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OCR for page 453
Index
A
Acaricides, 186, 203, 307
Acarina (mites and ticks), 18, 19, 135,
164, 186, 275, 307, 408-409
cattle ticks, 12, 26, 286, 292
European red mite, 32, 203
fruit tree mites, 162
See also Tetranychus spp.
Aceria sheldoni, 165
Acetamides, 59, 63
Acetolactate synthase (ALS), 134-135
Acetylcholinesterase resistance, 37, 46,
77, 81, 166
Action thresholds, 372, 415, 417
Acyl ureas, 120-121
Acylalanines, 21, 100, 103, 105, 350,
390, 430
Adaptationist program, 159
Agency for International Development
(AID), 384-386
Agonists, 74, 82
Agricultural consultants. See
Cooperative extension and
agricultural consultants
453
Agricultural losses, 170- 171
Agricultural practices
combined pesticide use. See Mixtures
of pesticides
crop rotation, 327-328, 332, 432
fungicide use, 246-247
low-till agriculture, 112- 113, 332
333
pesticide application, frequency and
area, 317-318
pesticide rotation, 56, 64, 150-151,
320-321, 329, 330, 339-340,
350-351, 375
pesticide use patterns, 31
rodenticide use, 240-243
sequential pesticide applications, 166,
320-321, 340
spraying, as enhancing mosquito
resistance, 28-29
timing of pesticide application, 166,
197
See also Operational factors
Agricultural Research Service, 372
Agriculture Department (USDA), 276
research support, 5, 7, 123- 125
OCR for page 454
454
resistance management role, 372,
377, 378, 382, 385, 400, 420,
425, 428, 432, 433
Agriregulants, 138- 139
Agrochemical industry, 423
antitrust concerns, 8, 375, 380, 401,
430
cost concerns, 33, 113- 114
detection and monitoring systems,
role in, 275, 290, 292, 301, 309
insecticide development, 118-121
marketing practices, 115-116, 429
431, 442
minor-use pesticides, 381-382
public sector support and
cooperation, 121-126, 401
research focus and funding, 126,
432, 433
resistance management role, 315,
325-326, 379-382, 388-392,
400-401, 437, 445
rodenticide development and
promotion, 241-242
university research, 125- 126, 309
Alachlor, 63
Aldrin, 163
Alfalfa weevil, 185
Allee effect, 160
Alleles, 45, 159. See also Genetic
mechanisms
Ally herbicide, 134
Alphachlorhydrin, 323, 365
Alternaria kikuchiana, 106
Alternation of pesticide applications,
56, 64, 150-151, 320-321, 329,
330, 339-340, 350-351, 375
Amaranthus blitoides, 68
Amaranthus hybridus, 68
Amaranthus retroflexus, 59, 68
Amaranthus spp., 330
AMDRO, 37
American Phytopathological Society,
427
Amidines, 26
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, 56
INDEX
Amphimallon majalis, 163
Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service, 372
Anopheles albimanus, 12, 21, 27-29,
31
Anopheles culicifacies, 27, 264
Anopheles gambiae, 258, 264
Anopheles sacharovi, 21, 27
Anopheles spp., 212, 266. See also
Mosquito resistance
Anopheles stephensi, 27, 264
Anopheline mosquitoes, 12, 27-29,
259, 264, 307
Antibiotics, 47, 100, 105, 130, 133,
139, 187, 322
Anticoagulants, 322. See also
Rodenticide resistance; Warfarin
resistance
Antihelminth resistance, 187
Antitrust issues, 8, 375, 380, 401, 430
Antiviral agents, 100
Antu, 238
Aphids
green peach aphid, 24
hops aphid (Phorodon humuli), 12,
24, 286
See also Myzus spp.
Apple scab fungus (Venturia
inaequalis), 103, 317, 416, 418
Apple tree pests, 163, 200-203, 267
Application of pesticides. See
Agricultural practices
Aromatic hydrocarbons, 103
Arsenicals, 159
Arsenious oxide, 238
Arthropod resistance. See Resistance
management, insecticide resistance
Ashton, A. Daniel, 355-369
Aspergillus nidulans, 103, 104, 106,
353
Assault rodenticide, 365
Atrazine, 56, 59-63, 65, 66, 307, 309,
322, 329-331, 333
Australia, 286
cattle tick resistance, 12, 26, 286,
292
OCR for page 455
INDEX
pyrethroid resistance management,
379, 390, 443
rodenticide resistance, 88, 89, 355
Austria, 329
Avermectins, 119, 120
Azemethipos residual spray, 284
Azinphosmethyl, 49, 162, 200-202
B
Bacillus thuringiensis, 119
Back selection, 177- 178
Backcrossing, 161, 265, 336
Bactericide resistance, 14, 47-48, 100,
102, 133, 135
Bananas, 303
Barley mildew, 245, 249-251, 304,
308
Barley mixtures, 253-255
Barrett, J. A., 245-256
BASE Corp., 389
Bayer Co., 389
Bemisia tabaci, 21
Benefit-risk analysis, 353, 374, 397
400, 426-428
Benomyl, 12, 20, 137, 140, 302, 303,
308, 317, 389, 416, 418
Bentazon, 68
Benzimidazoles, 100, 102-105, 289
292, 350, 390-391
