National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 10 Fertility and Education: What Do We Now Know?
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

Index

A

Abortion. 71, 72, 85, 221, 222, 223

Academic achievement, 15, 70, 241

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81, 82, 86-89 (passim), 91, 93, 96, 99

defined, 86

reproductive history, 67

school quality, 81, 82, 117, 119

socioeconomic factors, 67

South Africa, 139, 156, 157

see also Educational attainment;

Literacy;

Mathematics achievement/numeracy

Adolescents, 15, 70-71, 156, 186, 191

academic achievement, 81, 82, 86-89 (passim), 91, 93, 96, 99

cognitive factors, 81, 82, 86, 99

contraception, 84, 92

cultural factors, 81, 91, 97-98

family factors, 182, 183, 186

gender factors, 80-81, 84-85, 86, 87-99

Kenya, 82, 84, 87-88, 90, 92, 95, 99

knowledge factors, 84, 90, 91-92, 96, 97, 98

teen pregnancy, 81, 85, 209-210, 221-222, 233, 295

dropouts, 10, 83, 85, 105, 130, 185

transition to adulthood. 80-104

defined, 81

see also Secondary education

Africa, 2, 5, 9, 12, 37, 181, 184

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81-82, 85, 87

family planning programs, 32-33, 36

spousal factors, 14

unintended pregnancies. 223

see also Sub-Saharan Africa;

specific countries

Age factors

childbearing age. 83, 84, 121, 199, 209-210

dropouts, 68, 229

economic models,

school quality, 116

South Africa, 149, 152-153, 154-156, 160, 163. 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 191-192, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200

marriage, age at, 2, 5, 25, 84, 270

employment influences, 41

mass education, 31

post-secondary education, 30

primary education and, 28, 82-83

secondary education. 39, 83

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

unintended pregnancies, 220-221, 224, 226, 228-235, 238, 242

see also Adolescents

Agricultural populations, see Rural populations

Anthropological research, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57-75, 188, 209, 210, 268

Apprenticeships, 9, 50, 51, 53, 58

Asia, 4, 29, 32

South Asia, 17, 40-41, 44, 270-284

see also specific countries

Attitudes, 1, 37, 42, 130, 131

employment and, 1, 42, 111

female autonomy, 10. 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269

parental, toward education, 6, 11-13, 15, 29, 111, 112, 114, 115, 127-128, 185, 188, 210

school quality and motivation, 109, 111, 114

teachers, 15, 86, 94-97, 99

traditional forms of contraception, 10-11, 71

''wanted" vs unwanted births, 16, 224

see also Emotional factors;

Individualism

B

Bangladesh, 3, 4, 26, 34-36, 39-43 (passim)

Behavioral factors, 26, 181

see also Individual-level data;

Reproductive behavior;

Sexual behavior

Bias, see Measurement error

Birth control, see Abortion; Contraception; Family planning

Bolivia, 3

Botswana, 5, 9, 184, 185-187, 188, 197

family planning programs, 32-33, 142, 187

Brazil, 68-71, 75, 105, 127-128

Breastfeeding, 4, 35-36, 38, 267

Bureaucracy, 8, 9, 14, 25-26, 59, 115, 229, 299

systematic school gender policy, 17

Burundi, 3, 44

C

Caribbean region, 32, 223

see also specific countries

Chad, 184

Child mortality, see Infant mortality

China, 26, 33

Class size, 117

Cognitive factors, 4-6, 7-11, 15-16, 34-37, 40, 60, 139, 174, 181

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81, 82, 86, 99

autonomous process, education as, 49-50, 52, 66

economic models, 106-137, 139

ideational, 38-39

health care services use, 30-31, 56

personal autonomy, and, 26, 27

school quality and, economic models, 106-137

social context, 52, 53, 59, 60-75

see also Decision making;

Knowledge factors;

Literacy;

Problem solving

College education, see Post-secondary education

Community-level factors, see Local factors

Computers, 119, 298

Conjugal factors, see Marriage and marital status; Spousal factors

Consumption patterns, economic models, 42, 110, 112, 121, 123, 166 , 182, 191, 197, 205, 255-260

Contextual factors, see Cognitive factors; Employment factors; Political/ ideological factors; Social factors

