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APPENDIX
Input Sulfate Fluxes to Lakes
from Wet-Only Deposition and
Output Sulfate Fluxes from Lakes:
Data Sources and Methods
Input sulfate fluxes to lakes from wet-only deposition
(grams per square meter per year) were calculated as the
product of sulfate concentration in wet deposition (grams
per cubic meter) and the annual amount of wet deposition
(meters per year). Sulfate concentration data from the
Canadian Network for Sampling Precipitation (CANSAP) and
the Air and Precipitation Network (APN) were provided
through the courtesy of the Atmospheric Environment
Service, Canada. Sulfate concentration data from the
National Acid Deposition Program (NADP) monitoring
network in the United States were provided through the
courtesy of the Illinois State Water Survey. In total,
we examined data from 3 APN stations, 16 CANSAP stations,
and 17 NADP stations for the period 1980-1982. The annual
average amount of wet deposition at these stations over
the same time period was determined with standard meteoro-
logical rain gauges. The flux data are summarized in
Table B.1. These data were plotted and contoured, and
values of sulfate flux from wet-only deposition at each
lake were determined from interpolation of the contour
plot.
Output sulfate fluxes from lakes (grams per square
meter per year) were determined as the product of the
concentration of sulfate in lake water (grams per cubic
meter) and the net annual average amount of wet
deposition (precipitation minus evaporation; meters per
year). The following summarizes the sources of data for
sulfate concentrations in lakes. (Sample sizes are in
parentheses.)
(1) New England: Haines et al. 1983. States
surveyed were Massachusetts (34), Connecticut (23), Rhode
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TABLE B. 1 Average Fluxes of Sulfate in Wet-Only Deposition for the Period
1980 to 1982 in Northeastern North America
Location Station Flux (gm-2yr-~)
Canada
APN:
Bale D'Espoir 47°59' ,55°48' 1.48
Kejimkujik 44°26' ,65°12' 3.37
Montmorency 47°19' ,71°09' 2.52
CANSAP:
Acadia FES 46°00',66°22' 2.61
Charlo 48°00' ,66°20' 2.85
Chibougamau 49°49',74°25' 1.75
Fort Chimo 58°06',68°25' 0.62
Gander 48°57',54°34' 1.90
Goose 53°19',60°25' 0.94
Kejimkujik 44°26',65°02' 4.00
Maniwaki 46°23',75°58' 2.97
Nitchequon 53°12',70°54' 3.95
Quebec City 46°48',71°24' 5.19
Sable Island 43°56',60°01' 7.99
Saint John 45°19',65°53' 3.49
Sept Isles 50°13',66°15' 2.06
Shelburne 43°43',65°15' 2.87
St. Hubert 45°31',73°25' 4.32
Stephensville 48°32',58°33' 2.50
Truro 45°22',63°16' 2.96
United States Of America
NADP:
MAGI 41°58'23",70°01'12" 2.13 (3.01)a
MA08 42°21 '49",72°23 '27" 3.22 ( 1 . 89)
MA13 42°23'02",71°12'53" 2.16 (3.01)
MEOO 42°52'08",68°00'55" 1.61 (1.55)
ME02 44°06'27",70°43'44" 1.80 (1.62)
ME09 45°29'23",69°39'52" 1.20 (1.29)
ME99 44°24'30",68°14'42" 2.42 (2.40)
NH02 46°56'35",71°42'12" 2.28 (2.37)
NY08 42°44'02",76°39'35" 2.70 (2.83)
NY10 42°17'58",79°23'47" 4.45 (3.28)
NY20 43°58'19",74°13'25" 3.52 (3.28)
NY51 41°21'00",74°02'22" 2.35 (2.05)
NY52 43°31 '34",75°56'59" 4.34 (3. 13)
NY65 .42°06'22",77°32'08" 2.32 (1.65)
VT01 42°52'34",73°09'48" 2.28 (2.37)
aFlux calculated using the volume of sample and collector diameter given in parentheses.
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Island (8), Vermont and New Hampshire (43), and Maine
(33); there were many duplicate analyses.
(2) Adirondack Mountains, New York: Charles 1983.
Averages of lake profile data were used. Sample size, 51.
(3) Vermont: Vermont Department of Water Resources
and Environmental Engineering 1983; averages over 3 years
of monthly sampling. Sample size, 49.
(4) Eastern Canada: Clair et al. 1982; including
Labrador (105), Newfoundland (94), and Quebec. These
were typically for one sample only and included some
rivers.
-(5) Quebec: Bobee et al. 1983; analyzed mostly
headwater lakes in Quebec; the analysis consists of one
sample. Sample size including lakes of Quebec sampled in
survey (4) was 186.
A value for the sulfate output flux at each lake was
estimated in the following way:
1. Average precipitation amounts for 1980-1982 for
Canada (contoured, supplied by Atmospheric Environment
Service) and discrete U.S. Weather Bureau data for the
United States were combined into one contour map from
which the average annual amount of precipitation was
estimated for each lake.
2. Average annual evaporation data were contoured and
estimates of evaporation were made for each lake.
Canadian data consisted of actual measurements of
evaporation on lakes at 15 different locations in eastern
Canada. Evaporation estimates for the northeastern
United States were calculated for nonwinter averages of
Weather Bureau evaporation pan data at 14 locations. The
evaporation pan data were multiplied by a factor of 0.77
to account for the difference between pan evaporation and
lake surface evaporation (Kohler et al. 1955).
3. The net annual wet deposition was determined as
the wet deposition amount minus evaporation for each lake.
4. The sulfate output flux at each lake was
determined as the product of the sulfate concentration of
the lake water and the net annual wet deposition.
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REFERENCES
Bobee, B., M. Lachance, J. Haermmerli, A. Tessier, J.
Charette, and J. Kramer. 1983. Evaluation de la
sensibilite a l 'acidification des lacs du sud du
Quebec et incidences sur le reseau d'acquisition de
donnees. Scientific Report No. 157. Ste-Foy, Quebec:
University of Quebec.
Charles, D. 1983. Studies of Adirondack Mountain (New
York) lakes: limnological characteristics and sediment
diatom-water chemistry relationships. Ph.D.
dissertation, Indiana University. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
University Microfilms.
Clair, T. A., D. R. Engstrom, W. Whitman. 1982. Data
report--water quality of surface waters of New-
foundland and Labrador. Environment Canada,
Burlington, Ontario. Report No. IWD-AR-WQB-82-32, 55
PP ~
Haines, T. A., J. J. Akielagzek, and P. J. Rago. 1983. A
regional survey of chemistry of headwater lakes and
streams in New England: vulnerability to
acidification. Air Pollution and Acid Rain Series.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report.
Kohler, M. A., T. J. Nordenson, and W. E. Fox. 1955.
Evaporation from pans and lakes. Research paper 38.
U.S. Weather Bureau, Department of Commerce.
Vermont Department of Water Resources and Environmental
Engineering. 1983. Vermont acid precipitation
program--long-term lake monitoring. Montpelier,
Vermont.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
sulfate concentration