Q-galactosidase, 80
,B-lactamase, 133
Q-tubulin, 104, 137, 140
Bioassays, 116-117, 272, 307, 308,
343, 408, 415, 418
Biochemical mechanisms
fungicide resistance, 104-108, 348
349
herbicide resistance, 59-62
house fly resistance, 78-81
pesticide resistance, in general, 46
48, 132-133
research recommendations, 5, 50-52,
366-367
warfarin resistance, 87, 89-93, 363
455
Biochemical tests, 272, 307, 308, 415
Biocontrol organisms, 138, 353, 432
Biological processes, 170-193
back selection, 177- 178
density dependence, 180- 184
immigration. See Immigration/refuges
influence on risk assessments, 280,
288, 290
insecticide resistance, 336-337
life cycle/generation turnover, 162-
163, 171-178, 186, 197, 319,
337, 339
pesticide resistance, in general, 158,
162-165, 313-314
prey/predator resistance development,
145, 147, 184-186, 201-202
Biorational pesticides, 432
Bioresmethrin, 165
Biotechnology, 3, 5, 13, 130-141
antibiotic resistance applications, 133
herbicide resistance applications, 68-
70, 134-135
pesticide resistance applications,
135-140
potential applications, 130-131, 140,
272
research areas, 119
techniques, 131 - 133
Bipyridyl, 309
Biston betularia, 178
Blatella germanica, 262, 264
Blow flies (Lucilia cuprina), 75, 77,
83, 212, 259-260, 265-266, 286
Blue mold, 318
Boll weevils, 275, 379
Boophilus microplus (cattle ticks), 12,
26, 286, 292
Botrytis cinerea, 107
Botrytis spp., 275, 308, 391
Brassica campestris, 59
Brent, K. J., 298-312
Britain. See United Kingdom
Brodifacoum, 93-95, 239-240, 361,
364-365
Bromadiolone, 93-95, 239-240, 364
OCR for page 456
456
Bromethalin, 323, 365, 366
Bryobia rubrioculus, 162
Bush rat, 88
C
Calciferol, 320, 362, 365
Calcium metabolism, 365
California, 285, 376, 400, 403-409,
417, 418
California University, 309, 406, 408,
409
Canada, 329, 364
Canada thistle, 328
Captan fungicide, 49, 107
Captopril, 120
Carbamate resistance, 31, 328
cross-resistance, 166, 284
genetic mechanism, 77, 161-162
incidence, 12, 18, 19, 26, 27
and suppression of
acetylcholinesterase resistance,
81
Carbendazim, 104
Carbofuran, 49, 162
Carboxamides, 100, 103, 105
Carboxin, 105
Carlson, Gerald A., 436-448
Catabolic resistance. See Polygenic
resistance
Cattle ticks, 12, 26, 286, 292
Cell and tissue culture techniques, 131
Centers for Disease Control, 359
Central America, 12, 21, 27-29, 303,
389
Cephalosporins, 133
Cercospora beticola, 302
Cercospora spp., 275
Cereal eyespot pathogen, 390-391
Cereal powdery mildew, 389
CGIAR International Research Centers,
384
Chemical Control Committee, 354
Chemical industry. See Agrochemical
industry
INDEX
Chenopodium album, 59
Chenopodium spp., 330
Chicago, 357, 359-361
China, 285
Chitin synthesis, 106, 352
Chlamydomonas spp., 66
Chlorazifop-propynil, 64
Chlordimeform, 74, 82, 120
Chlorfenethol, 322
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, 87
Chlorobenzilate, 165
Chloro-s-triazines, 63
Chlorothalonil, 102
Chlorsulfuron, 69
Cholecalciferol, 365
Ciba-Geigy Co., 389
Cirsium arvense, 328
Citrus rust mite, 165
Classic herbicide, 134
Clavulinic acid, 133
Coadaptation, 241, 265-266
Cockroaches, 78-79
Coddling moth, 317
Code of Conduct on the Distribution
and Use of Pesticides, 383
Coleoptera, 18, 19, 22
Colorado potato beetle, 12, 20, 29-31,
158, 162, 183, 275
Combined pesticide applications. See
Mixtures of pesticides
Commodity groups, 126
Competitive Grants Program, 5, 124
Computer-assisted design, 118
Computer simulation. See Models
Conoderusfalli, 163
Consultants. See Cooperative extension
and agricultural consultants
Conyza bonariensis, 62, 64
Conyza spp., 64
Cooperative extension and agricultural
consultants, 410-421, 432
education and training services, 372,
419, 420, 431
funding recommendation, 419-420
professional training for, 413-415
OCR for page 457
INDEX
resistance management procedures,
373, 415-419
role in resistance management, 410
412, 419, 425
Copper bactericides, 47, 100
Copper fungicides, 49, 101-102
Copper resistance, 48, 102, 159
Corn
corn borer, 12, 31, 157, 159
herbicide resistance in, 56-59, 328,
329, 331-333
resistance mechanism, 59-60, 63, 65
rootworm, 443
smut pathogen (Ustilago maydis),
105, 108
Cost concerns. See Economic issues;
Registration costs and procedures
Cotton
herbicide use, 332
pest management, 379, 407, 408,
443
pests, 286, 308, 336. See also
Heliothis spp.
