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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×

Index

A

Absolute risk, 78, 93-94, 95

defined, 223

Absorbed dose, 1, 9, 14, 27-28, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 73, 74-81 (passim), 103, 107, 136, 137, 223, 245, 248, 258, 259

Action levels, 3, 172, 190

see also Alternative maximum contaminant level

Maximum contaminant level

Active, subslab depressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223

Adipose tissue, 14, 63, 64, 68, 84, 85, 238, 239

Advection, 15-26, 141-142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 152, 223

active, subslab depressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223

Aeration, 19-20, 161-167, 176-177, 179, 249-251

Aerodynamic diameter, 27, 223

Aerosol characteristics, general, 15, 26, 84, 87, 89-90, 91, 149, 150, 199

Age factors, 61, 74, 76, 131

absorbed-dose rates, 78-79

exposure, age at first, 97

exposure-age-concentration model, 135

exposure-age-duration model, 98, 135

gender-age-specific models, 14-15, 18, 76, 79, 80

lifetime risk, 77-78, 79, 93

tapwater intake, 61

see also Children

Airborne radon, 1-3, 8, 9, 16, 17-18, 50-58, 29-30, 37-47, 127

aeration systems, 162-165

ambient radon (outdoor), 10, 12-13, 19, 37-49, 132-133, 182

breathing rate, 27, 83, 84, 103, 128, 261

concentrations, 2, 3, 10-1l, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21, 26-26, 29, 31, 32-48, 91, 101, 103, 124, 145, 148-151, 154-157, 182, 184, 186-188, 199, 261, 262

see also Alternative maximum contaminant level;

Maximum contaminant level

dosimetry, general, 27-28, 15, 82-104, 105, 107

mitigation, 15, 19, 21-22, 31, 144-160, 162-165, 182-188, 195

multimedia programs, 5, 21-22, 182-188, 196

regional concentrations, 9, 12, 21, 32-33, 44-45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199

regulatory problems, 10-11

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×

showering, 57, 85-92, 255

transfer coefficients, 13, 15, 25, 30-31, 50-58, 126, 133-134, 143, 182, 229, 261

uncertainties, 18, 132-133

see also Aerosol characteristics

AIRDOSE model, 162

Alternative maximum contaminant level, 2-5 (passim), 10, 20-21, 31, 180-188 (passim), 196, 223

Angiogenesis, 119, 223

Ambient radon, 10, 12-13, 19, 37-49, 182

uncertainties, 132-133

see also Airborne radon

American Water Works Association, 56, 166

Apoptosis, 105, 106, 113, 115, 116-118, 121, 223

Apurinic site, 114

Atom bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137

Attributable risk, 16, 100, 135, 223, 263

B

Background exposure, 1, 8, 23, 37-49, 105

Backwashing, 165, 167, 169, 172, 175-176, 178, 223, 252

Basements, houses with, 1, 33, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148-149, 152, 155, 156, 157

Bayesian models, 33

BEIR IV report, 17, 93, 95-96, 99, 103

BEIR VI report, 13, 15, 16, 17, 83, 93, 94, 95, 99-100, 103, 122, 131, 134-135

Best-available technology, 20

aeration, 161, 179

alternative maximum contaminant level, 181

blending, 177

granular activated carbon, 168, 174, 179, 263

national ambient average concentration, 13, 132-133

reverse osmosis, 177

Biologic processes, general, 13-14, 63-76, 131

see also Embryos;

Carcinogenesis and carcinogens;

Cells and cellular processes;

Molecular processes

Blending (water treatment), 177, 179

Blood and blood vessels, 27, 63, 75, 81, 84, 107, 119-120, 136, 241

hematopoietic processes, 120, 225

PBPK models, 14, 31, 66-72, 76, 227, 233-240

Bone and skeletal system, 63, 78, 79, 80, 85, 239, 251

Breasts, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 100, 113, 118, 119

Breathing rate, 27, 83, 84, 103, 128, 261

Bronchi, dosimetry, 15, 82, 83, 91-92, 107-108

Building materials, see Construction materials and practices

C

CARBDOSE, 171, 259

Carcinogens and carcinogenesis, 105-123

defined, 224

disinfection byproducts, 165-166, 254-256

see also Cells and cellular processes;

Genetics;

Lungs and lung cancer;

Molecular processes;

