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Index
A
Absolute risk, 78, 93-94, 95
defined, 223
Absorbed dose, 1, 9, 14, 27-28, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 73, 74-81 (passim), 103, 107, 136, 137, 223, 245, 248, 258, 259
Action levels, 3, 172, 190
see also Alternative maximum contaminant level
Maximum contaminant level
Active, subslab depressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223
Adipose tissue, 14, 63, 64, 68, 84, 85, 238, 239
Advection, 15-26, 141-142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 152, 223
active, subslab depressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223
Aeration, 19-20, 161-167, 176-177, 179, 249-251
Aerodynamic diameter, 27, 223
Aerosol characteristics, general, 15, 26, 84, 87, 89-90, 91, 149, 150, 199
Age factors, 61, 74, 76, 131
absorbed-dose rates, 78-79
exposure, age at first, 97
exposure-age-concentration model, 135
exposure-age-duration model, 98, 135
gender-age-specific models, 14-15, 18, 76, 79, 80
lifetime risk, 77-78, 79, 93
tapwater intake, 61
see also Children
Airborne radon, 1-3, 8, 9, 16, 17-18, 50-58, 29-30, 37-47, 127
aeration systems, 162-165
ambient radon (outdoor), 10, 12-13, 19, 37-49, 132-133, 182
breathing rate, 27, 83, 84, 103, 128, 261
concentrations, 2, 3, 10-1l, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21, 26-26, 29, 31, 32-48, 91, 101, 103, 124, 145, 148-151, 154-157, 182, 184, 186-188, 199, 261, 262
see also Alternative maximum contaminant level;
Maximum contaminant level
dosimetry, general, 27-28, 15, 82-104, 105, 107
mitigation, 15, 19, 21-22, 31, 144-160, 162-165, 182-188, 195
multimedia programs, 5, 21-22, 182-188, 196
regional concentrations, 9, 12, 21, 32-33, 44-45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199
regulatory problems, 10-11
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showering, 57, 85-92, 255
transfer coefficients, 13, 15, 25, 30-31, 50-58, 126, 133-134, 143, 182, 229, 261
uncertainties, 18, 132-133
see also Aerosol characteristics
AIRDOSE model, 162
Alternative maximum contaminant level, 2-5 (passim), 10, 20-21, 31, 180-188 (passim), 196, 223
Angiogenesis, 119, 223
Ambient radon, 10, 12-13, 19, 37-49, 182
uncertainties, 132-133
see also Airborne radon
American Water Works Association, 56, 166
Apoptosis, 105, 106, 113, 115, 116-118, 121, 223
Apurinic site, 114
Atom bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137
Attributable risk, 16, 100, 135, 223, 263
B
Background exposure, 1, 8, 23, 37-49, 105
Backwashing, 165, 167, 169, 172, 175-176, 178, 223, 252
Basements, houses with, 1, 33, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148-149, 152, 155, 156, 157
Bayesian models, 33
BEIR IV report, 17, 93, 95-96, 99, 103
BEIR VI report, 13, 15, 16, 17, 83, 93, 94, 95, 99-100, 103, 122, 131, 134-135
Best-available technology, 20
aeration, 161, 179
alternative maximum contaminant level, 181
blending, 177
granular activated carbon, 168, 174, 179, 263
national ambient average concentration, 13, 132-133
reverse osmosis, 177
Biologic processes, general, 13-14, 63-76, 131
see also Embryos;
Carcinogenesis and carcinogens;
Cells and cellular processes;
Molecular processes
Blending (water treatment), 177, 179
Blood and blood vessels, 27, 63, 75, 81, 84, 107, 119-120, 136, 241
hematopoietic processes, 120, 225
PBPK models, 14, 31, 66-72, 76, 227, 233-240
Bone and skeletal system, 63, 78, 79, 80, 85, 239, 251
Breasts, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 100, 113, 118, 119
Breathing rate, 27, 83, 84, 103, 128, 261
Bronchi, dosimetry, 15, 82, 83, 91-92, 107-108
Building materials, see Construction materials and practices
C
CARBDOSE, 171, 259