production practices, 342
spider mites, 417, 418
Coumaphos, 284
Coumarin anticoagulants, 88
Coumatetralyl, 364
Coumithoate, 284
County Agricultural Commissioners
(CAC), 405-406
Croft, Brian A., 257-270, 422-435
Cross-resistance
fungicides, 289-290
herbicides, 62-66, 290
insecticides, 20-21, 284, 414
mechanisms, 12, 21, 120, 162, 166
negative cross-resistance, 20, 339,
352
nematicides, 291
pesticide mixtures, 340-341
rodenticides, 87, 88, 95, 239-240,
321, 364
See also Multiple resistance
C:rustacea, 135
457
Cucumber angular leaf spot, 107
Cucumber powdery mildew, 302, 308
Culex pipiens, 21
Culex quinquefasciatus, 160-162, 264
Culex spp., 45. See also Mosquito
resistance
Cuticle formation, 120
Cyanide gas, 357, 359
Cyclodiene resistance
incidence, 12, 18, 19, 266
mechanisms, 47, 76, 78-79, 259
possible solutions, 81-82, 120
Cycloheximide, 105
Cyhexatin, 203
Cyromazine, 37, 285
Cytochrome P4so, 137, 138, 140, 339
Czechoslovakia, 285, 286
D
DDT resistance, 341, 447
in anopheline mosquitoes, 27, 28,
264
biochemical mechanisms, 47, 78-79
cross-resistance, 21, 166, 284
in frogs, 87
genetic mechanisms, 76, 77, 162,
262, 266
in house flies, 283-285
incidence, 11-12, 18, 19, 157-158,
285
in mice, 88
possible solutions to, 81-82
Decatur, Illinois, 361-362
Defect action levels, 429
Defense Department, 276
DEF, S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate,
82-83
Dehydrochlorinase inhibitors, 322
Dekker, Johan, 347-354
Delp, Charles J., 388-392
Deltamethrin, 33
Demethylation inhibitors, 391
Demeton S-methyl, 24
Denmark, 254, 318
OCR for page 458
458
house fly resistance, 276, 279, 281
285, 292, 307-308
rodenticide resistance, 88-89, 364
Dennehy, Timothy J., 410-421
Density dependence, 180- 184
Detection and monitoring, 153, 298-
312, 349, 352
achievements, field examples, 307-
309
aims of, 300-304, 315
California programs, 407-408
definitions of, 271, 298-299
industry programs, 389
industry/public sector cooperation,
309
methods, 116-117, 258, 272-273,
305-307, 343
research areas, 3-4, 6-7, 273-274
resistance, definitions of, 299-300
resistance management role, 372,
376, 424-426
risk assessment relationship, 272
rodenticide resistance, 366
system implementation, 274-275,
304-305, 415-416
Detoxification, 159, 348. See also
Polygenic resistance
Diabrotica longicornis, 163
Diazinon, 31, 77, 260, 264-266
Dicarboximides, 21, 103, 308, 317,
391
Dichloracetamide protectants, 63
Dichloroanilines, 21
Diclofop-methyl, 48, 54, 62, 64-65
Dicofol, 408, 417, 418
Dicots, 20, 61
Dicoumarol, 89
Dieldrin resistance, 160, 180
cross-resistance, 88
incidence, 27, 163
mechanisms, 76, 258, 259, 264
model of house fly resistance, 198-
200
Difenacoum, 93-95, 239-240, 362
365
INDEX
Diflubenzuron, 285
Dihydrostreptomycin, 100, 107
Dimethirimol, 302, 308
Dimethoate, 24, 284, 285, 340
Dinitroanilines, 48, 62, 64, 329, 332
Dinocap, 32
Diphacinone, 364
Diphenamids, 56
Diphenyl-ether herbicides, 64-65
Diptera, 18, 19, 22, 339, 341
Diquat, 64
Disulfoton, 417-418
Dithiocarbamates, 49, 102
Diuron, 62-63, 66
DNA probes, 132, 148, 272, 307
DNA sequencing, 132-133
Dobson, Andrew P., 170- 193
Dodine, 103, 349, 416, 418
Dominance. See Genetic mechanisms
Dosage factors, 166, 186, 316-317
dose/immigration interactions, effect
on resistance development, 196
198
Dover, Michael J., 422-435
Downy mildews, 275
Drosophila melanogaster, 75-77, 80,
211
Drosophila spp., 132, 258
DT-diaphorase, 92
du Pont Co., 134, 303, 389
E
EBG operon, 208-209
Echinochloa crus-galli, 61
Echinochloa spp., 61
Economic issues, 436-448
atrazine cost, 56
costs of chemical control, 31-35
depreciation of pesticide value, 187-
190, 315, 436-437
funding of pesticide research, 5,
121-126
funding of resistance management
programs, 378-379, 419-420
432-434
OCR for page 459
INDEX
incentives and constraints to
resistance management, 441-444
insecticide research and development,
113-114
pest susceptibility, optimal use over
time, 437-441
pesticide prices/market interactions,
374, 375, 442
policy implications of, 318-319,
446-447
resistance management organizations,
444-446
See also Registration costs and
procedures
Economic Research Service, 372
Education and training
California, pest-control advisers, 406
of cooperative extension and
agricultural consultants, 413-
415
extension programs, 372, 419, 420
international resistance courses, 353-
354, 389
regulatory agencies' role, 396
resistance management needs, 431
Effective kill, 57
Egypt, 286, 308, 390
Eleusine indica, 329
Eleusine spp., 62, 64
Endocrine system research, 120-121
Endrin, 88
England. See United Kingdom
Enol-pyruvate-shikimate-phosphate-
synthase, 68
Entomological Society of America, 273
Environmental factors. See Biological
processes
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS),
385
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 7, 114, 276, 365, 367,
386, 392, 396
pesticide regulation, 127, 374-382,
385, 398-400, 404, 432, 446
research funding, 123
459
resistance management, 425-428,
433
Enzyme inhibitors, 322
Enzyme kinetics, 51-52, 343. See also
Polygenic resistance
Epibloc, 365
Epistatic resistance, 146, 212
EPTC, 56, 63, 328-329
Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors, 21,
47, 51, 100, 103, 106, 321, 352
Eriophyid mite, 165
Erwinia amylovora, 47, 107
Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordes, 245,
249-251
Escherichia colt, 80, 132, 208, 209
Esterase E.O., 33, 162
Esterase inhibitors, 322
Ethirimol, 254-255, 308
European Plant Protection Organization,
273
European red mite, 32, 203
Euxesta notada, 186
