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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1986. Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/620.
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Page 105
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1986. Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/620.
×
Page 106
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1986. Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/620.
×
Page 107
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1986. Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/620.
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Page 108

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Index A Acid rain, 36, 37 Afnca, 20-21, 23, 25-32, 34, 38-39, 50, 54-56, 88-89 Agriculture, 19-31 amount of land under cultivation, 20 and deforestation, 32 diminishing returns to labor, 19-28 economies of scale in, 50-52 infrastructural investment in, 50-51 intensification of, 21, 22-28 land tenure and, 27, 29-30 political climate and, 24, 25, 26 productivity, 19-31, 52, 68, 87 property rights and, 30 proportion of labor force in, 20 research in, 26-28 technology and, 50-51 trade and, 24 See also Resources, renewable Air quality, 35, 37 Altruism, parental, 81-82 Asia, 21-22, 26-27, 29-32, 38, 50, 53-57, 61, 64, 88-89 B Bangladesh, 21-22, 64, 88 Birth rates by region, 3 C Calorie consumption, per capita by region, 5 Capital human, 2, 6, 53-61 physical, 2, 6, 40~6 Capital dilution, 4041, 42 Capital formation and investment capital deepening, 41 capital widening, 41 Capital/output ratio, 41 Carbon dioxide, 36, 37, 39 Child mortality, 55-56, 57 Childbearing. See Fertility decisions Climatic changes, 38 Common-property revenues. See Resources, common-property 105

106 Death rates by region, 3 Deforestation, 31-33 and erosion, 32 fuelwood, 32 and land tenure, 32 Demographic equilibrium, 8 Demographic variables, by region, 3 Desertification, 39 Developing countries. See specific topics Diminishing returns, 18 in agriculture, 19-28, 64 E Economic development. See specific topics Economic indicators by region, 5 Economies of scale, 48-52 in agriculture, 50-52 government policies and, 49 in households, 56 in manufacturing, 4849 urbanization and, 69 Education and economic performance, 53-54 effect on income, 59 family size and, 55-57 government spending for, 58-60 population growth and, 57-60, 86-87, 89 public subsidy of, 80 rates of return for, 54, 59, 80 by region, 5 "sibiling chains of assistance," 56 Environment, concerns of developing countries, 37-39 Erosion, 28, 29, 37 costs of, 38 Eutrophication, 36 INDEX Family intrafamily externalities, 81-82 microeconomics of, 4 and population growth, 4 welfare, 91-92 Family planning, 57, 91-93 external benefits of, 82 government policy and, 82, 92 human rights and, 92 income and, 57 See also Fertility decisions Family size, 55-57 child mortality and, 55-56 and expenditures on health and food, 56 and grades in school, 55 spacing patterns and, 56 See also Fertility decisions Famine, 55 Fertility decline in, consequences, 6-10 and government policy, 7, 57, 58 World Fertility Survey, 55 Fertility decisions, 78-84 and distribution of income, 80-81 and education costs, 80 and environmental resources, 79 equity issues and, 83, 92 externalities, 78-84 and goods and services infrastructure, 79-80 government policy and, 82 incentives versus fixed limits, 82-83 social costs and benefits of, 78-79 and "tastes" for children, 83 See also Family planning; Family size Fertility rates by region, 3 Fisheries, 33 Fluorocarbon buildup in atmosphere, 36, 37 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 23, 24

INDEX Forests, 31-33 Fossil fuels, 11, 15, 35, 37 G Global 2000 Report to the President, 4, 24 Government policy and agricultural productivity, 20, 51 and economies of scale, 49 and family planning, 82, 92-93 and fertility, 7, 57, 58 and fertility decisions, 82 and health programs, 61 and technological innovation, 49 Greenhouse effect, 35, 39 H Health and economic growth, 54-55 effect of population growth on expenditures for, 60-61 effect of urbanization on health care, 66 and family size, 55-57 population growth and, 86 Housing, 74, 75-76 Income distribution of, 62-65, 88 effect of population growth on, 4, 62-63, 87 inequality of, 62-65 per capita, 4, 7, 4041, 42, 47, 54, 62, 66, 68, 87 Inequality of income, 62-63, 81 sexual, 65 Infant mortality. See Child mortality Intergenerational cooperation, 81 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IL\SA), 23, 24 Instigation, 19, 20, 50 107 L Labor diminishing returns to, in agriculture, 19-28 proportion in agriculture, 20 proportion in industry, 70-71 proportion in services, 71 Labor markets, 71-73 discrimination in, 72 effect of trade policy on, 74 modern versus informal, 71, 72 and population growth, 71-73 segmentation of, 72 supply and demand in, 71, 73 See also Markets Land. See Agriculture Latin America, 20, 25, 29, 31, 33, 59, 60, 61, 64 Life expectancy, 1, 54-55 in developing countries, 1 by region, 3 Literacy by region, 5 Localization economies, 48 M Manufacturing economies of scale in, 48-49 markets and technology, 49 Markets, 11, 88 and agricultural productivity, 25, 29, 31 and exhaustible resources, 1 1-14 and manufacturing, 49 See also Labor markets Middle East, 24 Migration to cities, 67 and population growth, 7 rural-urban, 68, 69-70, 73, 87 Minerals, 11, 15 o Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 91

108 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 13 Overgrazing, 38-39 p Parental altruism, 81-82 Physicians, persons per, by region, 5 Pollution, 36 Population data, 3, 5 Population externalities, 78-84 Population growth. see specific topics Population growth models, 4 Population growth rates by region, 3 Population projections for developing countries, 10 Property rights, 30, 78, 88 R Resources agricultural, 28-31 common-properbr, 35-39, 79-80 environmental, 35-39, 79 exhaustible, 4, 11-17, 85-86 and market mechanisms, 11 monopoly of, 13 renewable, 18-34, 86 scarcity of, 4, 16 supply and demand, 11-12 S Savings, 43-46 effect of urbanization on, 69 individual and household versus government and corporate, 44 Schooling. see Education Soil conservation, 29-31 Species loss, 38 INDEX T Technological innovation, 47-52 U Unemployment and underemployment, 72 Unionization, 72 United Nations data, 1, 3, 10, 21, 23, 31, 67, 68 Urbanization, 66-77 of developing cot ies, 66-67 distinguished from city growth, 67-69 and economic growth, 69-71 effect on education, 66 effect on health care, 66 effect on per capita income, 66 historical perspective, 67 and housing, 74, 75-76 industrialization and, 66, 70-73 and migration, 68, 69-70, 73 and per capita income, 68, 7~75 population growth and, 67-69, 87 public service infrastructure and, 66, 69 and public services, 74-76 simulation studies of, 68 social costs of, 67 and transportation, 75 W Wages, 4041, 80-81, 87 Water, 35, 37, 38 World Fertility Survey, 55, 92

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This book addresses nine relevant questions: Will population growth reduce the growth rate of per capita income because it reduces the per capita availability of exhaustible resources? How about for renewable resources? Will population growth aggravate degradation of the natural environment? Does more rapid growth reduce worker output and consumption? Do rapid growth and greater density lead to productivity gains through scale economies and thereby raise per capita income? Will rapid population growth reduce per capita levels of education and health? Will it increase inequality of income distribution? Is it an important source of labor problems and city population absorption? And, finally, do the economic effects of population growth justify government programs to reduce fertility that go beyond the provision of family planning services?

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