Carcinogens and carcinogenesis, 105-123
defined, 224
disinfection byproducts, 165-166, 254-256
see also Cells and cellular processes;
Genetics;
Lungs and lung cancer;
Molecular processes;
Stomach;
other specific cancers
Caspases, 116-117, 224
Cells and cellular processes, 13-14, 28, 73, 84, 97, 105-123, 131, 224
apoptosis, 105, 106, 113, 115, 116-118, 121, 223
basal cells, 119
crypts, 107, 224, 241, 245, 248
cytokines, 108, 117, 224
doses and dosimetry, 105, 107-108, 109-110, 115-116, 120-123
endogenous, 109, 116, 120
hematopoietic, 120, 225
in vitro studies, 64, 110, 121
in vivo studies, 121
mitochondria, 109, 226
preneoplastic, 120, 228
proliferation, 107, 118, 119-120, 121, 122, 131,228, 241
regulatory, 105, 113, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131
repair, 28, 93, 106, 107, 110-114, 115-116, 118, 199
secretory, 71-72, 105, 107, 119, 135, 241
signal transduction, 108, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117-118, 119, 229
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stem cells, 27, 65, 71, 72, 107-108, 120, 121, 135, 136, 140, 241, 245, 246, 248
target cells, 14-15, 73-74, 83, 84, 103, 118
see also Epithelial cells;
Genetics
Children, 100, 239-240
tapwater intake, 61
water contaminants, other than radon, 59-60
Chlorination, 165, 166, 175, 255-256
trihalomethanes, 165, 166, 179, 229, 254
Chromatin, 114, 224
Chromosomes, 105, 114-115, 121
DNA repair, 110-111
risk assessment, 13
Cigarettes, see Smoking
A Citizen's Guide to Radon, 28-29, 41
Clean Air Act, 163
Colon cancer, 17, 118-119
Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, 172-173, 190
Constant-relative risk model, 94, 95
Construction materials and practices, 33, 143, 151-160, 198-199
building codes, 33, 152-153, 157, 159-160
cracks, 146, 152, 154, 160, 192
radon-resistant buildings, 152-152, 187-188, 198
Cost and cost-benefit factors, 22, 129
mitigation, 9-10, 20-21, 22, 160, 167, 174-175, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192-193, 194, 197
multimedia mitigation, 20-21, 22, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192-193, 194, 197
incentives, 21, 192-193
Council of American Building Officials, 153
Countercurrent flow, 65, 224, 249, 250
Cracks, buildings, 146, 152, 154, 160, 192
Crypts, 107, 224, 241, 245, 248
Cytokines, 108, 117, 224
D
Databases, 32-33, 36-37, 53, 54
Decay, radioactive, general, 1, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16, 23-27, 29, 46, 235
ingestion dosimetry, 14, 59, 60, 62-63, 65, 73-76, 78
inhalation dosimetry, 15, 82-84, 85-86, 89-90, 103
Demographic factors
special populations, 81
see also Age factors;
Gender factors;
Poverty
Department of Agriculture, 60
Department of Energy, 54-55
Diet, see Nutrition
Diffusional factors
entry into buildings, general, 142-143, 144
lung-blood, 84
soil gas, general, 25, 141, 142-143, 145
stomach wall, 14, 27, 59, 64, 65-66, 71-73, 75, 76, 135-136, 137, 139, 140, 198, 237, 241-248
Diffusion bubble aeration, 161, 249-250
Disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254-256
trihalomethanes (THMs), 165, 166, 179, 229, 254
ultraviolet disinfection, 182
DNA, 13, 28, 106, 108, 109, 114-115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 122, 131
chromosomes, 13, 105, 110-111, 114-115, 121
episomes, 115, 224
microsatellite repeats, 113, 226
nonhomologous recombination, 110, 112, 113, 116, 227
repair, 28, 93, 106, 107, 110-114, 115-116, 118, 199
telomerase, 113, 229
transcription, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 229
transduction, 108, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117-118, 119
translation, 114, 229
Dose and dosimetry, 10, 13, 27-28, 59-104, 151