Stomach;

other specific cancers

Caspases, 116-117, 224

Cells and cellular processes, 13-14, 28, 73, 84, 97, 105-123, 131, 224

apoptosis, 105, 106, 113, 115, 116-118, 121, 223

basal cells, 119

crypts, 107, 224, 241, 245, 248

cytokines, 108, 117, 224

doses and dosimetry, 105, 107-108, 109-110, 115-116, 120-123

endogenous, 109, 116, 120

hematopoietic, 120, 225

in vitro studies, 64, 110, 121

in vivo studies, 121

mitochondria, 109, 226

preneoplastic, 120, 228

proliferation, 107, 118, 119-120, 121, 122, 131,228, 241

regulatory, 105, 113, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131

repair, 28, 93, 106, 107, 110-114, 115-116, 118, 199

secretory, 71-72, 105, 107, 119, 135, 241

signal transduction, 108, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117-118, 119, 229

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×

stem cells, 27, 65, 71, 72, 107-108, 120, 121, 135, 136, 140, 241, 245, 246, 248

target cells, 14-15, 73-74, 83, 84, 103, 118

see also Epithelial cells;

Genetics

Children, 100, 239-240

tapwater intake, 61

water contaminants, other than radon, 59-60

Chlorination, 165, 166, 175, 255-256

trihalomethanes, 165, 166, 179, 229, 254

Chromatin, 114, 224

Chromosomes, 105, 114-115, 121

DNA repair, 110-111

risk assessment, 13

Cigarettes, see Smoking

A Citizen's Guide to Radon, 28-29, 41

Clean Air Act, 163

Colon cancer, 17, 118-119

Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, 172-173, 190

Constant-relative risk model, 94, 95

Construction materials and practices, 33, 143, 151-160, 198-199

building codes, 33, 152-153, 157, 159-160

cracks, 146, 152, 154, 160, 192

radon-resistant buildings, 152-152, 187-188, 198

Cost and cost-benefit factors, 22, 129

mitigation, 9-10, 20-21, 22, 160, 167, 174-175, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192-193, 194, 197

multimedia mitigation, 20-21, 22, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192-193, 194, 197

incentives, 21, 192-193

Council of American Building Officials, 153

Countercurrent flow, 65, 224, 249, 250

Cracks, buildings, 146, 152, 154, 160, 192

Crypts, 107, 224, 241, 245, 248

Cytokines, 108, 117, 224

D

Databases, 32-33, 36-37, 53, 54

Decay, radioactive, general, 1, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16, 23-27, 29, 46, 235

ingestion dosimetry, 14, 59, 60, 62-63, 65, 73-76, 78

inhalation dosimetry, 15, 82-84, 85-86, 89-90, 103

Demographic factors

special populations, 81

see also Age factors;

Gender factors;

Poverty

Department of Agriculture, 60

Department of Energy, 54-55

Diet, see Nutrition

Diffusional factors

entry into buildings, general, 142-143, 144

lung-blood, 84

soil gas, general, 25, 141, 142-143, 145

stomach wall, 14, 27, 59, 64, 65-66, 71-73, 75, 76, 135-136, 137, 139, 140, 198, 237, 241-248

Diffusion bubble aeration, 161, 249-250

Disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254-256

trihalomethanes (THMs), 165, 166, 179, 229, 254

ultraviolet disinfection, 182

DNA, 13, 28, 106, 108, 109, 114-115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 122, 131

chromosomes, 13, 105, 110-111, 114-115, 121

episomes, 115, 224

microsatellite repeats, 113, 226

nonhomologous recombination, 110, 112, 113, 116, 227

repair, 28, 93, 106, 107, 110-114, 115-116, 118, 199

telomerase, 113, 229

transcription, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 229

transduction, 108, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117-118, 119

translation, 114, 229

Dose and dosimetry, 10, 13, 27-28, 59-104, 151

absorbed dose, 1, 9, 14, 27-28, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 73, 74-81 (passim), 103, 107, 136, 137, 223, 245, 248, 258, 259

age factors, 78-79

airborne radiation, general, 27-28, 15, 82-104, 105, 107

bone, 63, 78, 79, 80, 85, 239, 251

breasts, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 100, 113, 118, 119

bronchi, 15, 82, 83, 91-92, 107-108

cellular processes, 105, 107-108, 109-110, 115-116, 120-123

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×

disinfectants, 254-255

equations, 68, 73-75, 98

gastrointestinal tract, general, 62-63, 64, 233-237

granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 257-259

ingested radon, general, 14, 31, 59-81, 263-267 (passim)