Evolutionary processes. See Genetic
mechanisms
Expert Committee on Insecticide
Resistance, WHO, 383
Extension Committee on Organization
and Policy IPM Task Force, 372,
413, 419
Extension specialists. See Cooperative
extension and agricultural
consultants
F
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 373,
399, 428, 446
Fenarimol, 106, 322
Fenitrothion, 33
Fenthion, 285
Fentin, 103
Fenvalerate, 29
Field fluorometers, 60
Field resistance, 300
OCR for page 460
460
Field studies, 148, 274, 287-288, 315,
349, 417
Fireblight pathogen, 47, 107
Fish, 87, 135
Fitness. See Genetic mechanisms
Flies
Drosophila spp., 75-77, 80, 132,
211, 258
horn flies, 416, 418
Lucilia spp. (blow flies), 75, 77, 83,
212, 259-260, 265-266, 286
white flies, 21
See also House flies
Fluazifop-butyl, 64
Fluoroacetate, 88
Flurazole, 63
Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), 276, 348
detection and monitoring activities,
273, 287, 292, 301, 306, 307,
378
resistance management activities,
354, 383, 385, 389
Food and Drug Administration, 428
Food limitation effects, 201-202
Formamidines, 82, 120
Formothion, 284
4-hydroxycoumarin. See Warfarin
resistance
France, 21
Frisbie, Raymond E., 410-421
Frogs, 87, 135
Fruit tree mites, 162
Fumigant resistance, 19
Funding
of pesticide research, 5, 121-126
of resistance management initiatives,
378-379, 419-420, 432-434
Fungicide resistance, 100-110, 245
256, 347-354
barley mildew, example, 249-251
biochemical mechanisms, 47-48,
104-108, 314, 348-349
definitions of, 348
INDEX
detection and monitoring, 302, 304,
307, 308
fungicide application and type, 247
fungicide mixtures, 427
fungicide use, reasons for, 246-247
genetic mechanisms, 47, 101-104,
159, 248-249
high-risk chemicals use, 350
incidence, 11, 12, 14-16, 20, 21,
135
industry research, 389-391
low-risk chemicals use, 352
management strategies, 251-256,
317-324, 349-354
negative cross-resistance, 352
new chemicals use, 349
regulatory agencies' involvement,
401
risk assessment, 276, 288-290
rotation or combined use, 350-351
site-specific inhibitors, 352
synergism, 352-353
See also Plant pathogens
Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
(FRAC), 290, 299-300, 309, 354,
390, 391
G
GABA agonists, 37, 120
Galactose permease, 80
Gambusia affinis, 87
Gametoclonal variation, 131
Gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, 89, 363
Gene amplification, 45, 136- 137
Gene flow. See Immigration/refuges
Gene library, 132
Genetic engineering
host plant resistance development,
329, 336-337, 432
pesticide applications, 138- 140
predator resistance development, 324
resistant strains of beneficial mites,
409
techniques, 131- 132
OCR for page 461
INDEX
Genetic mechanisms
back selection, 177-178
cross-resistance, 12, 21, 120, 162,
166
dominance, 160, 259-260, 336, 338
fungicide resistance, 47, 101-104,
248-249
genomic shock, 151
herbicide resistance, 56-59, 65-68,
187
heterozygote superiority, 186
house fly resistance, 75-78
immigration. See Immigration/refuges
influence on risk assessments, 280,
288
initial allele frequency, 159-160,
257-259
laboratory and field studies
compared, 148-149
life cycle evolution of resistance,
171-177
modeling assumptions, 143-144,
195-196
modes of inheritance, 145-146
monogenic/polygenic resistance, 146,
171-172, 195-196, 223, 258
multilocus perspective. See Polygenic
resistance
parameters needed for model
development, 145-147, 196
198
pesticide resistance, in general, 45
46, 136-137, 150-151, 159
162, 313-314
reducing frequencies of resistant
alleles, 337-338
relative fitnesses of genotypes, 146,
160-161, 260-266, 322-323,
338-340
research recommendations, 5, 50-52,
267-268
resistance management applications,
144-145, 153-154
return to pesticide susceptibility, 150
warfarin resistance, 88-89, 93, 236
See also Alleles
461
Georghiou, George P., 14-43, 157-169
Georgopoulos, S. G., 100-110
German Democratic Republic, 254
Germany, Federal Republic of (West),
308
Glean herbicide, 134
Gliocladium spp., 324
Glutathione-S-transferase, 60, 63, 65
Glyphosate herbicides, 68-69, 135, 137
Gonodontis bidentata, 178
Goosegrass, 329
Grape vine pathogens, 308
Grass weeds, 275. See also Herbicide
resistance
Greaves, J. H., 236-244
Greece, 302, 308
Green peach aphid, 24
Green rice leafhopper, 12, 26, 81, 286,
308
Greenbugs, 417-418
Gressel, Jonathan, 54-73
Grey kangaroo, 88
Groupement International des
Associations Nationals de
Fabricants de Produits
Agronomiques (GIFAP), 290, 354,
391
Guinea pigs, 213
H
Haematobia irritans, 416
Hammock, Bruce D., 111-129
Hardy, Ralph W. F., 130-141
Hawaii, 367
Hawkins, Lyndon S., 403-409
Heliothis armigera, 259, 379
Heliothis spp., 21, 80, 82, 267, 275,
286, 336, 390. See also Cotton,
pests
Heliothis subflexa, 336
Heliothis virescens, 82, 336, 407, 414
Heliothis zea, 336
Herbicide resistance, 54-73, 327-334
amino acid transversions, 67, 68
OCR for page 462
462
biochemical and physiological
mechanisms, 46, 48, 59-62,
314
biotechnology applications, 68-70,
130, 134-135, 139
crop species resistance development,
329
cross-resistance, 62-65
detection and monitoring, 307-309
329-330
dose-response curves, 55
enrichment, 57-59, 66
genetic mechanisms, 65-68, 159,
187
herbicide extenders, 56, 61
incidence, 11, 12, 14-16, 20, 54-
56, 135, 328-329
industry research, 389
management tactics, 317-324, 330-
333
new products development, 432
nonchemical weed control methods,
327-328, 332-333
population genetics models, 56-59
preemergence and postemergence
herbicides, 328, 332
problem soils, 56, 328-329
protectants, 64