absorbed dose, 1, 9, 14, 27-28, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 73, 74-81 (passim), 103, 107, 136, 137, 223, 245, 248, 258, 259
age factors, 78-79
airborne radiation, general, 27-28, 15, 82-104, 105, 107
bone, 63, 78, 79, 80, 85, 239, 251
breasts, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 100, 113, 118, 119
bronchi, 15, 82, 83, 91-92, 107-108
cellular processes, 105, 107-108, 109-110, 115-116, 120-123
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disinfectants, 254-255
equations, 68, 73-75, 98
gastrointestinal tract, general, 62-63, 64, 233-237
granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 257-259
ingested radon, general, 14, 31, 59-81, 263-267 (passim)
inhaled radon, general, 15, 82-104, 105, 107, 261
lungs, 27-28, 63, 66, 67, 75, 76, 79, 83, 84, 89-91, 100-102, 136, 150, 199, 235, 236, 239
miner studies, 9, 15, 82-83, 93, 95-99, 100, 108, 128
molecular changes, 105, 111-112
particle size, 15, 27, 84-91 (passim), 149-151, 199
PBPK models, 14, 31, 66-72, 76, 227, 233-240
potential alpha energy concentration, 26-27, 82, 83, 84, 88, 150
showering, 57, 84-92, 255
smoking, 84
stochastic processes, 73, 127, 229
stomach, 14, 27, 59, 60, 64, 65-66, 71-73, 75, 76, 80, 107, 128-129, 135-137, 140, 198, 233, 237, 238, 241-248
uncertainty, 127-129, 134, 260-267 (passim)
see also Diffusional factors: Exposure
Dose-effect (dose-response) models, 109, 110, 122, 199
uncertainty, 18, 19, 124, 131
E
Economic factors, see Cost and cost-benefit factors;
Incentives;
Poverty
Education, see Public education
Embryos, 81, 116
Environmental Protection Agency, 6, 22, 30
action levels, 3, 172, 190
alternative maximum contaminant level, 2-5 (passim), 10, 20-21, 31, 180-188 (passim), 196, 223
concentration measurement, 12-13, 33, 37, 41-44, 48, 144, 162
maximum contaminant level, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20-21, 29, 161, 162, 169, 176, 179, 180, 182-189 (passim), 196, 226
mitigation, 4, 10, 11, 20-21, 150, 153, 154-155, 156, 158-163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 172, 177
multimedia pollution/programs, 4, 10, 11, 20-21, 162-164, 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 191, 195, 196, 197
public education, 191
radon-resistant buildings, 153, 188
risk assessments, 11, 14-15, 17, 28-30, 76, 126, 127-129, 132, 133-134, 137, 139, 140, 162, 165-166, 168
uncertainty, 127-129, 139, 140, 163, 260-267
state programs, 4, 10, 29, 153-157, 159, 163-164, 180
transfer coefficient, 13, 58, 133-134
water contaminants, other than radon, 59-60
see also Safe Drinking Water Act
Episomes, 115, 224
Epithelial cells, 107, 225
bronchial, 15, 82, 83, 91-92, 107-108
lung, 27, 107
stomach, 14, 27, 59, 64, 65-66, 71-73, 75, 76, 135-136, 137, 140, 198, 237, 241-248
Equations
alternative maximum contaminant level, 181-182
ambient radon concentration, 48-49, 144, 145
disinfection, risk assessment, 254
dose, 68, 73-75, 98
exposure, 98, 126
granular activated carbon, 251-252, 258-259
ingestion risk, 14-15, 68
linear no-threshold models, 13-14, 15, 28, 122, 226
PBPK model, 234-238
radon gas partitioning, 25
risk, 126, 260-263, 265
stomach wall, radon diffusion, 242-248
target region energy absorbed, 73-74
see also Transfer coefficients
Errors of measurement, 52, 130, 132
transfer coefficients, 13, 52
see also Uncertainty
Exposure, general
action levels, 3, 172, 190
background exposure, 1, 8, 23, 37-49, 105
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duration of exposure, 93, 97-98, 124-125, 135, 170-171, 254, 255, 261, 263
granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 257-259
national, 12-13, 32-36, 40-44, 182
occupational, 63-64, 82, 93, 100, 108;
see also Miner studies
pathways, 25-26
