the National Research Council (NRC) in 1996 in response to a request from the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office of the U.S. Department of Defense. The charge to the panel was to review the state of the art in human behavior representation as applied to military simulations, with emphasis on the challenging areas of cognitive, team, and organizational behavior. The panel formed to meet these goals included experts in individual behavior, organizational behavior, decision making, human factors, computational modeling, and military simulations.

The project extended over an 18-month period. At the end of the first phase, in February 1997, the panel published an interim report (Pew and Mavor, 1997) that argued for the need for models of human behavior, summarized a methodology for ensuring the development of useful models, and described selected psychological process models that have the potential to improve the realism with which human-influenced action is represented. In the second phase of the project, the panel conducted an in-depth analysis of the theoretical and applied research in human behavior modeling at the individual, unit, and command levels. The result of that analysis is presented in this final report.

This report is intended not only for policy makers in the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office and the military services, but also for the broader behavioral science community in the military, other government agencies, industry, and universities, whose modeling efforts can contribute to the development of more realistic and thus more useful military simulations.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

Many individuals have made a significant contribution to the panel's thinking and to various sections of the report by serving as presenters, consultants, and reviewers. Although all of these individuals provided valuable information, a few played a more direct role in developing this manuscript and deserve special mention. First, we extend our gratitude to Eva Hudlicka of Psychometrix Associates for her substantial contribution to the chapters on situation awareness and behavior moderators; in the latter chapter she provided draft material on modeling the effects of emotion on the cognitive activities of command decision makers. Next, we extend our gratitude to John Anderson of Carnegie Mellon University for his contributions to the discussion of ACT-R, to Stephen Grossberg of Boston University for his contribution on adaptive resonance theory, and to Stephen Deutsch of BBN Technologies, GTE Internetworking, for his work on OMAR. Finally, we offer a special thank you to David Kieras of the University of Michigan for his important insights as a member of the panel through its first phase and as a contributor of key information on EPIC for this volume.

Other individuals who provided important information and help include: Laurel Allender, Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate; Susan Archer, Micro Analysis and Design; Floyd Glenn, CHI Systems; Paul Lehner, MITRE Corporation; John Laird, University of Michigan; Ron Laughery, Micro Analysis and Design; John Lockett, Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate; Commander Dennis McBride, Office of Naval Research; James L. McClelland, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition; H. Kent Pickett, TRADOC Analysis Center; Douglas Reece, Science Applications International Corporation; Gerard Rinkus, Charles River Analytics; Jay Shively, NASA Ames; Barry Smith, NASA Ames; Magnus Snorrason, Charles River Analytics; and Dave Touretzky, Carnegie Mellon University.

To our sponsors, the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office, we are most grateful for their interest in the topic of this report and their many useful contributions to the panel's work. We particularly thank Judith Dahmann, James Heusmann, Ruth Willis, and Major Steve Zeswitz, USMC. We also extend our thanks to Lieutenant Colonel Peter Polk for his support and encouragement during the projects first phase.

In the course of preparing this report, each member of the panel took an active role in drafting chapters, leading discussions, and reading and commenting on successive drafts. Jerome Busemeyer provided material on learning and decision making; Kathleen Carley drafted chapters on command and control at the unit level and on information warfare; Terry Connolly provided sections on decision making; John Corson provided expertise and drafted material on military needs and operations, Kenneth Funk took the major responsibility for coordinating and drafting material on integrative architectures and on multitasking; Bonnie John contributed significantly to the chapter on integrative architectures; Richard Shiffrin drafted sections on attention and memory; and Greg Zacharias drafted

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
×

material on situation awareness and planning. We are deeply indebted to the panel members for their broad scholarship, their insights, and their cooperative spirit. Truly, our report is the product of an intellectual team effort.

This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: Ruzena Bajcsy, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania; Kevin Corker, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California; Scott Gronlund, Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma; William Howell, American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.; John F. Kihlstrom, Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley; R. Duncan Luce, Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Science, University of California at Irvine; Krishna Pattipati, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Connecticut; Paul S. Rosenbloom, Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California; Anne Treisman, Department of Psychology, Princeton University; and Wayne Zachary, CHI Systems, Lower Gwynedd, Pennsylvania.

Although the individuals listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring panel and the NRC.

Staff of the National Research Council made important contributions to our work in many ways. We extend particular thanks to Susan McCutchen, the panel's senior project assistant, who was indispensable in organizing meetings, arranging travel, compiling agenda materials, coordinating the sharing of information among panel members, and managing the preparation of this report. We are also indebted to Jerry Kidd, who provided help whenever it was needed and who made significant contributions to the chapter on the behavior moderators. Finally, we thank Rona Briere, whose editing greatly improved the report.

Richard W. Pew, Chair

Anne S. Mavor, Study Director

Panel on Modeling Human Behavior and Command

Decision Making: Representations for Military Simulations

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
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Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6173.
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Simulations are widely used in the military for training personnel, analyzing proposed equipment, and rehearsing missions, and these simulations need realistic models of human behavior. This book draws together a wide variety of theoretical and applied research in human behavior modeling that can be considered for use in those simulations. It covers behavior at the individual, unit, and command level. At the individual soldier level, the topics covered include attention, learning, memory, decisionmaking, perception, situation awareness, and planning. At the unit level, the focus is on command and control. The book provides short-, medium-, and long-term goals for research and development of more realistic models of human behavior.

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