risk assessment, 290-291
rotation of herbicides, 56, 64
seed banks, 57
weed control, history of, 327-328
See also Grass weeds; Weeds
Heteroptera, 18, 19
Holland, 88, 302, 308
Homoptera, 18, 19, 22, 339
Hops aphid (Phorodon humuli), 12, 24,
286
Horn flies, 416, 418
House flies (Musca domestica), 258,
264, 341, 390
biochemistry of resistance, 47, 78-
81, 322
Danish study, 276, 279, 281-285,
292, 307-308
INDEX
d~azinon-resistant, fitness of, 264
266
genetic mechanisms of resistance,
75-78, 162
immigration effects, 164- 166, 180,
267
incidence of resistance, 21, 74-75,
83-84, 157-158
model of dieldrin resistance, 198-200
resistance studies, 285-286
solutions to insecticide resistance,
81-83
See also Flies
House mouse (Mus musculus)
DINT resistance, 88
Decatur infestation, 361-362
resistance mechanisms, 80
rodenticide resistance, 48, 87, 89,
93-95, 355-358, 362-364, 366
Hungary, 54-55, 329
Hylemya spp., 163
Hypercalcemia, 365
I
ICI Americas, Inc., 389, 390
Imidazole herbicides, 69
Immigration/refuges, 147, 257, 336,
341
density dependence, relationship,
180-184
dose/immigration interactions, effect
on resistance development, 196-
198
evolution of resistance mechanisms,
146-147, 160, 164-166, 178-
180, 214-216, 266-268
house flies, dieldrin resistance, 198-
200, 267
as resistance management tactic, 314,
318, 324, 337, 338
See also Refugia
Immunological tests, 272
Industrial melanism, 171, 178
Industry. See Agrochemical industry
OCR for page 463
INDEX
Information collection and
dissemination, 7, 377-378, 394-
396, 432
Insect growth regulators, 36
Insecticide development
cost concerns, 33, 113-114
industry and universities,
collaboration efforts, 125- 126,
309
industry strategies, 115-116
public sector role, 121-126
registration procedures, recommended
changes in, 126-127
research areas, 118-121
Insecticide resistance, 74-86, 335-346
biochemical mechanisms, 46-47, 78-
81, 314, 348
biotechnology applications, 139
California programs, 408-409
cross-resistance, 20-21, 284, 414
detection and monitoring, 302, 307-
308, 343
genetic mechanisms, 75-78, 83-84,
159, 337-340
incidence, 11-12, 14-16, 18-27,
74-75, 135
industry research, 389
management problems, 335-336,
341-343
management tactics, 81-83, 317-
324, 337-341
operational and biologic factors, 336-
337
risk assessments, 279-288, 342-343
Insecticide Resistance Action
Committee (IRAC), 290, 309, 391
Insensitivity, definition, 348
Integrated pest management (IPM), 4,
431. See also Resistance
management
International Cooperation and
Development, Office of, 385
International Course for Southeast Asia
on Fungicide Resistance in Crop
Protection, 353-354, 389
International Group of National
463
Associations of Agrochemical
Manufacturers (GIFAP), 290, 354,
391
International organizations. See specific
organizations
International Society of Plant
Pathology, 354
Interregional Project-4 (IR-4), 8, 381-
382
T
Jackson, William B., 355-369
Japan, 12, 26, 285, 286, 292, 308,
355, 401
Johnson, Edwin L., 393-402
Justice Department, 7-8, 380
K
Kasugamycin, 103, 105-106
kdr gene, 12, 21, 162, 166, 284-286
Keiding, Johannes, 279-297
Kitazin-P, 349
Klebsiella spp., 208, 209
L
Labeling, 381, 398-400, 405, 427
Laboratory resistance, 299-300
Laboratory studies, 148, 274, 287-288,
315, 349
lac operon, 80
Lambsquarters, 330
Lanosterol synthesis inhibitors, 352
Late blight, 318
Lead arsenate, 314, 341
Leafhoppers, 12, 26, 81, 286, 308, 343
Leeper, John R., 335-346
Lepidoptera, 18, 19, 21, 23, 164, 319
Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado
potato beetle), 12, 20, 29-31, 158,
162, 183, 275
Lettuce aphid, 164
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464
Life cycle factors. See Biological
processes
Lindane, 144, 259
Lolium perenne, 62, 64, 68
Lolium rigidum, 62
Lolium spp., 64-65
Londax herbicide, 134
Lucilia cuprina (blow flies), 75, 77, 83,
212, 259-260, 265-266, 286
M
MacNicoll, Alan D., 87-99
Malaria, 12, 32-33
Malathion, 32, 77, 162, 340
Malay wood rat, 355
Malaysia, 353-354, 389
Management of resistance. See
Resistance management
Market forces, 374, 375, 427, 436, 447
Marketing practices, 429-431, 442
Maryland, 329
May, Robert M., 170-193
MCPA herbicide, 328
Melanotus tamsuyensis, 163
Metabolic resistance. See Polygenic
resistance
Metalaxyl, 105, 308, 317, 318
Methionine sulfoxamine, 138
Methomyl, 389
Metribuzin, 62
Mexico, 29
Mice. See House mouse
Microbial pesticides, 432
Microsomal oxidases, 343
Microtus pinetorium, 88
Migration. See Immigration/refuges
Miranowski, John A., 436-448
Mites. See Acarina
Mixtures of pesticides
registration procedures, 375, 380-
381, 427, 428
as resistance management tactic, 150-
151, 166, 319-320, 330, 339,
340-341, 350-351, 443, 445
INDEX
Mobam, 284
Models, 194-206
characteristics of resistance models,
135-136
data sources, 148-149
epistatic resistance, 217-218
insect resistance, 75, 81, 341
management applications, 153-154,
203, 288
model classifications, 147-148, 195
modeling assumptions, 143-144,
195-196
parameters of resistance development,
145-147, 196-198
polygenic resistance, 223, 226-231
population genetics, 56-59
validation studies, 149, 198-203,
233
Molecular biology. See Genetic
mechanisms
Monilinia spp., 275
Monitoring. See Detection and
monitoring
Monoclonal antibody (MAB), 131, 137,
272, 307
Monocots, 20
Monoherbicide culture, 56, 59
Monophagia, 164
Mosquito fish, 87
Mosquito resistance, 341
California, monitoring program, 408
detection and monitoring programs,
286, 343
incidence, 18, 19
solutions, 82-83, 337
See also Anopheles spp.; Culex spp.
