National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants

Subcommittee on Rocket-Emission Toxicants

Committee on Toxicology

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Commission on Life Sciences

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1998

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

This project was supported by Contract No. DAMD 17-89-C-9086 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 98-86245

International Standard Book Number 0-309-06144-X

Additional copies of this report are available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Ave., NW Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu

Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

SUBCOMMITTEE ON ROCKET-EMISSION TOXICANTS

DONALD E. GARDNER (Chair),

Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, N.C.

CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,

University of South Carolina School of Public Health, Columbia, S.C.

DAVID W. GAYLOR,

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark.

THOMAS E. MCKONE,

University of California School of Public Health and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, Calif.

JOHN L. O'DONOGHUE,

Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y.

HANSPETER R. WITSCHI,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

GAROLD S. YOST,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Staff

KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director for the Committee on Toxicology

CAROL A. MACZKA, Study Director

MARGARET E. McVEY, Staff Officer

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor

CATHERINE M. KUBIK, Senior Program Assistant

LINDA V. LEONARD, Senior Project Assistant

LUCY V. FUSCO, Project Assistant

Sponsor

U.S. Department of Defense

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

ROGENE F. HENDERSON (Chair),

Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.Mex.

DONALD E. GARDNER (Vice-Chair),

Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, N.C.

GERMAINE M. BUCK,

State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.

GARY P. CARLSON,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.

JACK H. DEAN,

Sanofi Winthrop, Inc., Malvern, Pa.

KEVIN E. DRISCOLL,

The Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio

ELAINE M. FAUSTMAN,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,

University of South Carolina School of Public Health, Columbia, S.C.

DAVID W. GAYLOR,

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark.

JUDITH A. GRAHAM,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C.

IAN A. GREAVES,

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.

SIDNEY GREEN,

Corning Hazelton, Inc., Vienna, Va.

WILLIAM E. HALPERIN,

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Atlanta, Ga.

DANIEL KREWSKI,

Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.

THOMAS E. McKONE,

University of California School of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif.

MICHELE A. MEDINSKY,

Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, N.C.

JOHN L. O'DONOGHUE,

Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y.

ROBERT SNYDER,

Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, N.J.

BERNARD M. WAGNER,

Wagner Associates, Inc., Millburn, N.J.

ANNETTA P. WATSON,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

HANSPETER R. WITSCHI,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

GAROLD S. YOST,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Staff

KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director for the Committee on Toxicology

SUSAN N.J. PANG, Research Associate

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Publications Manager

KATHRINE IVERSON, Manager of the Toxicology Information Center

CATHERINE M. KUBIK, Senior Program Assistant

LINDA V. LEONARD, Senior Project Assistant

LUCY V. FUSCO, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

GORDON ORIANS (Chair),

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

DONALD MATTISON (Vice-Chair),

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.

MAY R. BERENBAUM,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.

EULA BINGHAM,

University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

PAUL BUSCH,

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., White Plains, N.Y.

GEORGE P. DASTON,

The Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio

PETER L. DEFUR,

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va.

DAVID L. EATON,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

ROBERT A. FROSCH,

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

MARK HARWELL,

University of Miami, Miami, Fla.

BARBARA HULKA,

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C.

DANIEL KREWSKI,

Health Canada and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.

RAYMOND C. LOEHR,

The University of Texas, Austin, Tex.

JAMES A. MACMAHON,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah

MARIO J. MOLINA,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

WARREN MUIR,

Hampshire Research Institute, Alexandria, Va.

GEOFFREY PLACE,

Hilton Head, S.C.

MARGARET STRAND,

Bayh, Connaughton and Malone, Washington, D.C.

BAILUS WALKER, JR.,

Howard University, Washington, D.C.

DIANA WALL,

Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colo.

GERALD N. WOGAN,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

TERRY F. YOSIE,

Ruder Finn Inc., Washington, D.C.

Senior Staff

JAMES J. REISA, Director

DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director, Program Director for Applied Ecology

CAROL A. MACZKA, Program Director for Toxicology and Risk Assessment

LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director for Resource Management

RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering

KULBIR BAKSHI, Program Director for the Committee on Toxicology

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES

THOMAS D. POLLARD (Chair),

The Salk Institute, La Jolla, Calif.