inhaled radon, general, 15, 82-104, 105, 107, 261

lungs, 27-28, 63, 66, 67, 75, 76, 79, 83, 84, 89-91, 100-102, 136, 150, 199, 235, 236, 239

miner studies, 9, 15, 82-83, 93, 95-99, 100, 108, 128

molecular changes, 105, 111-112

particle size, 15, 27, 84-91 (passim), 149-151, 199

PBPK models, 14, 31, 66-72, 76, 227, 233-240

potential alpha energy concentration, 26-27, 82, 83, 84, 88, 150

showering, 57, 84-92, 255

smoking, 84

stochastic processes, 73, 127, 229

stomach, 14, 27, 59, 60, 64, 65-66, 71-73, 75, 76, 80, 107, 128-129, 135-137, 140, 198, 233, 237, 238, 241-248

uncertainty, 127-129, 134, 260-267 (passim)

see also Diffusional factors: Exposure

Dose-effect (dose-response) models, 109, 110, 122, 199

uncertainty, 18, 19, 124, 131

E

Economic factors, see Cost and cost-benefit factors;

Incentives;

Poverty

Education, see Public education

Embryos, 81, 116

Environmental Protection Agency, 6, 22, 30

action levels, 3, 172, 190

alternative maximum contaminant level, 2-5 (passim), 10, 20-21, 31, 180-188 (passim), 196, 223

concentration measurement, 12-13, 33, 37, 41-44, 48, 144, 162

maximum contaminant level, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20-21, 29, 161, 162, 169, 176, 179, 180, 182-189 (passim), 196, 226

mitigation, 4, 10, 11, 20-21, 150, 153, 154-155, 156, 158-163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 172, 177

multimedia pollution/programs, 4, 10, 11, 20-21, 162-164, 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 191, 195, 196, 197

public education, 191

radon-resistant buildings, 153, 188

risk assessments, 11, 14-15, 17, 28-30, 76, 126, 127-129, 132, 133-134, 137, 139, 140, 162, 165-166, 168

uncertainty, 127-129, 139, 140, 163, 260-267

state programs, 4, 10, 29, 153-157, 159, 163-164, 180

transfer coefficient, 13, 58, 133-134

water contaminants, other than radon, 59-60

see also Safe Drinking Water Act

Episomes, 115, 224

Epithelial cells, 107, 225

bronchial, 15, 82, 83, 91-92, 107-108

lung, 27, 107

stomach, 14, 27, 59, 64, 65-66, 71-73, 75, 76, 135-136, 137, 140, 198, 237, 241-248

Equations

alternative maximum contaminant level, 181-182

ambient radon concentration, 48-49, 144, 145

disinfection, risk assessment, 254

dose, 68, 73-75, 98

exposure, 98, 126

granular activated carbon, 251-252, 258-259

ingestion risk, 14-15, 68

linear no-threshold models, 13-14, 15, 28, 122, 226

PBPK model, 234-238

radon gas partitioning, 25

risk, 126, 260-263, 265

stomach wall, radon diffusion, 242-248

target region energy absorbed, 73-74

see also Transfer coefficients

Errors of measurement, 52, 130, 132

transfer coefficients, 13, 52

see also Uncertainty

Exposure, general

action levels, 3, 172, 190

background exposure, 1, 8, 23, 37-49, 105

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×

duration of exposure, 93, 97-98, 124-125, 135, 170-171, 254, 255, 261, 263

granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 257-259

national, 12-13, 32-36, 40-44, 182

occupational, 63-64, 82, 93, 100, 108;

see also Miner studies

pathways, 25-26

regional, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 44-45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199

site studies, 38, 39, 46-48, 51-53

time since exposure, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99

water use, general, 56, 84

uncertainty, 18-19, 51, 124-125, 129-130

see also Alternative maximum contaminant level;

Dose and dosimetry;

Maximum contaminant level;

Weather

Exposure-age-concentration, 135

Exposure-age-duration, 98, 135

Extended source models, 20, 169, 170, 171, 179, 257, 259

F

Fans, 25, 91, 142, 146, 147, 152, 158, 160, 184

Federal government, see Funding;