Contraception, 57, 71-74, 157-158

abortion, 71, 72, 85, 221, 222(n.6), 223

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 84, 92

educational attainment and, 10-11, 28, 57

individual-level data, 25

mass media role, 71-74

modern forms, 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74, 267

primary education and, 28

school environment, 84, 92

traditional forms, 10-11, 71

postpartum abstinence, 4, 11, 55, 267

Costs and cost-effectiveness, 56, 186

child-rearing, 29-30, 36, 39, 41, 42, 55, 56, 58, 59, 166, 182, 251, 293, 295

utility maximization models, 110-113, 136-137, 183, 219, 255-260

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

family planning programs, 33, 217

interventions, 131

mass education, 12

opportunity costs, 14, 39, 41-43, 68, 84, 119(n.15), 210, 262

parental decisions and, 12, 13

school quality, factor in economic models of, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 119, 121-123, 126, 128-129

secondary education, 29-30, 42

unintended pregnancies, 218, 246, 262

Cross-country/cultural studies, 2

apprenticeships, 9

contraception, traditional forms, 10-11

decision-making skills and schooling, 36

infant mortality, 4(n.3)(n.3)

methodological drawbacks, 23-25, 66

schooling and rationality, 36

social aspects of education, 52

unintended pregnancies, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-265

Cultural factors, 6-7, 26-28, 37-38, 44-45, 181, 185, 271

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81, 91, 97-98

anthropological studies, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57-75, 188, 209, 210, 268

contraception, traditional forms, 10-11, 71

postpartum abstinence, 4, 11, 55, 267

educational attainment, general, 26, 28, 45, 181

education in context of, 6, 44-45, 53, 55, 57-58, 91-92, 97

gender roles, general, 91-93, 271-272

literacy and, 9, 71

knowledge in traditional cultures, 6, 49, 91-92, 97

marriage, 16-17, 185, 271-272

see also Cross-country/cultural studies;

Local factors;

Modernity/development;

Social factors

Curriculum, 15, 35, 61, 63, 83, 89-93 (passim), 106, 107, 124, 127

hidden vs overt, 41

learning vs teaching, 53-54

see also Textbooks

D

Death rates, see Infant mortality

Decision making, 26, 36, 53, 139, 184

female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269

marriage,

egalitarian marriages, 57-58

family factors, 16-17, 84, 274, 275, 277(n.14)

spousal choice, 106, 107, 124, 128, 268-285

utility maximization models, 110-113, 136-137, 183, 219, 255-260

see also Economic models;

Household studies;

Problem solving;

Reproductive goals;

Unwanted/ unintended pregnancies

Demographic and Health Surveys, 2-4, 14, 290, 299-300

Bangladesh, 34-37 (passim)

contraception, 11

literacy, 34-37

sub-Saharan Africa, 25, 32, 168, 185

unintended pregnancies, 216, 223-226, 234, 236-241, 256, 261, 263

Demographic factors, general, 7, 17, 30, 80, 172, 182, 184, 210, 216, 268, 275, 280, 278, 298-300

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 80-84, 98, 99

education, definition and measurement, 49-75 (passim)

policy factors, 132, 267, 295-296, 299-300

selection effects, 7, 12-13, 119, 139, 157, 200

South Africa, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 158-170, 172, 173-174, 189, 291

see also Age factors;

Educational attainment;

Family size;

Fertility transition;

Gender roles;

Household studies;

Marriage and marital status;

Race/ethnicity;

Rural populations;

Socioeconomic status;

Unwanted/ unintended pregnancies;

Urban populations

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

Demographic transition, 15, 55, 57, 138, 184, 216, 218, 247, 251, 293, 297

see also Fertility transition

DHS. see Demographic and Health Surveys

Diseases and disorders

reproductive morbidity, 9-10

see Infant mortality

Dominican Republic, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266

Dose-response theory, 3-4, 15, 16, 64-75

Dropouts, see School leavers

E

East Asia, mass education, 32

Economic factors, general, 14

country's level of development, 4(n.4), 25

family planning programs, 33

globalization, 38-39

see also Costs and cost-effectiveness;

Employment factors;

Socioeconomic status;

Wages and salaries

Economic models, 54-60

age factors in,

school quality, 116

South Africa, 149, 152-153, 154-156, 160, 163, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 191-192, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200

cognitive factors in, 106-137, 139

consumption patterns, 42, 110, 112, 121, 123, 166, 182, 191, 197, 205, 255-260

educational attainment, 106-117 (passim), 124, 128, 130, 136-137, 182-187

South Africa, 138-180 (passim), 187-212 (passim)

employment and, 109, 110, 113, 166-167, 183, 187-188

family factors. 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209

income, 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209

parental factors, 183, 110-115 (passim), 121, 183-184

school quality, 107, 108, 109, 115

family planning, 140, 142, 167, 173, 182, 185-187, 221

household surveys, use of, 16, 110, 120, 126, 138-180, 182-212

literacy, 106, 124, 128, 130

South Africa, 170-172, 177-181, 189, 191, 211

local factors, 181-187

school quality, 115, 121, 126, 130

South Africa, 16, 139, 142, 144, 145, 158, 160-163, 167-169, 172, 173, 174, 187-212 (passim)