FREDERICK R. ANDERSON,

Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.

JOHN C. BAILAR III,

University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.

PAUL BERG,

Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.

JOANNA BURGER,

Rutgers University, Piscataway, N.J.

SHARON L. DUNWOODY,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.

JOHN L. EMMERSON,

Portland, Oreg.

NEAL L. FIRST,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.

URSULA W. GOODENOUGH,

Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.

HENRY W. HEIKKINEN,

University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colo.

HANS J. KENDE,

Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.

CYNTHIA K. KENYON,

University of California, San Francisco, Calif.

DAVID M. LIVINGSTON,

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass.

THOMAS E. LOVEJOY,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

DONALD R. MATTISON,

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.

JOSEPH E. MURRAY,

Wellesley Hills, Mass.

EDWARD E. PENHOET,

Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, Calif.

MALCOLM C. PIKE,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.

JONATHAN M. SAMET,

The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

CHARLES F. STEVENS,

The Salk Institute, La Jolla, Calif.

JOHN L. VANDEBERG,

Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Tex.

PAUL GILMAN, Executive Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: I. Immediate Priorities and a Long-Range Research Portfolio (1998)

The National Research Council's Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years, 1947-1997 (1998)

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet: A Comparison of Naturally Occurring Synthetic and Natural Substances (1996)

Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)

Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)

Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)

Biologic Markers (Urinary Toxicology (1995), Immunotoxicology (1992), Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992), Pulmonary Toxicology (1989), Reproductive Toxicology (1989))

Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (three reports, 1994-1995)

Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)

Ranking Hazardous Sites for Remedial Action (1994)

Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)

Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)

Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)

Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)

Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology (1992)

Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)

Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)

Science and the National Parks (1992)

Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993)

Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)

Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)

Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)

Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)

Tracking Toxic Substances at Industrial Facilities (1990)

Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press

(800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents (1997)

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants, Volume 1 (1997)

Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Dispersion Tests (1997)

Toxicity of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons: HFC-134a and HCFC-123 (1996)

Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (1994), Volume 2 (1996), and Volume 3 (1996)

Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water (1995)

Guidelines for Chemical Warfare Agents in Military Field Drinking Water (1995)

Review of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute's Toxicology Program (1994)

Health Effects of Permethrin-lmpregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms (1994)

Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (1993)

Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances (1993)

Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants (1992)

Review of the U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Toxicology Division (1991)

Permissible Exposure Levels and Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants (1991)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
c

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

PREFACE

THE U.S. Air Force is developing a computer model, called the Launch Area Toxic Risk Analysis (LATRA) model, to assist commanders at Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg Air Force Base in determining when it is safe to launch rocket vehicles. LATRA estimates the incidence and types of adverse health effects that might occur in military and civilian populations exposed to the ground cloud created by rocket exhaust during a normal launch or during a catastrophic abort of a rocket that is destroyed near the ground.

This report is intended to assist the Air Force in further development of the LATRA model to ensure that the toxicity criteria used to predict health effects are scientifically valid and protective of military and civilian populations. In this report, the Subcommittee on Rocket-Emission Toxicants of the National Research Council's Committee on Toxicology evaluates the toxicity data for three rocket-emission toxicants: hydrogen chloride (HCl), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitric acid (HNO3). The subcommittee also evaluates the exposure-response functions in the LATRA model; the functions translate exposure estimates into probabilities of health effects in populations near a launch site.

The subcommittee wishes to thank Col. Gene Killan and Mr. Tim Clapp of Peterson Air Force Base for their support of this project, and Mr. John P. Hinz and Dr. David R. Mattie of the Armstrong Laboratory at Brooks Air Force Base, Dr. Lloyd L. Philipson of ACTA Incorporated, Dr. Jeffrey I. Daniels of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Dr. Darryl Dargitz of Vandenberg Air Force Base for providing the subcommittee with information on the development and structure of the LATRA model.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. The subcommittee wishes to thank the following individuals, who are neither officials nor employees of the NRC, for their participation in the review of this report: Robert T. Drew of Hague, Va.; Yves Alarie of the University of Pittsburgh; Richard B. Schlesinger of New York University Medical Center; Matthew S. Bogdanffy of E.I. du Pont de Nemours; Sati Mazumdar of the University of Pittsburgh; and Calvin Campbell Willhite of the California Environmental Protection Agency. These reviewers have provided many constructive comments and suggestions; it must be emphasized, however, that the authoring subcommittee and the NRC are responsible for the final content of this report.