Legislation;

specific departments and agencies

Filter systems,

mitigation, 150, 158, 167, 177

sampling, 46, 47, 82, 196

Formulas, see Equations

Funding, 2, 4, 9-10

see also Cost and cost-benefit factors

Fusion genes, 120, 225

G

Gallbladder cancer, 102

Gamma radiation, 28, 257-259

atomic bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137

defined, 225

granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 183, 257-259

Gastrointestinal tract, 14, 66, 68-69, 81

dosimetry, 62-63, 64, 233-237

intestines, 27-28, 65, 67-68, 107, 136, 233-237

see also Stomach

Genetics, 12, 14-15, 105-123

oncogenes, 106, 118, 120, 225

proteins, 111-117 (passim), 224

regulatory genes, 105, 113, 114, 115-116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131

see also Chromosomes;

DNA;

Reproductive effects;

RNA;

Teratogenic effects

Gender factors, 61, 77

age-and gender-specific models, 14-15, 18, 76, 79, 80

lifetime risk, 77, 78, 79, 80

smokers, 103

stomach cancer, 102

tapwater intake, 61

uncertainties, 131

Genomic instability, 106, 109, 115, 120, 121

Geological Survey, 32-33

Granular activated carbon, 20, 149, 164, 168-176, 178, 179, 183, 225, 251-253, 257-259

Groundwater, 2, 11, 36-37, 84, 132, 165, 169, 179, 195

see also Wells

Groundwater Disinfection Rule, 165

H

Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters, 95

Heat-recovery ventilation, 149, 151, 158

Helicobacter pylori, 81, 107

Hematopoietic processes, 120, 225

Heterotrophic plate counts, 165, 175, 226

Hollow-fiber membrane systems, 178, 253

Home exposure, see Indoor radiation exposure

Home testing, 4, 5, 51, 53, 155-156, 158-159, 184, 194, 198

Hormesis, 109, 226

I

Improving Risk Communication, 138, 189

Incentives, 21, 192-193

Individual lifetime risk, 17

Indoor Radon Abatement Act, 28, 41

Information dissemination, see Public education

Inhaled radon, see Airborne radon;

Bronchi;

Lungs and lung cancer

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×

Ion exchange treatment, 167, 170, 175, 226

International Atomic Energy Agency, 126

International Commission on Radiological Protection and Measurements, 64, 73, 74, 78, 95, 226, 239

Intestines, 27-28, 65, 67-68, 107, 136, 233-237

J

Japan, atom bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137

L

Legislation

Clean Air Act, 163

Indoor Radon Abatement Act, 28, 41

Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Policy Act, 173

Safe Drinking Water Act, 2, 3, 4, 9, 20, 29, 30, 160, 180, 189, 195

Water Pollution Control Act, 195-196

Leukemia, 78, 79, 80, 100

Lifetime risk, 16, 17-18, 77-81, 103, 104, 254

age factors, 77-78, 79, 93

BEIR IV model, 96

BEIR VI model, 15, 103

chronic intake, 80-81

EPA model, 14-15, 127, 162

gender factors, 77, 78, 79, 80

maximum contaminant revel, 29

NCRP model, 93-94

Linear no-threshold model, 13-14, 15, 28, 122, 226

Liver, 17, 63, 64, 67, 68, 102, 235

Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Policy Act, 173

Lungs and cancer, 6, 8, 78, 105, 107, 119, 121, 122, 130

background radiation, 6

children, 100

dosimetry, 27-28, 63, 66, 67, 75, 76, 79, 83-84, 89-91, 100-102, 136, 150, 199, 235, 236, 239

drinking water, 9, 14

duration of exposure, 1

miner studies, see Miner studies

mitigation, 166, 182, 183, 191, 192

mortality, 1, 3, 5-6, 16, 19, 100, 101

public education, 191, 193

risk assessments, 1, 3, 6, 15, 16, 17, 78, 79, 80, 82-83, 89-91, 93-104, 134, 166, 182, 183

smoking, 3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 98, 193

M

Mathematical models, see Equations

Maximum contaminant level, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20-21, 29, 161, 162, 169, 176, 179, 180, 182-189 (passim), 196, 226

see also Alternative maximum contaminant level

Measurement and measurement techniques

EPA, 12-13, 33, 37, 41-44

heterotrophic plate counts, 165, 175, 226

home testing, 4, 5, 51, 53, 155-156, 158-159, 184, 194, 198

national, 12-13, 32-36, 40-44

regional, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 44-45

residential water use, 56

site studies, 38, 39, 46-48

state-level, 12-13, 36-37, 41-45

see also Dose and dosimetry;