opportunity costs, 14, 39, 41-43, 68, 84, 119(n.15), 210, 262

school quality, 105-132, 136-137

cost factors, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 119, 121-123, 126, 128 -129

educational attainment, 106-117 (passim), 124, 128, 130, 136-137

employment and, 109, 110, 113, 166-167, 183, 187-188

family factors, 107, 108, 109, 115

knowledge factors, 106, 124-125, 126, 128, 130, 131

local factors, 115, 121, 126, 130

measurement error, 106, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130

parents, 110-115 (passim), 121

reproductive goals, 121, 123-126, 127-130, 139

socioeconomic status, 106-110 (passim), 123

teachers, 117, 119

theory, 121-126

socioeconomic status, 106-110 (passim), 123, 139, 163-165, 168, 169 , 170, 172, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209

unintended/excess fertility, 217-221, 233-265

utility maximization models, 110-113, 136-137, 183, 219, 255-260

Education, general

culture, education in context of, 6, 44-45, 53, 55, 57-58, 91-92, 97

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

definitional issues, 49-79, 84-86

knowledge and, 50-55 (passim), 60, 61, 66, 72, 73

model of education, 14-15, 26, 31, 35, 44

see also Mass education;

Mass media;

Post-secondary education;

Primary education;

School quality;

Secondary education;

Teachers

Educational attainment, general, 1-3, 7, 15, 16, 28-31, 57, 268

community norms, 37-38, 44-45, 91

contraception, 10-11, 28, 57

cultural factors, 26, 28, 45, 181

defined, 2(n. ), 28, 57

economic models, 106-117 (passim), 124, 128, 130, 136-137, 182-187

South Africa, 138-180 (passim), 187-212 (passim)

employment, 39, 40-44 (passim), 109, 110, 113, 139, 184

South Africa, 157, 165, 166-167, 187-188, 197, 200, 205, 209

wages and, 157, 158

enrollment rates, 1, 32, 86, 89, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189-190, 211, 223, 229, 295

family factors, 13, 16, 29, 30, 42, 57, 68, 86, 126, 148, 174, 216 , 218, 234, 241, 275

gender differentials, 278-279, 281

school leavers, 181-212

school quality, 107, 108, 109, 115

see also "parents" infra

female autonomy and, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269

gender differentials, 17, 270

family factors, 278-279, 281

spousal, 26, 27, 30, 39, 44, 277-278

infant mortality, 3-4, 23, 27, 35-36, 55-56, 84

marriage and, 269-285

spousal choice, 106, 107, 124, 128

parents, 5, 109, 127-128, 189, 283

child mortality and, 3-4

South Africa, 144-148, 165, 173, 199

unintended pregnancies, 241-243, 250-251

research methodology, general, 75, 86, 99, 290, 293-294, 296, 302, 303

school quality, economic models, 106-117 (passim), 124, 128, 130, 136-137

South Africa, 139, 143-148, 157, 158, 167, 174, 187-212

South Asia, 266-285

spousal, 106, 124, 139, 159, 161-163, 165, 169, 173, 239, 269-285, 294

education differentials, 26, 27, 30, 39, 44, 277-278

reproductive goals and, 269, 273-276, 278-284

unintended pregnancies/births, 222, 226, 233, 234, 236-263 (passim)

post-secondary, 242-243, 250

primary, 227, 228, 241, 242-245, 250

secondary, 227, 228, 232, 240-245, 250, 265-266

wages and, 157, 158

see also Academic achievement;

Literacy;

Post-secondary education;

Primary education;

School leavers;

Secondary education

Egypt, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266

Emotional factors, 26, 81, 183

female autonomy, 10, 13, 26. 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269

unintended pregnancies, 222, 261-263

see also Attitudes

Employment factors, 10, 14, 16, 25, 27, 40-42, 43, 56, 165, 166

apprenticeships, 9, 50, 51, 53, 58

attitudes, 1, 42, 111

economic models, 109, 110, 113

educational attainment and, 39, 40-44 (passim), 109, 110, 113, 139, 184

South Africa, 157, 165, 166-167, 187-188, 197, 200, 205, 209

gender factors, 184

local factors, 166-167, 183, 187-188

marriage and, 31, 39, 159

post-secondary education, 30, 44

primary education, 40-41, 42

school quality, economic model of outcomes, 109, 110, 113

secondary education, 39, 41, 42, 44

see also Wages and salaries

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

Enrollment rates, 1, 32, 86, 89, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189-190, 211, 223, 229, 295

see also Mass education;