Multiple resistance, 20-21, 286. See
also Cross-resistance
Mus musculus. See House mouse
Musca domestica. See House flies
Mycosphaerella spp., 303
Myzus persicae, 21, 259, 286, 308
Myzus spp. (aphids), 21, 45, 164, 275,
286, 308, 343. See also Aphids
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INDEX
N
N-phenyl carbamates, 104
NADH, 91, 92
NADPH, 92
National Agricultural Pesticide Impact
Assessment Program, 420
National Biological Impact Assessment
Program, 7, 372
National Cotton Council, 396
National Institute of Environmental
Health Statistics, 122
National Institutes of Health, 122, 124
National Pest Control Association, 396
National Pesticide Information Retrieval
System, 377
National Science Foundation (NSF),
122, 432, 433
Natural enemies. See Predator resistance
Natural pesticides, 138, 140
Nematode resistance, 12, 17, 135, 291
292
Neolamarckian theories, 151
Nephotettix cincticeps (green rice
leafhopper), 12, 26, 81, 286, 308
Neurobiology research areas, 120
Neurospora crassa, 105
Nitrapyrin, 56
Norbormide, 238, 359
North Carolina, 17, 418
Norway rat. See Rodenticide resistance;
Warfarin resistance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
118, 133
o
Oklahoma, 418
Omethoate, 32
Oomycetes, 101
Operational factors, 158, 165-166, 313
insecticide resistance, 336-337
involved in risk assessment, 280,
288, 290
resistance development rate, 196-198
465
See also Agricultural practices
Orchard pests, 184- 185, 336
Organochlorines, 18, 283
Organophosphates (OP), 287
cross-resistance, 166, 284
Danish use, 285
genetic mechanism of resistance, 77,
161-162
resistance incidence, 12, 18, 19, 21,
26, 27, 266
solutions to resistance, 82
susceptibility to, 31
Orthoptera, 23
Oryzuephilus surinamensis, 264
Oust herbicide, 134
Oxidase inhibitors, 322
Oxyfluorfen, 64
Oxytetracycline, 47, 100
Ozone tolerance, 64
p
Pakistan, 259
Panonychus ulmi, 162, 203
Paraquat, 20, 48, 54, 62, 64, 68, 69,
317
Parathion, 32, 83
Patent protection, 126-127, 430, 443
Pear-apple interplants, 203
Pear psylla, 406
Penicillin, 133
Penicillium italicum, 353
Penicillium spp., 275
Permethrin, 82, 161, 165, 166
Perthane, 406
Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, 287
Pesticide industry. See Agrochemical
industry
Pesticide resistance
biotechnology role, 130, 133-140
crop loss to pests, percentage, 170-
171
definitions of, 299-300
drug resistance compared, 187
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466
factors influencing evolution of, 157
159, 167, 314-315
frequency and extent of, 21, 24-31
herbicide resistance compared, 187
high-risk pesticides, 314
impediments to development of
solutions for, 151-153
incidence, 11-21, 87-88
mechanism, 11, 116
multiple resistance. See Cross
resistance
new pesticides development, 138
139, 323
pesticide formulation technology, 321
pesticide persistence, 314
prey/predator rates, 145, 147, 184
186, 201-202
problem severity, 1-2
research directions, 2-9, 35-38, 49
52, 153-154
See also specific pest species,
pesticides, and resistance
mechanisms
Phenkapton, 32
Phenmedipham, 68
Phenoxys, 20, 49, 54, 56-59, 309
Phenylphosphonates, 83
Phenyl-urea herbicides, 62-63, 66
Philippines, 12, 26
Phorodon humuli (hops aphid), 12, 24,
286
Phosmet, 284
Phosphorothiolates, 103
Photosynthetic electron transport, 59,
62
Photosystem I, 62
Photosystem II, 59, 63, 66, 68, 307
Phthalimides, 102
Physiological mechanisms. See
Biochemical mechanisms
Physiology research areas, 121
Phytophthora infestans, 308, 320
Phytophthora megasperma I. sp.