Equations;

Error of measurement;

Transfer coefficients;

Uncertainty

Meiosis, 110, 226

Men, see Gender factors

Meta-analyses, 93, 99, 101, 226

Microsatellite repeats, 113, 226

MICRO-SHIELD, 258

Miner studies, 9, 15, 82-83, 93, 95-99, 100, 108, 131

mete-analyses, 93, 99, 101, 226

Mitigation measures, see Risk management

Mitochondria, 109, 117, 226

Mitosis, 110, 111, 116, 227

proliferative cells, 107, 119-120, 228

Models, see Equations;

Risk assessments

Molecular processes, 105-123

dosimetry, 105, l11-112

uncertainty, 130-132

see also Genetics;

Proteins

Monte Carlo calculations, 126-127, 130, 139, 227, 260, 263, 265

Mucus, see Secretory cells and processes

Multicommunity mitigation, 188-189, 194, 197

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×

Multimedia programs, 4-5, 6, 20-22, 31, 125, 180-197, 199

aeration, 19-20, 162-165, 249-251

airborne radiation, 5, 21-22, 182-188, 196

community-level actions, 4-5, 188-189, 194;

see also Public education

cost factors, 20-21, 22, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192-193, 194, 197

EPA, 4, 10, 11, 20-21, 162-164, 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 191, 195, 196, 197

multicommunity risk-trading, 188-189, 194, 197

regional factors, 4-5, 21, 49, 185, 199

state-level actions, 4, 22, 180, 190-192, 195, 197

N

National Cancer Institute, 93, 96-99, 101, 103

National Council on Radiological Protection and Measurements, 64, 93-95, 126

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, 163

National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey, 37, 261

National Institutes of Health, 17, 94, 100

National Residential Radon Survey, 29, 185, 186

National Uranium Resource Evaluation, 32-33

Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 60

Nonhomologous recombination, 110, 112, 113, 116, 227

Nutrition, 119-120

O

Occupational exposure, 63-64, 82, 93, 95, 100, 108

granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 257-259

see also Miner studies

Office of Management and Budget, 9-10

Office of Technology Assessment, 9

Oncogenes, 106, 118, 120, 225

Outdoor radon, see Ambient radon

Outreach, 5, 21-22, 137-139, 189-193

8-Oxyguanine, 114, 227

P

Packed tower aeration (PTA), 161, 163, 227, 249, 250

Particle size, 15, 27, 84-92 (passim), 149-151, 199

Passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160

PBPK models, 14, 31, 66-72, 76, 233-240

defined, 227

Plug flow reactor, 227, 250

Point-of-entry treatment, 169-171, 195, 227, 249, 257-258

Poisson methods, 95

Pooled analyses, see Meta-analyses

Population attributable risk, 100, 135

Potential alpha energy concentration, 26-27, 82, 83, 84, 88, 150

Poverty, 81

Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, 126

Pressure factors, 38-39, 143, 146, 152-153

active, subslab depressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223

passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160

see also Advection

Proteins, 111-117 (passim)

caspases, 116-117, 224

Public education, 5, 21-22, 29, 137-139, 189-193, 194, 196-197

Public involvement, see Incentives;

Outreach

Public water supplies, general, 3-4, 9, 20, 189

concentration levels, general, 8-9, 36, 37, 132

MCLs/AMCLs, 3-4, 20

mitigation, 4, 5, 20, 138, 189, 193-194

see also Water treatment

R

Radon and Lung Cancer Risk: A Joint Analysis of 11 Underground Miners Studies, 96

Regional factors

concentration levels, 9, 12, 21, 32-37, 44-45, 49, 132, 168, 185, 199

multimedia programs, 4-5, 21, 49, 185, 199

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×

Regulatory measures, see Legislation;