School leavers

Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity

Ethnography, see Anthropological research

F

Family factors, 40, 59-60, 64-66, 86, 293, 298, 303

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81, 84, 86, 87(n.3), 88, 158

economic models. 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209

income, 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209

parental factors, 110-115 (passim), 121, 183-184

school quality, 107, 108, 109, 115

educational attainment. 13, 16, 29, 30, 42, 57, 68, 86, 126, 148, 174, 216, 218, 234, 241, 275

gender differentials, 278-279, 281

school leavers, 181-212

school quality, 107, 108, 109, 115

family-life education, 5(n.5), 89, 90, 93, 94, 97, 124;

see also Family planning, formal programs

female autonomy, 13, 39

female teachers, 41

income, resources, and consumption, 139, 145, 165, 181-212 (passim), 218, 219, 275

economic models, 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209

language, 65-66

marriage choices, 16-17, 84, 182, 183, 186, 274, 275, 277(n.14)(n.14)

mass education, 31, 35, 37

rural areas, 58-60, 68, 75

South Africa, 139, 145, 148. 158, 159, 165, 166, 174, 181-212

South Asia, 274-284 (passim)

theory, behavioral, 182, 183, 186

traditional values, 55-57, 60, 65, 84

see also Fathers;

Household studies;

Parents and parental factors;

Spousal factors

Family planning

comprehension skills and, 14, 16

cost effectiveness, 33, 217

economic models, 140, 142, 167, 173, 182, 185-187, 221

egalitarian marriages, 58

female autonomy and, 40

fertility knowledge, 5, 124-125, 126, 128, 131, 240

formal programs, 26, 27, 31, 32-34, 35-36, 43, 129, 142, 187, 223, 234, 240, 265-266

individual welfare rationale, 217

school programs, 89-90, 93-94

South Africa, 140, 142, 167, 173

literacy and, 9

local factors, 35, 128, 142, 223

unintended pregnancies, family planning as factor in model, 216, 218, 223, 234, 240

see also Contraception;

Reproductive goals

Family size, 2, 6, 25, 36, 57, 188, 222

excess fertility, 13, 16, 36, 84, 216-265

defined, 217, 224, 235-236

mass education and, 13, 43

post-secondary education, 29

rural areas, 68

secondary education and, 29

South Africa, 161, 195, 198, 200

see also Reproductive goals

Fathers, 14, 186, 188, 209, 210

unintended pregnancies, reaction to, 222, 224, 238(n.19)

Fertility transition, 4, 5, 40, 55, 74, 275, 280, 297, 303

South Africa, 138, 142, 143, 173, 184

unwanted pregnancies/excess fertility, 249-251

Finland, 222

G

Gender roles, 3, 15, 39, 75, 91-93, 186, 191, 194

adolescent transition to adulthood, 80-81, 84-85, 86, 87-99

cultural factors, general, 91-93, 271-272

modernity, 92, 98

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

educational attainment differentials, 17, 270

family factors, 278-279, 281

spousal, 26, 27, 30, 39, 44, 277-278

employment, 184

female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269

female teachers as role models, 41, 90

knowledge factors, 96

reproductive goals, 279-281

rural areas, 68-69, 75

school policy/quality, 17, 83-84, 86, 87-99

son preference, 39

unintended pregnancies, 222, 224, 237-238, 239, 246-247

see Men;

Spousal factors

Geographic factors, see Local factors;

Rural populations;

Urban populations;

specific countries and world regions

Ghana, 9, 105, 128-129

Government role

abortion, illegal, 223

China, 26, 33

excessive fertility, 262

family planning programs, 26, 27, 32-34, 35-36, 43, 129, 142, 187, 223, 234, 240, 265-266

individual welfare rationale, 217

school programs, 89-90, 93-94

South Africa, 140, 142, 167, 173

mandatory education, 12;

see also Mass education

nature of/rationale for, 132, 183-185, 188, 209, 210, 216, 218, 293, 297

poor areas, funding, 87

schooling funding, 2, 32, 115, 126, 209

South Africa, 139-140, 142, 148, 151, 154, 157, 182, 209, 211, 291

see also Political/ideological factors

Guinea, 94

H

Health care services, 6, 59

abortion, 71, 72, 85, 221, 222(n.6), 223

cognitive factors, 30-31, 56

skills in use of, 30, 43

see also Family planning, formal programs

Health practices, 181

see also Contraception;

Family planning;

Reproductive behavior

Higher education, see Post-secondary education

Historical perspectives

Africa, 184

contraception, 71-74

individual-level data, 25

Latin America, 4

literacy, 7-8

mass education, 66-67

research trends, 1, 4, 6-7, 23, 55, 287-290, 298-300

South Africa, 140-143, 194

Hong Kong, 40

Household studies, 16, 41, 138-180, 183

economic models. 16, 110, 120, 126, 138-180, 182-212

South Africa, 130, 131, 138-180, 181, 187-212, 276

Human Sciences Research Council, 140

Husbands, see Spousal factors

I

Ideational influences, 38-39

Income, see Poverty;