regional, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 44-45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199
site studies, 38, 39, 46-48, 51-53
time since exposure, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99
water use, general, 56, 84
uncertainty, 18-19, 51, 124-125, 129-130
see also Alternative maximum contaminant level;
Dose and dosimetry;
Maximum contaminant level;
Weather
Exposure-age-concentration, 135
Exposure-age-duration, 98, 135
Extended source models, 20, 169, 170, 171, 179, 257, 259
F
Fans, 25, 91, 142, 146, 147, 152, 158, 160, 184
Federal government, see Funding;
Legislation;
specific departments and agencies
Filter systems,
mitigation, 150, 158, 167, 177
sampling, 46, 47, 82, 196
Formulas, see Equations
Funding, 2, 4, 9-10
see also Cost and cost-benefit factors
Fusion genes, 120, 225
G
Gallbladder cancer, 102
Gamma radiation, 28, 257-259
atomic bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137
defined, 225
granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 183, 257-259
Gastrointestinal tract, 14, 66, 68-69, 81
dosimetry, 62-63, 64, 233-237
intestines, 27-28, 65, 67-68, 107, 136, 233-237
see also Stomach
Genetics, 12, 14-15, 105-123
oncogenes, 106, 118, 120, 225
proteins, 111-117 (passim), 224
regulatory genes, 105, 113, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131
see also Chromosomes;
DNA;
Reproductive effects;
RNA;
Teratogenic effects
Gender factors, 61, 77
age-and gender-specific models, 14-15, 18, 76, 79, 80
lifetime risk, 77, 78, 79, 80
smokers, 103
stomach cancer, 102
tapwater intake, 61
uncertainties, 131
Genomic instability, 106, 109, 115, 120, 121
Geological Survey, 32-33
Granular activated carbon, 20, 149, 164, 168-176, 178, 179, 183, 225, 251-253, 257-259
Groundwater, 2, 11, 36-37, 84, 132, 165, 169, 179, 195
see also Wells
Groundwater Disinfection Rule, 165
H
Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters, 95
Heat-recovery ventilation, 149, 151, 158
Helicobacter pylori, 81, 107
Hematopoietic processes, 120, 225
Heterotrophic plate counts, 165, 175, 226
Hollow-fiber membrane systems, 178, 253
Home exposure, see Indoor radiation exposure
Home testing, 4, 5, 51, 53, 155-156, 158-159, 184, 194, 198
Hormesis, 109, 226
I
Improving Risk Communication, 138, 189
Incentives, 21, 192-193
Individual lifetime risk, 17
Indoor Radon Abatement Act, 28, 41
Information dissemination, see Public education
Inhaled radon, see Airborne radon;
Bronchi;
Lungs and lung cancer
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Ion exchange treatment, 167, 170, 175, 226
International Atomic Energy Agency, 126
International Commission on Radiological Protection and Measurements, 64, 73, 74, 78, 95, 226, 239
Intestines, 27-28, 65, 67-68, 107, 136, 233-237
J
Japan, atom bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137
L
Legislation
Clean Air Act, 163
Indoor Radon Abatement Act, 28, 41
Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Policy Act, 173
Safe Drinking Water Act, 2, 3, 4, 9, 20, 29, 30, 160, 180, 189, 195
Water Pollution Control Act, 195-196
Leukemia, 78, 79, 80, 100
Lifetime risk, 16, 17-18, 77-81, 103, 104, 254
age factors, 77-78, 79, 93
BEIR IV model, 96
BEIR VI model, 15, 103
chronic intake, 80-81
EPA model, 14-15, 127, 162
gender factors, 77, 78, 79, 80
maximum contaminant revel, 29
NCRP model, 93-94
Linear no-threshold model, 13-14, 15, 28, 122, 226
Liver, 17, 63, 64, 67, 68, 102, 235
Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Policy Act, 173
Lungs and cancer, 6, 8, 78, 105, 107, 119, 121, 122, 130
background radiation, 6
children, 100
dosimetry, 27-28, 63, 66, 67, 75, 76, 79, 83-84, 89-91, 100-102, 136, 150, 199, 235, 236, 239