medicaginis, 105
Pigweeds, 330
INDEX
Pimaricin, 49
Pine voles, 88
Piperonyl butoxide, 29, 30, 82, 322
Pival, 364
Plant pathogens, 100. See also
Fungicide resistance
Plant Protection Bulletin (FAG), 306
Planthoppers, 286, 308, 343
Plapp, Frederick W., Jr., 74-86
Pleiotropy. See Polygenic resistance
Plutella xylostella, 21
Poaceous grasses, 61, 64
Polyene antibiotics, 47
Polygenic resistance, 46, 47, 207-235
epistatic resistance, 146, 212, 217-
218
evolutionary processes, 213-216,
222-223
immigration effects, 214-216
mechanism, 208-212, 223-226
model applications, 223, 226-231
monogenic/polygenic perspectives
compared, 146, 171-172, 195-
196, 223, 258
pesticide application strategies based
on, 231-233
pleiotropic costs, 161, 209-212, 216
research areas, 216-219, 233-234
shifting balance theory, 207, 212-
213
See also Detoxification; Enzyme
kinetics
Polyoxin, 100, 103, 106, 352
Polyphagia, 164
Popillia japonica, 163
Population biology. See Biological
processes
Population genetics. See Genetic
mechanisms
Potatoes, 308, 318
Preadaptation, 201
Predator resistance
prey/predator resistance development
(Volterra principle), 145, 147,
184-186, 201-202
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INDEX
as resistance management tactic, 324
Prediction. See Risk assessment
Prevention. See Resistance management
Price factors. See Economic issues
Problem soils, 56
Procarbamates, 36
Prochloraz, 391
Prolin anticoagulant, 322
Propoxur, 28, 33, 161, 166
Protein synthesis inhibitors, 100, 105
352
Prothrombin, 89, 90
Pseudomonas lachrymans, 107
Pseudomonas spp., 208
Public sector
California, resistance management,
376, 400, 403-409
detection and monitoring roles, 309
education role, 396
funding considerations, 121-126,
378-379, 432-433
industry cooperation, 400-401
information collection and
dissemination, 7, 377-378,
394-396
regulatory strategy, 374-377, 397
400, 426-429
resistance management role, 7-8,
242, 315, 325, 353, 373-379,
393-402, 445-446
state and local regulation, 7, 429
support for alternative pest-control
methods, 432
Pyrazophos, 100, 108
Pyrethroid Efficacy Group (PEG), 390,
391
Pyrethroid resistance, 284, 342
biochemical mechanisms. 47' 78-79
California management, 406
cross-resistance, 12, 20-21, 27, 162,
166, 284
in flies, 21, 284
genetic mechanism, 76, 160- 162
incidence, 12, 14, 18, 19, 285
industry research, 389, 390
467
management tactics, 379, 414, 416,
418, 443
possible solutions, 36, 81-82
Pyrethrum, 284
Pyricularia oryzae, 105-106, 108
Pyruvate, 69
Q
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, 267
Quarantine measures, 337-338
Quinones, 102
Quintox rodenticide, 365
R
R( + )-enantiomer, 90
Rat bites, 360-361
Rattusfuscipes, 88
Rattus norvegicus. See Rodenticide
resistance; Warfarin resistance
Rattus rattus, 89, 93, 95, 355, 363
Rattus rattus diardii, 355
Rattus tiomanicus, 355
Red squill, 357, 359, 365
Refugia, 165. See also Immigration/
refuges
Registration costs and procedures, 113
114, 365
biorational pesticides, 432
California, 404-405
changes to encourage pesticide
development, 126-128, 367,
430
international implications, 385
JR-4 program for minor-use
pesticides, 8, 381-382
pesticide mixtures, 380-381, 427,
428
regulatory strategy, 397-400
risk assessments and, 342-343, 373,
376, 428
See also Economic issues
Regulatory agencies. See Public sector
Regulatory genes, 46
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468
Reproductive factors. See Biological
processes
Resistance. See Pesticide resistance
Resistance Action Committees, 301
Resistance detection. See Detection and
monitoring
Resistance management, 313-326
biotechnology uses, 137- 140
consultants. See Cooperative
extension and agricultural
consultants
cost concerns. See Economic issues
development of diagnostic
procedures, 116-118
dose or rate variation, 316-317
education needs, 431
exploiting unstable resistance, 322
323
frequency of application, 317
funding proposals, 378-379, 419
420, 433-434
fungicide resistance, 251-256, 349
354
goals, 144, 194
herbicide extenders, 56, 61
herbicide resistance, 330-333
impediments to development of
coordinated strategies, 151-153
industry role. See Agrochemical
industry
insecticide resistance, 81-83, 335
344
international considerations, 382-386
issues and concerns, overview, 313
315, 422-424, 434
less persistent pesticides, 319
life stages of pest, 319, 339
local versus areawide application,
318
mixtures of pesticides, 319-320,
339, 443, 445
modeling applications, 149, 153
154, 194, 203
natural enemies' role, 324
need for insecticides, 111-113, 127
128
INDEX
new pest-control tactics, 431-432
new pesticides development, 323,
432
pesticide formulation technology, 49
50, 52, 321, 323
polygenic resistance concerns, 231
233
population genetics, application to,
144-145, 153-154
problems, 341-342, 371-372, 422
423
program components, 424-434
recommendations, 324-326, 353-354
refugia/immigration factors, 165,
180, 324
regulatory agencies. See Public sector
research directions, 4-9, 13, 153
154, 167, 324-326, 432-433
rodenticide resistance, 236-243,
364-365, 367
rotations or sequences of pesticides,
320-321
social organizations, 444-446
strategies and tactics, concepts
compared, 313
synergists, 138, 140, 322, 339, 352
353
tactics evaluated, table, 315-316
treatments based on economic
threshold, 318-319, 446-447
See also Integrated pest management
Resistance monitoring. See Detection
and monitoring
Resistance onset interval, 144
Resistance research foundation, 392,
433
Resistance risk assessment (RRA). See
Risk assessment
Respiratory systems, 352
Restriction enzyme mapping, 132
Reynolds, Harold T., 335-346
Rhagoletis pomonella, 267
Rice blast pathogen (Pyricularia
oryzae), 105-106, 108
Rice pests, 12, 26, 81, 286, 292, 308
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INDEX
Risk assessment, 279-297
definition of, 271-272
detection and monitoring
relationships, 272
factors involved in, 279-281, 288
fungicide resistance, 288-290
herbicide resistance, 290-291
house fly resistance, Danish and
related experiences, 281-286
insect and mite studies, 286-287
interpretation and use of data, 292-
294
laboratory versus field studies, 287-
288
nematicide resistance, 291-292
program elements, 292
program implementation, 276-277
in registration procedures, 342-343,
373, 376, 428
research areas, 6, 276, 294
resistance management role, 426
rodenticide resistance, 291
simulation models, 288
RNA probes, 148
RNA synthesis, 105, 352
Rodenticide resistance, 236-244, 355
369. See also Warfarin resistance
agencies' role, 242
British experience, 237-239, 362-
363
Chicago experience, 357, 359-361
cross-resistance, 364
Decatur experience, 361-362
incidence, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 135,
236
industry role, 241-242
management strategies, 237, 317-324
mechanism, 236
natural selection, 239
nonanticoagulant alternatives, 365, 366
predictions and recommendations,
366
research needs, 366-367
risk assessment, 291
469
second-generation anticoagulants, 93-
95, 239-240, 361, 364, 366
users' contributions to, 240-241
See also Anticoagulants
Rodents, 275. See also Rattus spp.