Socioeconomic status:

Wages and salaries

India, 84, 126

mass education, 32

spousal factors, 14, 270-273, 277

unintended pregnancies, 222

Individualism

female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269

literacy and, 8

Individual-level data, 6, 10, 25, 30

cognitive benefits, economic model, 108, 109

contraception, 25

secondary education, 29

unintended pregnancies, 234

see also Behavioral factors;

Emotional factors

Indonesia, 3, 4, 29, 126

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

Infant mortality, 3-4, 23, 27, 35-36. 55-56, 84, 99

educational attainment and, 3-4, 23, 27, 35-36, 55-56, 84

South Africa, 190

unintended pregnancies, 222

International comparisons, see Cross-country/ cultural studies

International Conference on Population and Development, 2

J

Jordan, 3, 5

K

Kenya, 3, 32, 184, 185

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 82, 84, 87-88, 90, 92, 95,99

unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266

Knowledge factors, 5-6, 7, 9, 181, 262, 284, 301

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 84, 90, 91-92, 96, 97, 98

concepts of education, 50-55 (passim), 60, 61, 66, 72, 73

costs of childrearing, 30

cultural norms vs.6. 49, 91-92, 97

fertility knowledge, 5, 124-125, 126, 128, 131, 240

gender factors, 96

model of education, 14-15, 26, 31, 35, 44

school quality, economic models, 106, 124-125, 126. 128, 130, 131

teacher, 90

travel time to school, 241, 244

see also Literacy

Korea, 30

L

Language factors, 59-60, 64-66

familial involvement, 65-66

formal education and acquisition, 59-65

see also Literacy

Latin America, 3, 4

developed economies, 3

historical perspectives, 4

mass education, 32

secondary education, 28-29

see also specific countries

Legal issues

abortion, 223

mandatory education, 12;

see also Mass education

Liberia, 3, 33

Literacy, 1, 3, 7-9, 15-16, 34-35, 43, 55, 60, 71, 75, 187

cultural factors, 9, 71

economic models, factor in, 106, 124, 128, 130

South Africa, 170-172, 177-181, 189, 191, 211

social factors, 9, 59, 60-66

spousal factors, 270-271, 272, 277, 278, 279

Local factors, 8, 9, 13, 28, 51-52, 55, 65-67, 87, 105, 268(n.8), 293, 298, 301

economic models, 181-187

school quality, 115, 121, 126, 130

South Africa, 16, 139, 142, 144, 145, 158, 160-163, 167-169, 172, 173, 174, 187-212 (passim)

educational attainment and community norms, 37-38, 44-45, 91

employment, 166-167, 183, 187-188

family planning programs, 35, 128, 142, 223

mass education, 31-32

unintended pregnancies/excessive fertility, 223, 228, 234, 240, 241, 262

see also Family factors

M

Malawi, 94

Malaysia, 222-223

Mandatory education, see Mass education

Marriage and marital status, 14, 276, 283

age at, 2, 5, 25, 28, 30, 31, 39, 41, 82-84, 270

cultural factors, 185, 271-272

arranged marriages, 16-17

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

decision making,

egalitarian marriages, 57-58

family factors, 16-17, 84, 274, 275, 277(n.14)

spousal choice, 106, 107, 124, 128, 268-285

educational attainment, 269-285

spousal choice, 106, 107, 124, 128

employment factors, 31, 39, 159

engagement duration, 57

family factors, 16-17, 84, 182, 183, 186, 274, 275, 277(n.14)

husband's education, 17

marital egalitarianism, 57

school policies, 15

South Africa, 140, 170

timing of, 83, 268, 269

unintended pregnancies, 239

see also Fathers;

Spousal factors

Mass education, 1, 11-12, 25, 29, 31-32, 43, 55, 58, 182, 185, 188, 226-232

family factors, 182, 183, 186

local factors, 31-32

see also Literacy

Mass media, 25, 34-35, 37, 42, 55, 56, 71-74, 262, 282

contraception, 71-74

radio, 34, 35, 84, 117, 118, 161, 164(n.13)(n.13)

television, 34-35, 58, 161, 164(n.13)(n.13), 239, 282

videotapes, 36

Mathematics achievement/numeracy, 34, 52, 106, 128, 130, 132, 170, 291

Measurement error

income as proxy for household resources, 139, 145, 164-165, 172

school quality, economic models, 106, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130

selection effects, 7, 12-13, 119, 139, 157, 200

unintended pregnancies, 234, 247, 262

Medical care, see Health care services

Media, see Mass media

Men, 14, 28

economic assistance from, 14

high fertility demands of, 17

marriage, see Spousal factors

South Africa, 139

unintended pregnancies, reaction to, 222, 224

see also Fathers;