drinking water, 9, 14
duration of exposure, 1
miner studies, see Miner studies
mitigation, 166, 182, 183, 191, 192
mortality, 1, 3, 5-6, 16, 19, 100, 101
public education, 191, 193
risk assessments, 1, 3, 6, 15, 16, 17, 78, 79, 80, 82-83, 89-91, 93-104, 134, 166, 182, 183
smoking, 3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 98, 193
M
Mathematical models, see Equations
Maximum contaminant level, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20-21, 29, 161, 162, 169, 176, 179, 180, 182-189 (passim), 196, 226
see also Alternative maximum contaminant level
Measurement and measurement techniques
EPA, 12-13, 33, 37, 41-44
heterotrophic plate counts, 165, 175, 226
home testing, 4, 5, 51, 53, 155-156, 158-159, 184, 194, 198
national, 12-13, 32-36, 40-44
regional, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 44-45
residential water use, 56
site studies, 38, 39, 46-48
state-level, 12-13, 36-37, 41-45
see also Dose and dosimetry;
Equations;
Error of measurement;
Transfer coefficients;
Uncertainty
Meiosis, 110, 226
Men, see Gender factors
Meta-analyses, 93, 99, 101, 226
Microsatellite repeats, 113, 226
MICRO-SHIELD, 258
Miner studies, 9, 15, 82-83, 93, 95-99, 100, 108, 131
mete-analyses, 93, 99, 101, 226
Mitigation measures, see Risk management
Mitochondria, 109, 117, 226
Mitosis, 110, 111, 116, 227
proliferative cells, 107, 119-120, 228
Models, see Equations;
Risk assessments
Molecular processes, 105-123
dosimetry, 105, l11-112
uncertainty, 130-132
see also Genetics;
Proteins
Monte Carlo calculations, 126-127, 130, 139, 227, 260, 263, 265
Mucus, see Secretory cells and processes
Multicommunity mitigation, 188-189, 194, 197
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Multimedia programs, 4-5, 6, 20-22, 31, 125, 180-197, 199
aeration, 19-20, 162-165, 249-251
airborne radiation, 5, 21-22, 182-188, 196
community-level actions, 4-5, 188-189, 194;
see also Public education
cost factors, 20-21, 22, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192-193, 194, 197
EPA, 4, 10, 11, 20-21, 162-164, 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 191, 195, 196, 197
multicommunity risk-trading, 188-189, 194, 197
regional factors, 4-5, 21, 49, 185, 199
state-level actions, 4, 22, 180, 190-192, 195, 197
N
National Cancer Institute, 93, 96-99, 101, 103
National Council on Radiological Protection and Measurements, 64, 93-95, 126
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, 163
National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey, 37, 261
National Institutes of Health, 17, 94, 100
National Residential Radon Survey, 29, 185, 186
National Uranium Resource Evaluation, 32-33
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 60
Nonhomologous recombination, 110, 112, 113, 116, 227
Nutrition, 119-120
O
Occupational exposure, 63-64, 82, 93, 95, 100, 108
granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 257-259
see also Miner studies
Office of Management and Budget, 9-10
Office of Technology Assessment, 9
Oncogenes, 106, 118, 120, 225
Outdoor radon, see Ambient radon
Outreach, 5, 21-22, 137-139, 189-193
8-Oxyguanine, 114, 227
P
Packed tower aeration (PTA), 161, 163, 227, 249, 250
Particle size, 15, 27, 84-92 (passim), 149-151, 199
Passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160
PBPK models, 14, 31, 66-72, 76, 233-240
defined, 227
Plug flow reactor, 227, 250
Point-of-entry treatment, 169-171, 195, 227, 249, 257-258
Poisson methods, 95
Pooled analyses, see Meta-analyses
Population attributable risk, 100, 135
Potential alpha energy concentration, 26-27, 82, 83, 84, 88, 150
Poverty, 81
Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, 126
Pressure factors, 38-39, 143, 146, 152-153