Standards

Relative risk models, 78, 81, 94-104 (passim), 137, 138, 140

excess relative risk, 96-97, 101

Reproductive effects, 12, 17, 30, 81

embryos, 81, 116

Residential Energy Consumption Study, 54-55

Residential exposure, see Indoor radiation exposure

Retinal cancer, 118, 119

Reverse osmosis, 177

Risk assessments, 7, 11, 12, 13-19, 30, 93-104, 124-140, 198-199

absolute risk, 78, 93-94, 95, 223

atom bomb survivors, 28, 77-78, 80-81, 95, 131, 137

attributable risk, 16, 100, 135, 223, 263

BEIR IV, 17, 93, 95-96, 99, 103

BEIR VI, 13, 15, 16, 17, 83, 93, 94, 95, 99-100, 103, 122, 131, 134-135

biological basis, general, 13-14, 72-73, 76-81, 122-123

cell-based, 122-123

disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254-256

trihalomethanes (THMs), 165, 166, 179, 229, 254

EPA, 11, 14-15, 17, 28-30, 76, 126, 127, 129, 132, 133-134, 137, 139, 140, 162, 165-166, 168

uncertainty, 127-129, 139, 140, 163, 260-267

exposure-age-concentration model, 135

exposure-age-duration model, 98, 135

groundwater, 11

heat-recovery ventilation, 149, 151, 158

ingestion risk, general, 14-15, 76-81, 182-183, 198, 260-261

inhalation risk, general, 15, 93-104, 182-183, 198, 261-267

IRCP, 94, 95

lung cancer, 1, 3, 6, 15, 16, 17, 78, 79, 80, 82-83, 89-91, 93-104, 134, 166, 182, 183

miners, 9, 15, 82-83, 93, 95-105 (passim) [ALL]

mortality, 1, 5-6, 8, 16, 18, 76-77, 78, 100, 102

multimedia, 125 [???]

NCI, 93, 96-99, 101, 103

NCRP, 93-94

NIH, 17, 94, 100

occupational exposure, 63-64, 82, 93, 95, 100, 108

granular activated carbon controls, 168, 169-171, 178, 179, 257-259

population attributable risk, 100, 135

process, steps in, 124-125

public education and, 31

relative risk models, 78, 81, 94-104 (passim), 137, 138, 140

excess relative risk, 96-97, 101

sensitivity analysis, 126-127, 130, 136

smoking, 2-3, 5-6, 8, 15, 16, 94, 95-96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 193

soil and rock process, general, 3, 11, 29-30, 199

special populations, 81

stomach cancer, 6, 7, 15, 16, 72-73

water use and, general, 56, 84

see also Absolute risk;

Attributable risk;

Lifetime risk;

Public education;

Uncertainty

Risk management (mitigation), 4, 6, 11-12, 19-22, 30, 31, 144-197

action levels, 3, 172, 190

active subslab depressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223

aeration, 19-20, 161-167, 176-177, 249-251

airborne radiation, 15, 0, 19, 21-22, 31, 144-100, 162-165, 182-188, 195

basements, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148-149, 152, 155, 156, 157

concentration reduction, general, 144-145, 148-151

construction materials and practices, 151-157

costs, 9-10, 20-21, 22, 160, 167, 174-175, 183, 184, 187, 188, 192-193, 194, 197

disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254-256

trihalomethanes (THMs), 165, 166, 179, 229, 254

EPA, 4, 10, 11, 20-21, 150, 153, 154-155, 156, 158-163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 172, 177

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×

existing buildings, 144-152

fans, 25, 91, 142, 146, 147, 152, 158, 160, 184

filter systems, 150, 158, 167, 177

granular activated carbon, 20, 149, 164, 168-176, 178, 179, 225, 251-253, 257-259

heat-recovery ventilation, 149, 151, 158

lungs, 166, 182, 183, 191, 192

mechanical systems, general, 19, 21, 146, 147, 152, 155, 158

multicommunity, 188-189, 194, 197

new buildings, 151-160, 198-199

passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160

public education, 5, 21-22, 29, 137-139, 189-193, 194, 196-197

public water supplies, general, 4, 5, 20, 138, 189, 193-194

radon-resistant buildings, 152-152, 187-188, 198

smoking, 150, 151, 183, 184

soil and rock processes, general, 25, 146-148, 151-160, 223

source control, 145-148

state-level actions, 4, 10, 22, 153-157, 159, 163-164, 172-173, 180, 190-192, 195-197

transfer coefficients, 51-52, 143, 182, 183

ventilation, 142-149 (passim), 151, 153, 154

windows, 94, 99, 145, 148-149, 160, 192

uncertainties, 126, 137

see also Age factors;