Roof rat (Rattus rattus), 89, 93, 95,
355, 363
Root maggots, 163
Rotation of pesticide applications, 56,
64, 150-151, 320-321, 329, 330,
339-340, 350-351, 375
Rotenone, 29-30
Roush, Richard T., 257-270, 335-346
S
s-triazine, 55, 59-62, 65, 135, 137,
290-291, 329
S( - )-warfarin, 90
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 102
Safety test requirements, 443
Sales tax, 378, 379, 392
Sanitation procedures, 365
Schizaphis graminum, 417-418
Scotland, 17, 88, 236, 355
Selection process. See Genetic
mechanisms
Senecio vulgaris, 57, 61, 65, 68
Sensitivity, definition, 348
Sequential pesticide application, 166,
320-321, 340
Shifting balance theory, 207, 212-213
Sigatoka disease, 303
Simazine, 60, 62, 63, 329
Simulation models. See Models
Sinking-leaf disc technique, 307
Site-specific inhibitors, 348, 352
Slife, Fred W., 327-334
Soderlund, David M., 111- 129
Solanum nigrum, 68
Somaclonal variation, 131
Somatic cell fusion, 131
South Dakota, 418
Soybeans, 332, 333
Spectroscopy, 118
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470
Sphaerotheca fuliginea, 302
Spider mites. See Tetranychus spp.
Spodoptera littoralis, 83, 339
Spodoptera spp., 21, 79, 275, 286, 390
Spotted alfalfa aphid, 164
Spotted root maggot, 186
State programs. See Public sector
Sterilants, 365
Sterols, 352
Stored grain pests, 264, 287, 307, 317
Streptomycin, 20, 47, 100, 103, 107
Structural genes, 46, 136, 137
Sugar beet leaf spot, 302, 308
Sugarcane wireworm, 163
Sulfite, 64
Sulfonyl-urea herbicides, 69, 130, 134
135, 137
Sulfur, 102
Sumitomo Co., 389
Summer oil, 32
Superoxide dismutase, 48, 62
Surveys of resistance. See Detection
and monitoring
Susceptibility recovery interval, 144,
150
Synergists, 74, 81-83, 138, 140, 322,
339, 352-353
T
Tabashnik, Bruce E., 194-206
Tagamet, 131
Taiwan, 12, 26, 163
Tammar wallaby, 88
Taxes on pesticides, 378-379, 392,
433-434, 447
Taylor, Charles E., 157-169
Temephos, 82-83, 161, 166
Tetrachlorvinphos, 284
Tetranychus spp. (spider mites), 77,
266-267, 286, 336, 417, 418. See
also Acarina
Tetranychus urticae, 258, 264, 265
Texas, 417-418.
Thiocarbamates, 63, 328
Thiophanate, 20
INDEX
32 kD protein, 66
Thylakoids, 59, 60
Ticks. See Acarina
Tobacco, 134, 135
Tobacco blue mold, 318
Tobacco budworm, 82, 407, 414
Tolerance, 55n, 348
Toxaphene, 82
Trade secrets, 443
Training programs. See Education and
training
Transition-state theory, 118-119
Triazine resistance, 319, 320, 329
cross-resistance, 62-64
incidence, 12, 20, 54-56
mechanisms, 59-61, 65-68
monitoring programs, 308-309
population genetics model, 56-59
Triazinones, 62, 290
Triazole, 245, 249-251, 254-255, 308
Tribolium casteneum, 77, 264
Trichlorphon, 162
Trichoderma spp., 324
Tridiphane, 61, 322
Trifluralin, 20, 54, 62, 64
Tubulins, 352
Turkey, 21, 27
2-aminopyrimidine fungicides, 103
2,4-D herbicide, 20, 49, 328
U
United Fruit Company, 303
United Kingdom, 12, 24, 286, 308,
309, 390
fungicide resistance, 245, 249-251,
253-255
rodenticide resistance, 88-89, 237-
239, 242, 323, 355, 362-365
University research, 125-126, 152
153, 276, 309
Uracil herbicides, 63, 66
Urban Rat Control Program, PHS, 356,
357
Urea resistance, 20, 290
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INDEX
USDA. See Agriculture Department
User fees, 378-379, 433-434
Ustilago maydis, 105, 108
Uyenoyama, Marcy K., 207-221
V
Vacor rodenticide, 359
Vengeance rodenticide, 365
Venturia inaequalis (apple scab fungus),
103, 317, 416, 418
Via, Sara, 222-235
Vietnam, 12, 26
Viruses, 100, 119
Vitamin D, 320, 365
Vitamin D3, 323
Vitamin K, 87, 89-92, 239, 322, 363
Vitamin K hydroquinone, 89-90, 92
Vitamin Kit, 89-92
Vitamin Kit 2,3-epoxide, 90-91, 363
Vitamin K2, 91
Vitamin K3, 89, 91, 92
Volterra principle, 145, 147, 184-186,
201-202
W
Wales, 88-89, 238, 362
Warfarin resistance, 87-99
biochemical mechanism, 48, 89-93,
363
biotechnology applications, 139- 140
British experience, 362, 363
471
Chicago experience, 357, 359-360
cross-resistance, 239-240, 364
definition, 355-356
genetic mechanism, 88-89, 93, 236
incidence, 17, 48, 88-89, 236, 355-
357, 363-364
warfarin/vitamin D mixture, 320
See also Anticoagulants; Rodenticide
resistance
Weddle, Patrick, 410-421
Weeds, 275. See also Herbicide
resistance
Wheat, 56-59, 62
White flies, 21
Wolfe, M. S., 245-256
World Bank, 384
World Health Organization (WHO),
273, 276, 286-287, 292, 301,
307, 355, 378, 383, 385
X
Xanthomonas campestris pv.
vesicatoria, 47-48, 102
X-ray crystallography, 118, 133
y
Yeast, 102, 134, 135
z
Zinc phosphide, 238, 359, 362, 365,
366
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
genetic mechanisms
