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HARDBACK + PDF your price: $58.50 add to cart HARDBACK list:$49.95 Web:$44.96 add to cart PDF BOOK your price: $38.50 add to cart PDF CHAPTERS your price: $2.90 select Rights & Permissions Free Resources PDF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Assessment of the Scientific Information for the Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Program Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2 Other Related Titles Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water (1999) Commission on Life Sciences (CLS) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 254   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. D Risks Associated with Disinfection By-products Formed by Water Chlorination Related to Trihalomethanes (THMs) 1) Ingestion of Household Water with THMs General Assumptions Drinking-water intake: 0.6 L d-1 Body weight: 70 kg Person drinks water at home 7 d wk-1, 52 wk y-1 Exposure duration: 70 y Averaging time for carcinogenic effects: 70 y (25,550 d) Unit Dose Factor for Cancer Risk (lifetime average): 2) Inhalation Intake from Household Water with THMs Assumptions Inhalation rate of moderately active people: 0.77 m3 h-1 Duration of time in house during a day: 17 h Page 254 Front Matter (R1-R14) Public Summary (1-7) Executive Summary (8-22) 1 Introduction (23-31) 2 Baseline Information on Indoor Radon and Radon in Water in the United States (32-49) 3 Transfer of Radon from Water to Indoor Air (50-58) 4 Dosimetry of Ingested Radon and its Associated Risk (59-81) 5 Dosimetry of Inhaled Radon and its Associated Risks (82-104) 6 Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Radon Induced Carcinogenesis (105-123) 7 Defining Key Variabilities and Uncertainties (124-140) 8 Mitigation (141-179) 9 Multimedia Approach to Risk Reduction (180-197) 10 Research Recommendations (198-199) References (200-222) Glossary (223-230) A Behavior of Radon and Its Decay Products in the Body (231-240) B A Model for Diffusion of Radon Through the Stomach Wall (241-248) C Water-Mitigation Techniques (249-253) D Risks Associated with Disinfection By-products Formed by Water Chlorination Related to Trihalomethanes (THMs) (254-256) E Gamma Radiation Dose from Granular-Activated Carbon (GAC) Water Treatment Units (257-259) F EPA Approach to Analyzing Uncertainty and Variability (260-268) Index (269-279)

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OCR for page 254
--> D Risks Associated with Disinfection By-products Formed by Water Chlorination Related to Trihalomethanes (THMs) 1) Ingestion of Household Water with THMs General Assumptions Drinking-water intake: 0.6 L d-1 Body weight: 70 kg Person drinks water at home 7 d wk-1, 52 wk y-1 Exposure duration: 70 y Averaging time for carcinogenic effects: 70 y (25,550 d) Unit Dose Factor for Cancer Risk (lifetime average): 2) Inhalation Intake from Household Water with THMs Assumptions Inhalation rate of moderately active people: 0.77 m3 h-1 Duration of time in house during a day: 17 h

OCR for page 255
--> Exposure duration: 70 y Averaging time for carcinogenic effects: 70 y (25,550 d) Average transfer coefficient = 0.1 µg / m3 (air)/µg/L (water) Unit Dose Factor for Cancer Risk (lifetime average): 3) Dermal Uptake from Bathing at Home Assumptions Body weight: 70 kg Area of body exposed during bathing: about 20,000 cm2 (in the range of central to upper estimate from EPA guidance) Effective permeability of THMs through skin for a 10-min exposure: 0.05 cm h-1, based on value for chloroform estimated by McKone (1993) from EPA and other models Bath or shower for 0.17 h (10 min) once per day, 365/day Exposure duration: 70 y Averaging time for carcinogenic effects: 70 y (25,550 d) Unit Dose Factor for Cancer Risk (lifetime average) = In the tables below, Risk = Cw x UDF x Potency. The total risk for each chemical is the sum of the risks across the three exposure routes.

OCR for page 256
--> Summary Table of Risk Estimates for THMs in Surface Water     Compound     Chloroform Bromodichloromethane Chlorodibromomethane Bromoform Total Risk Water Concentrationa µg L-1   90 12 5 2.1     Unit Dose Factor Potencies by Route       Ingestion 0.0086 0.031 0.13 0.094 0.008   Inhalation 0.019 0.019 0.13 0.094 0.004   Dermal uptake 0.0024 0.019 0.13 0.094 0.004   Total risk by chemical   6.1 × 10-5 4.7 × 10-5 1.4 × 10-5 3.2 × 10-7 1.2 × 10-4 a Data from Brass and others (1981). Summary Table of Risk Estimates for THMs in Ground Water     Compound     Chloroform Bromodichloromethane Chlorodibromomethane Bromoform Total Risk Water Concentrationa µg L-1   8.9 5.8 6.6 11     Unit Dose Factor Potencies by Route       Ingestion 0.0086 0.031 0.13 0.094 0.008   Inhalation 0.019 0.019 0.13 0.094 0.004   Dermal uptake 0.0024 0.019 0.13 0.094 0.004   Total risk by chemical   6.0 × 10-6 2.3 × 10-5 1.9 × 10-5 1.7 × 10-6 4.9 × 10-5 a Data from Brass and others (1981).

Representative terms from entire chapter:

dose factor