active, subslab depressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223
passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160
see also Advection
Proteins, 111-117 (passim)
caspases, 116-117, 224
Public education, 5, 21-22, 29, 137-139, 189-193, 194, 196-197
Public involvement, see Incentives;
Outreach
Public water supplies, general, 3-4, 9, 20, 189
concentration levels, general, 8-9, 36, 37, 132
MCLs/AMCLs, 3-4, 20
mitigation, 4, 5, 20, 138, 189, 193-194
see also Water treatment
R
Radon and Lung Cancer Risk: A Joint Analysis of 11 Underground Miners Studies, 96
Regional factors
concentration levels, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 44-45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199
multimedia programs, 4-5, 21, 49, 185, 199
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Regulatory measures, see Legislation;
Standards
Relative risk models, 78, 81, 94-104 (passim), 137, 138, 140
excess relative risk, 96-97, 101
Reproductive effects, 12, 17, 30, 81
embryos, 81, 116
Residential Energy Consumption Study, 54-55
Residential exposure, see Indoor radiation exposure
Retinal cancer, 118, 119
Reverse osmosis, 177
Risk assessments, 7, 11, 12, 13-19, 30, 93-104, 124-140, 198-199
absolute risk, 78, 93-94, 95, 223
atom bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137
attributable risk, 16, 100, 135, 223, 263
BEIR IV, 17, 93, 95-96, 99, 103
BEIR VI, 13, 15, 16, 17, 83, 93, 94, 95, 99-100, 103, 122, 131, 134-135
biological basis, general, 13-14, 72-73, 76-81, 122-123
cell-based, 122-123
disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254-256
trihalomethanes (THMs), 165, 166, 179, 229, 254
EPA, 11, 14-15, 17, 28-30, 76, 126, 127, 129, 132, 133-134, 137, 139, 140, 162, 165-166, 168
uncertainty, 127-129, 139, 140, 163, 260-267
exposure-age-concentration model, 135
exposure-age-duration model, 98, 135
groundwater, 11
heat-recovery ventilation, 149, 151, 158
ingestion risk, general, 14-15, 76-81, 182-183, 198, 260-261
inhalation risk, general, 15, 93-104, 182-183, 198, 261-267
IRCP, 94, 95
lung cancer, 1, 3, 6, 15, 16, 17, 78, 79, 80, 82-83, 89-91, 93-104, 134, 166, 182, 183
miners, 9, 15, 82-83, 93, 95-105 (passim) [ALL]
mortality, 1, 5-6, 8, 16, 18, 76-77, 78, 100, 102
multimedia, 125 [???]
NCI, 93, 96-99, 101, 103
NCRP, 93-94
NIH, 17, 94, 100
occupational exposure, 63-64, 82, 93, 95, 100, 108
granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 257-259
population attributable risk, 100, 135
process, steps in, 124-125
public education and, 31
relative risk models, 78, 81, 94-104 (passim), 137, 138, 140
excess relative risk, 96-97, 101
sensitivity analysis, 126-127, 130, 136
smoking, 2-3, 5-6, 8, 15, 16, 94, 95-96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 193
soil and rock process, general, 3, 11, 29-30, 199
special populations, 81
stomach cancer, 6, 7, 15, 16, 72-73
water use and, general, 56, 84
see also Absolute risk;
Attributable risk;
Lifetime risk;
Public education;
Uncertainty
Risk management (mitigation), 4, 6, 11-12, 19-22, 30, 31, 144-197
action levels, 3, 172, 190
active subslab depressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223
aeration, 19-20, 161-167, 176-177, 249-251
airborne radiation, 15, 0, 19, 21-22, 31, 144-100, 162-165, 182-188, 195
basements, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148-149, 152, 155, 156, 157
concentration reduction, general, 144-145, 148-151
construction materials and practices, 151-157
costs, 9-10, 20-21, 22, 160, 167, 174-175, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192-193, 194, 197
disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254-256
trihalomethanes (THMs), 165, 166, 179, 229, 254
