subject is engaging differentially a single, identified cognitive process. It should be noted that “a more sensitive behavioral test” cannot solve this problem because it is always possible that the subject engages unnecessary cognitive processes that either have no overt, measurable effects or are perfectly confounded with the process of interest. As a result, observed neural activity may be the result of some confounding neural computation that is not itself necessary for the execution of the cognitive process ostensibly under study. An equivalent formulation of these statements is to note that, essentially, neuroimaging is an observational, correlative method (72).

When combined, however, a stronger level of inference results from lesion and neuroimaging studies. One type of combination might be that (i) lesions to a cortical area impair a given cognitive process and that (ii) the cognitive process, when engaged by intact subjects, evokes neural activity in the same cortical area. The inference that the neuroanatomical area is computationally necessary for the cognitive process is now rendered less vulnerable to the faults detailed above for each method in isolation although it is still possible to conceive of failures. As a result, neuroimaging and lesion studies are complementary, in that each provides inferential support that the other lacks.

This work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Health (NS01762 and AG13483) and the McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience.

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Front Matter (R1-R6)

Contents (R7-R8)

The neuroimaging of human brain function (1-2)

Behind the scenes of functional brain imaging: A historical and physiological perspective (3-10)

Event-related functional MRI: Past, present, and future (11-18)

Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention (19-25)

Functional and structural mapping of human cerebral cortex: Solutions are in the surfaces (26-33)

Imaging neuroscience: Principles or maps? (34-40)

Spatially independent activity patterns in functional MRI data during the Stroop color-naming task (41-48)

Functional analysis of primary visual cortex (V1) in humans (49-55)

The representation of the ipsilateral visual field in human cerebral cortex (56-62)

On the role of selective attention in visual perception (63-68)

Frontoparietal cortical networks for directing attention and the eye to visual locations: Identical, independent, or overlapping neural systems? (69-76)

Neural components of topographical representation (77-84)

The neural development and organization of letter recognition: Evidence from functional neuroimaging, computational modeling, and behavioral studies (85-90)

The effects of practice on the functional anatomy of task performance (91-98)

The acquisition of skilled motor performance: Fast and slow experience-driven changes in primary motor cortex (99-106)

Rapidly induced auditory plasticity: The ventriloquism aftereffect (107-113)

Components of verbal working memory: Evidence from neuroimaging (114-120)

A neural system for human visual working memory (121-128)

Functional neuroimaging studies of encoding, priming, and explicit memory retrieval (129-136)

Anatomy of word and sentence meaning (137-143)

The role of left prefrontal corex in language and memory (144-151)

Neuroimaging studies of word reading (152-159)

Cerebral organization for langague in deaf and hearing subjects: Biological constraints and effects of experience (160-167)