Spousal factors

Mentors, see Role models

Methodology, see Measurement error;

Models and modelling;

Theory

Mexico, 34, 57

Middle East, 5, 223

see also specific countries

Models and modelling, 27

computer, 298

literacy, 8

see also Economic models;

Theory

Modernity/development, 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 31, 37, 38, 50, 55, 57, 58 , 182, 183, 288-290

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81

contraception. 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74, 267

defined, 10

female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269

gender roles, other, 92, 98

marriage and fertility, 276, 283

see also Fertility transition

Morbidity and mortality, see Diseases and disorders;

Infant mortality

Morocco, 224

N

National Family Health Survey (India), 270, 272, 273, 277

Nepal, 34

Nigeria, 33, 88

Numeracy, see Mathematics achievement/ numeracy

P

Pakistan, 3, 43, 105

secondary education, 29

Parents and parental factors, 6, 59-60, 64-66, 187, 188

attitudes toward education. 6, 11-13, 15, 29, 111, 112, 114, 115, 127-128, 185, 188, 210

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

economic models, 183, 110-115 (passim), 121, 183-184

educational choices made for children, 11-14, 15

educational attainment of, 5, 109, 127-128, 189, 283

child mortality and, 3-4

South Africa, 144-148, 165, 173, 199

unintended pregnancies, 241-243, 250-251

egalitarian marriages, 57-58

mass education and, 11-12

rural areas, 58-60

school quality and economic outcomes, 110-115 (passim), 121

secondary education of children, 29

single parents, 188, 189, 198, 209, 210

unintended pregnancies, 241-243

see also Family factors;

Fathers;

Reproductive goals

Philippines, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266

Political/ideological factors, 14, 38-39, 40, 66-75, 185

gender differences in schooling, 87(n.3)

modernity/development, 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 31, 37, 38, 50, 55, 57, 58 , 182, 183, 288-290

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 81

contraception, 1, 2, 5, 10-11, 71-74

defined, 10

gender roles, 92, 98

marriage and fertility, 276, 283

parental connections, 115

research agenda1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 288-289, 290, 294-296, 302

South Africa, apartheid, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 189, 291

see also Bureaucracy;

Mass education

Post-secondary education, 14, 29-30, 44, 71, 188

employment and, 30, 44

family size and, 29

South Africa, 154, 200, 207

unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 242-243, 250

Poverty

low fertility rates and, 3

marriage and reproductive goals, 279-281

post-secondary education, 30

South Africa, 144, 187-191, 210

Primary education, 28, 33-35, 43, 60-71, 127

adolescents' transition to adulthood, 82

contraception and, 28

employment and, 40-41, 42

reproductive goals, 28, 26

South Africa, 151

unintended pregnancy/excessive fertility, 227, 228, 241, 244, 242-245, 250

see also Literacy;

Mass education

Problem solving, 15, 36, 52-53, 56, 66, 177-180

morbidity management, 9-10

socialized-actor theory, 6

unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 219, 255-257

Project for Living Standards Development (South Africa), 140-174 (passim)

Punishment, 87-88, 91

Q

Quality of schools, see School quality

R

Race/ethnicity, 75

South Africa, 138-174 (passim), 187, 189, 190-198, 204, 205, 207, 210

apartheid, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 189, 291

Radio, 34, 35, 84, 117, 118, 161, 164(n.13)(n.13)

Reading skills, see Literacy

Regional factors

Brazil, 68

cultural, general, 26, 44

South Africa, 170, 182-184, 187, 189-212 (passim)

see also Rural populations;

Urban populations;

specific world regions

Reproductive behavior, general. 3, 25-26

morbidity management, 9-10

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

replacement behavior, 4(n.3)(n.3)

school quality, factor in economic model of, 121

socialized actor, 6

spacing of births, 35, 221, 222, 236, 239, 247, 251, 256, 267

timing of births, 10, 11, 29, 81, 83, 224, 247, 256, 261, 293, 298

utility maximization model, 219, 255-260

see also Contraception;

Family planning;

Family size;