EPA, 4, 10, 11, 20-21, 150, 153, 154-155, 156, 158-163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 172, 177
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existing buildings, 144-152
fans, 25, 91, 142, 146, 147, 152, 158, 160, 184
filter systems, 150, 158, 167, 177
granular activated carbon, 20, 149, 164, 168-176, 178, 179, 225, 251-253, 257-259
heat-recovery ventilation, 149, 151, 158
lungs, 166, 182, 183, 191, 192
mechanical systems, general, 19, 21, 146, 147, 152, 155, 158
multicommunity, 188-189, 194, 197
new buildings, 151-160, 198-199
passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160
public education, 5, 21-22, 29, 137-139, 189-193, 194, 196-197
public water supplies, general, 4, 5, 20, 138, 189, 193-194
radon-resistant buildings, 152-152, 187-188, 198
smoking, 150, 151, 183, 184
soil and rock processes, general, 25, 146-148, 151-160, 223
source control, 145-148
state-level actions, 4, 10, 22, 153-157, 159, 163-164, 172-173, 180, 190-192, 195-197
transfer coefficients, 51-52, 143, 182, 183
ventilation, 142-149 (passim), 151, 153, 154
windows, 94, 99, 145, 148-149, 160, 192
uncertainties, 126, 137
see also Age factors;
Best-available technology;
Gender factors;
Legislation;
Multimedia programs;
Public education;
Standards;
Ventilation;
Water treatment
RNA, 114
transcription, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 229
translation, 114, 229
Rural areas, 167, 195-196
S
Safe Drinking Water Act, 2, 3, 4, 9, 20, 29, 30, 160, 180, 189, 195
Seasonal factors, 12, 38-40, 41-44, 46, 47, 49, 52, 55, 101, 160
Secretory cells and processes, 71-72, 105, 107, 119, 135, 241
Sensitivity analysis, 126-127, 130, 136
Sex differences, see Gender factors
Showering, 57, 84-92, 255
Site studies, 38, 39, 46-48, 51-53, 91
Small intestines, see Intestines
Smoking, 3, 5-6
dosimetry, 84
gender factors, 103
lung cancer, 3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 98, 193
mitigation, 150, 151, 183, 184
risk assessment, 2-3, 5-6, 8, 15, 16, 94, 95-96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 193
stomach cancer, 103
Society of Nuclear Medicine, 73
Soil and rock, 1, 10-11, 33, 36, 39, 51, 132, 141-143
active, subslab depressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223
diffusional factors, general, 25, 141, 142-143, 145
groundwater, 2, 11, 36-37, 84, 132, 165, 169, 179, 195;
see also Wells
mitigation, general, 25, 146-148, 151-160, 223
permeability, 33, 142-143, 160
regulation of radon concentrations, 11
risk assessment, 3, 11, 29-30, 199
see also Advection
Spray-tower aeration, 161, 250
Stack effect, 142, 144, 159
passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160
Standards, 9, 10, 163
action levels, 3
alternative maximum contaminant level, 2-5 (passim), 10, 20-21, 31, 180-188 (passim), 196, 223
building codes, 33, 152-153, 157, 159-160
ICRP/NCRP, 64
maximum contaminant level, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20-21, 29, 161, 162, 169, 176, 179, 180, 182-189 (passim), 196, 226
water contaminants, other than radon, 59-60
State-level action, 29
concentration measurement, 12-13, 36-37, 41-45, 190, 191, 192, 199
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EPA and, 4, 10, 29, 153-157, 159, 163-164, 180
mitigation, 4, 10, 22, 153-157, 159, 163-164, 172-173, 180, 190-192
multimedia measures, 4, 10, 22, 180, 190-192, 195, 197
public education, 190-192
wells, 36-37
Stem cells, 27, 65, 71, 72, 107-108, 120, 121, 135, 136, 140, 241, 245, 246, 248
Stochastic processes, 73, 127, 229
Stomach, 14, 18, 68, 107
cancer, 6, 7, 15, 16, 72-73, 80-81, 102, 128-129, 135-136, 137, 140
dose to, 14, 27, 59, 60, 64, 65-66, 71-73, 75, 76, 80, 107, 128-129, 135-137, 140, 198, 233, 237, 238, 241-248