We are also grateful for the assistance of the NRC staff in the preparation of this report. In particular, the subcommittee wishes to acknowledge Carol A. Maczka, director of the Toxicology and Risk Assessment Program of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Kulbir S. Bakshi, program director for the Committee on Toxicology; and Margaret E. McVey, staff officer for the subcommittee. Other staff members who contributed to this effort are Ruth E. Crossgrove, editor; Linda V. Leonard, senior program assistant; and Lucy Fusco, project assistant.

Finally, we would like to thank the members of the subcommittee for their valuable expertise and dedicated efforts throughout the preparation of this report.

Donald E. Gardner, Ph.D.

Chair, Subcommittee on Rocket Emission Toxicants

Rogene F. Henderson, Ph.D.

Chair, Committee on Toxicology

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

ABBREVIATIONS


ACGIH

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

AFB

Air Force Base ATS American Thoracic Society


BAL;

bronchoalveolar lavage


CEL

continuous exposure limit, now called CEGL (see below)

CEGL

continuous exposure guidance level (NRC guideline)

COT

Committee on Toxicolo gy

CT

product of exposure concentration and time


DOD

U.S. Department of Defense

DHHS

Department of Human Health Services


EEC

estimated exposure concentration

EEGL

emergency exposure guidance level (NRC guideline)

EEL

emergency exposure limit, now called EEGL (see above)

ERF

exposure-response function

EPA

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

ERPG

Emergency Response Planning Guideline


FDA

U.S. Food and Drug Administration


GSD

geometric standard deviation


HCl

hydrogen chloride

HNO3

nitric acid


ICBM

intercontinental ballistic missile

IDLH

immediately dangerous to life and health


LATRA

Launch Area Toxic Risk Analysis

LC50

lethal concentration for 50% of the test animals

LCT50

concentration multiplied by exposure time that is lethal to 50% of the test animals

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

LD50

lethal dose for 50% of the test animals

LOAEL

lowest-observed-adverse-effect level

LOC

level of concern (EPA guideline)


N2O4

nitrogen tetroxide

NAS

National Academy of Sciences

NHIS

National Health Interview Survey

NIOSH

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

NO2

nitrogen dioxide

NOAEL

no-observed-adverse-effect level

NOEL

no-observed-effect level

NRC

National Research Council


OEL

occupational exposure limit

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration


PEL

permissible exposure level (OSHA standard)

PM-10

particulate matter less than 10 µm in diameter

PMN

polymorphonuclear neutrophils


RD50

concentration (or dose) that produces a 50% decrease in respiratory rate

REEDM

Rocket Exhaust Effluent Diffusion Model

REL

recommended exposure limit (NIOSH recommendation)

REWG

Rocket Emissions Working Group

RTV

reference toxicity value


SPEGL

short-term public emergency guidance level (NRC guideline)

STEL

short-term exposure limit (NRC guideline)

STPL

short-term public limit (NRC guideline)


TLV

threshold limit value (ACGIH guideline)

TWA

time-weighted average

VAFB

Vandenberg Air Force Base

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×

Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicant

Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R14
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R15
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R16
Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R17
Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6205.
×
Page R18
Next: Executive Summary »
Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $50.00 Buy Ebook | $39.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The U.S. Air Force is developing a model to assist commanders in determining when it is safe to launch rocket vehicles. The model estimates the possible number and types of adverse health effects for people who might be exposed to the ground cloud created by rocket exhaust during a normal launch or during an aborted launch that results in a rocket being destroyed near the ground.

Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emmission Toxicants evaluates the model and the data used for three rocket emission toxicants: hydrogen chloride, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!