Sexual behavior

Reproductive goals, 4, 25, 54, 291

female autonomy and, 40, 269

mass education, 31

primary education and, 28, 26

school quality, factor in economic models of, 121, 123-126, 127-130, 139

spousal education/preferences and, 269, 273-276, 278-284

see also Unwanted/unintended pregnancies

Research methodology, 54, 140, 276, 288, 289, 290, 295-296, 298-303

anthropological, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57-75, 188, 209, 210, 268

cross-cultural studies, drawbacks, 23-25, 66

educational attainment, general, 75, 86, 99, 290, 293-294, 296, 302 , 303

endogeneity, 86, 115, 119, 124, 126, 157-159, 288, 290, 291, 293, 298, 299, 301, 302

excess fertility, 237, 240, 248

historical trends. 1, 4, 6-7, 23, 55, 287-290, 298-300

policy and, 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 288-289, 290, 294-296, 302

school quality assessment, 86, 88, 106, 110, 113-120, 126, 129, 130 -131

survey response coding/interpretation, 11

unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 233-237, 240

use of computers, 302

see Household studies;

Measurement error;

Models and modelling;

Theory

Role models, 9, 30, 38, 41, 44

see also Apprenticeships

Rural populations, 30, 32, 57, 58-60, 67-71, 115, 153, 156, 186, 191, 210

family factors, 58-60, 68, 75

gender roles, 68-69, 75

parental factors, 58-60

unintended pregnancies, 240

S

Salaries, see Wages and salaries

School leavers, 70, 85-86, 130, 199-207, 229-231

academic expulsion, 109

pregnant students, 10, 70-71, 83-86, 105, 130, 185, 194, 196, 199, 293

unintended pregnancies, 216-217, 222, 226, 228-229

rural areas, 68

School quality, 81, 85, 86-99, 185

academic achievement, 81, 82, 117, 119

contraception, 84, 92

economic models. 105-132, 136-137

cost factors, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 119, 121-123, 126, 128 -129

educational attainment, 106-117 (passim), 124, 128, 130, 136-137

employment and, 109, 110, 113, 166-167, 183, 187-188

family factors, 107, 108, 109, 115

knowledge factors, 106, 124-125, 126, 128, 130, 131

local factors, 115, 121, 126, 130

measurement error, 106, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 126, 130

parents, 110-115 (passim), 121

reproductive goals, 121, 123-126, 127-130, 139

socioeconomic status, 106-110 (passim), 123

teachers, 117, 119

theory, 121-126

funding. 2, 32, 115, 126, 209

gender roles, 17, 83-84, 86, 87-99

motivation and, 109, 111, 114

parents. 110-115 (passim), 121

research methodology, 86, 88, 106, 110, 113-120, 126, 129, 130-131

sexual harassment, 84-85, 89

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

social actors, 80-99

see also Curriculum;

Teachers

Secondary education, 9, 14, 28-29, 44, 70, 71, 127, 185, 186

cost factors, 29-30, 42

employment, 39. 41, 42, 44

Latin America, 28-29

literacy and, 35

Middle East, 5

social factors, 37-38, 40, 186

South Africa, 189-190, 199-201, 206-209

unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 227, 228, 232, 240-245, 250, 265-266

see also Adolescents

Selection effects, 7, 12-13, 139, 157, 200

Sexual behavior

education on, 5(n.5)(n.5), 84, 89, 90, 93, 94, 97, 124;

see also Family planning, formal programs

harassment of girls, 84-85, 89

intercourse frequency, 268

postpartum abstinence, 4, 11, 55, 267

start of, 268

see also Reproductive behavior

Singapore, 40

Social factors, 5, 6-7, 11-14, 16-17, 26, 37-38, 43, 182, 187, 188 -189, 198, 293

cognitive factors and, 52, 53, 59, 60-75

female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40, 57, 81, 268-269

literacy and social context, 9, 59, 60-66

role models, 9, 30, 38, 41, 44, 90

school quality, 80-99

secondary education, 37-38, 40, 186

unintended pregnancies, 222

see also Cultural factors;

Demographic factors;

Family factors;

Local factors;

Mass education:

Political/ideological factors

Socialized-actor theory, 6-7, 14-15, 49-57, 66, 67

Socioeconomic status, 3, 27, 29, 44-45, 268, 295, 297, 303

cognitive skills and, 106-109 (passim)

economic models, 106-110 (passim), 123, 139, 163-165, 168, 169, 170, 172, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205, 209

family income, resources, and consumption, 139, 145, 165, 181-212 (passim), 218, 219, 275

economic models, 108, 109, 182, 183, 185-187, 191, 197, 199-205,209

female autonomy, 10, 13, 26, 27, 39-40

income as proxy for household resources, 139, 145, 164-165, 172

literacy and, 9

per capita income, 4(n.4), 25, 191, 194

post-secondary education, 30

school quality and, economic models, 106-110 (passim), 123

social class influences, 13, 26, 27

South Africa, 139, 145, 163-165, 168, 169, 170, 172

unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 216, 218, 219, 221, 239-240, 242-243

see also Consumption patterns, economic models;

Employment factors;

Poverty;