infections, chronic, 81, 107
uncertainty analysis, 128-129, 135-136, 137, 140
Suggested Guidelines for Disposal of Drinking Water Treatment Wastes Containing Radioactivity, 167
T
Target cells, 14-15, 27, 83, 84, 103, 118
Target regions, 73-74, 107, 129
Temperature factors, 38-39, 60, 148
passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160
showering conditions, 92
stack effect, general, 142, 144, 159
see also Advection
Teratogenic effects, 12, 17, 30, 81
Time factors
duration of exposure, 93, 97-98, 124-125, 135, 170-171, 254, 255, 261, 263
exposure-age-duration, 98, 135
ingested radon, 69
potential alpha energy concentration, 87, 88
showering conditions, 91
time since exposure, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99
ventilation, 87, 88
see also Age factors
Tobacco, see Smoking
Transcription (DNA), 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 229
Transduction (DNA), 108, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117-118, 119
Transfer coefficients, 13, 15, 25, 30-31, 50-58
defined, 13, 57, 229
EPA, 13, 58, 133-134
error of measurement, 13, 52
mitigation, 51-52, 143, 182, 183
PBPK models, 31, 237
uncertainty, 51, 52, 126, 133-134, 182, 261
ventilation, 50, 51, 52, 54-55, 57, 58, 134
Translation (DNA), 114, 229
Trihalomethanes (THMs), 165, 166, 179, 229, 254
U
Ultraviolet disinfection, 182
Uncertainty, 16, 18-19, 21, 31, 124-140, 198, 260-267
alternative maximum contaminant level, 181-182
BEIR VI, 131, 134-135
confidents limits/intervals, 15, 49, 102, 129, 135, 137, 139
dosimetry, 127-129, 134, 260-267 (passim)
EPA assessments, 127-129, 139, 140, 163, 260-267
exposure by geographic area, 33
factors affecting, general, 124-125, 126
mitigation measures, 126, 137
molecular biology, 130-132
multimedia exposure, 129
Monte Carlo calculations, 126-127, 130, 139, 227, 260, 263, 265
sensitivity analysis and, 126-127, 130, 136
stomach cancer, 128-129, 135-136, 137, 140
transfer coefficients, 51, 52, 126, 133-134, 182, 261
variability vs, 127, 128, 140
see also Errors of measurement
Urban areas, 41, 48, 55-56, 165, 196
V
Vacuum deaeration, 178, 253
Ventilation, 4, 41, 133, 134, 199, 251
fans, 25, 91, 142, 146, 147, 152, 158, 160, 184
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heat-recovery ventilation, 149, 151, 158
mitigation measures and, 142-149 (passim), 151, 153, 154
passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160
showering conditions, 87, 91
stack effect, general, 142, 144, 159
time factors, 87, 88
transfer coefficients, 50, 51, 52, 54-55, 57, 58, 134
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 164, 165, 174, 229, 251
W
Water Pollution Control Act, 195-196
Water treatment, 19-20, 23, 165, 182, 183
aeration, 19-20, 161-167, 176-177, 249-251
backwashing, 165, 167, 169, 172, 175-176, 178, 223, 252
blending, 177, 179
countercurrent flow, 65, 224, 249, 250
disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254
trihalomethanes, 165, 166, 179, 229, 254
granular activated carbon, 20, 149, 164, 168-176, 178, 179, 225, 251-253, 257-259
ion exchange, 167, 170, 175, 226
reverse osmosis, 177
storage, 176, 179
transfer coefficients, 51-52
vacuum deaeration/hollow-fiber membrane systems, 178, 253
water distribution system losses, 177-178, 179
Weather, 12, 38-39, 47, 55, 60, 132, 143, 155-156
seasonal factors, 12, 38-40, 41-44, 46, 47, 49, 52, 55, 101, 160
wind, 25, 46, 142, 144, 148, 152, 163
see also Temperature factors
Wells, 2, 3, 86, 189, 195
concentration levels, 2, 36-37, 162
Wind factors, 25, 46, 142, 144, 148, 152, 163
Windows, 94, 99, 145, 148-149, 160, 192
X
X radiation, 111
Representative terms from entire chapter:
public education