Wages and salaries

South Africa, 15-16, 130, 138-215, 291

apartheid, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 189, 291

demographic factors, general, 138, 139-140, 148, 154, 157, 158-170, 172, 173-174, 189, 291

family factors, 139, 145, 148, 158, 159, 165, 166, 174, 181-212

marriage, 140, 170

post-secondary education, 154, 200, 207

secondary education, 189-190, 199-201, 206-209

socioeconomic status, 139, 145, 163-165, 168, 169, 170, 172

poverty, 144, 187-191, 210

South Asia

arranged marriages, 17

employment, 40-41

marriage and education attainment, 270-284

secondary education and employment, 44

spousal factors, 14, 270-273, 277

see also specific countries

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

Spousal factors, 7, 14, 140

cognitive skills and choice, 106, 107, 124

educational attainment, 106, 124, 139, 159, 161-163, 165, 169, 173 , 239, 269-285, 294

education differentials, 26, 27, 30, 39, 44, 277-278

reproductive goals and, 269, 273-276, 278-284

India, 14, 270-273, 277

literacy, 270-271, 272, 277, 278, 279

marriage market, spousal choice, 106, 107, 124, 128, 268-285

South Africa, 139, 159, 161-165, 169, 173

unintended pregnancies, 238(n.19), 239, 246-247

see also Fathers

Sri Lanka, 3, 4, 40

Sub-Saharan Africa, 3-4, 24-25, 184

secondary education, 29

unintended pregnancies, 223, 251

see also specific countries

T

Taiwan, 5, 40

Tanzania, 40

Teachers, 41, 52, 61-64, 84, 90-92, 99

attitudes of, 15, 86, 94-97, 99

curriculum and, 53-54

economic models, factor in, 117, 119

salaries, 117

South Africa, 148

student interaction, gender factors, 88

Television, 34-35, 58, 161, 164(n.13), 239, 282

Tertiary education, see Post-secondary education

Textbooks, 37, 83, 89, 93, 117, 119, 128, 129

Thailand, 5, 88, 222

Theory, 3-4, 7-9, 10, 288-290, 296-297, 303

anthropological, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57-71

autonomous process, education as, 49-50, 51, 66, 67

classification of theories, 23-24, 49-50

dose-response theory, 3-4, 15, 16, 64-75

education-fertility paradigm, 1-2, 4, 21

family behavior, 182, 183, 186

school quality, economic theory, 121-126

socialized actor, 6-7, 14-15, 49-57, 66, 67

unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 219

see also Economic models;

Models and modelling

Togo, 94

U

United Nations, 5, 94

University education, see Post-secondary education

Unwanted/unintended pregnancies, 13, 16, 36, 84, 216-265

age factors, 220-221, 224, 226, 228-235, 238, 242

consumption patterns and, 255-260

cost factors, 218, 246, 262

defined, 217, 222, 223-224, 233-234

economic models, 217-221, 233-265

educational attainment, 222, 226, 233, 234, 236-263 (passim)

post-secondary, 242-243, 250

primary, 227, 228, 241, 244, 242-245, 250

secondary, 227, 228, 232, 240-245, 250, 265-266

emotional factors. 222, 261-263

family planning, as factor in model, 216, 218, 223, 234, 240

fertility transition and, 249-251

gender roles, 222, 224, 237-238, 239, 246-247

Kenya, 216, 222-233, 237, 239-251, 265-266

local factors, 223, 228, 234, 240, 241, 262

marriage, 239

spousal factors, 238(n.19), 239, 246-247

measurement error, 234, 247, 262

parents, 241-243

problem solving, 219, 255-257

rural areas, 240

socioeconomic status, 216, 218, 219, 221, 239-240, 242-243

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×

spacing of births and, 247, 251, 256

timing of births and, 224, 247, 256, 261

urban populations, 14, 270-273, 277

Urban populations, 30, 32, 38, 44, 57, 70-71, 75, 142, 153, 156, 170

unintended pregnancies/excess fertility, 239, 240, 241, 244-245

Utility maximization models, 110-113, 136-137, 183, 219, 255-260

W

Wages and salaries, 183

educational attainment, 157, 158

literacy vs,16

South Africa, 157, 160-165, 169, 172, 197

World Fertility Surveys, 25, 290

Z

Zambia, 34

Zimbabwe, 5, 10, 142, 157-158, 185

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 307
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 308
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 309
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 310
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 311
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 312
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 313
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 314
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 315
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 316
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 317
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 318
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 319
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6272.
×
Page 320
Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $52.00 Buy Ebook | $41.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

This volume assesses the evidence, and possible mechanisms, for the associations between women's education, fertility preferences, and fertility in developing countries, and how these associations vary across regions. It discusses the implications of these associations for policies in the population, health, and education sectors, including implications for research.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!