Best-available technology;

Gender factors;

Legislation;

Multimedia programs;

Public education;

Standards;

Ventilation;

Water treatment

RNA, 114

transcription, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 229

translation, 114, 229

Rural areas, 167, 195-196

S

Safe Drinking Water Act, 2, 3, 4, 9, 20, 29, 30, 160, 180, 189, 195

Seasonal factors, 12, 38-40, 41-44, 46, 47, 49, 52, 55, 101, 160

Secretory cells and processes, 71-72, 105, 107, 119, 135, 241

Sensitivity analysis, 126-127, 130, 136

Sex differences, see Gender factors

Showering, 57, 84-92, 255

Site studies, 38, 39, 46-48, 51-53, 91

Small intestines, see Intestines

Smoking, 3, 5-6

dosimetry, 84

gender factors, 103

lung cancer, 3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 98, 193

mitigation, 150, 151, 183, 184

risk assessment, 2-3, 5-6, 8, 15, 16, 94, 95-96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 193

stomach cancer, 103

Society of Nuclear Medicine, 73

Soil and rock, 1, 10-11, 33, 36, 39, 51, 132, 141-143

active, subslab depressurization, 146-148, 151-152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 223

diffusional factors, general, 25, 141, 142-143, 145

groundwater, 2, 11, 36-37, 84, 132, 165, 169, 179, 195;

see also Wells

mitigation, general, 25, 146-148, 151-160, 223

permeability, 33, 142-143, 160

regulation of radon concentrations, 11

risk assessment, 3, 11, 29-30, 199

see also Advection

Spray-tower aeration, 161, 250

Stack effect, 142, 144, 159

passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160

Standards, 9, 10, 163

action levels, 3

alternative maximum contaminant level, 2-5 (passim), 10, 20-21, 31, 180-188 (passim), 196, 223

building codes, 33, 152-153, 157, 159-160

ICRP/NCRP, 64

maximum contaminant level, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20-21, 29, 161, 162, 169, 176, 179, 180, 182-189 (passim), 196, 226

water contaminants, other than radon, 59-60

State-level action, 29

concentration measurement, 12-13, 36-37, 41-45, 190, 191, 192, 199

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×

EPA and, 4, 10, 29, 153-157, 159, 163-164, 180

mitigation, 4, 10, 22, 153-157, 159, 163-164, 172-173, 180, 190-192

multimedia measures, 4, 10, 22, 180, 190-192, 195, 197

public education, 190-192

wells, 36-37

Stem cells, 27, 65, 71, 72, 107-108, 120, 121, 135, 136, 140, 241, 245, 246, 248

Stochastic processes, 73, 127, 229

Stomach, 14, 18, 68, 107

cancer, 6, 7, 15, 16, 72-73, 80-81, 102, 128-129, 135-136, 137, 140

dose to, 14, 27, 59, 60, 64, 65-66, 71-73, 75, 76, 80, 107, 128-129, 135-137, 140, 198, 233, 237, 238, 241-248

infections, chronic, 81, 107

uncertainty analysis, 128-129, 135-136, 137, 140

Suggested Guidelines for Disposal of Drinking Water Treatment Wastes Containing Radioactivity, 167

T

Target cells, 14-15, 27, 83, 84, 103, 118

Target regions, 73-74, 107, 129

Temperature factors, 38-39, 60, 148

passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160

showering conditions, 92

stack effect, general, 142, 144, 159

see also Advection

Teratogenic effects, 12, 17, 30, 81

Time factors

duration of exposure, 93, 97-98, 124-125, 135, 170-171, 254, 255, 261, 263

exposure-age-duration, 98, 135

ingested radon, 69

potential alpha energy concentration, 87, 88

showering conditions, 91

time since exposure, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99

ventilation, 87, 88

see also Age factors

Tobacco, see Smoking

Transcription (DNA), 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 229

Transduction (DNA), 108, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117-118, 119

Transfer coefficients, 13, 15, 25, 30-31, 50-58

defined, 13, 57, 229

EPA, 13, 58, 133-134

error of measurement, 13, 52

mitigation, 51-52, 143, 182, 183

PBPK models, 31, 237

uncertainty, 51, 52, 126, 133-134, 182, 261

ventilation, 50, 51, 52, 54-55, 57, 58, 134

Translation (DNA), 114, 229

Trihalomethanes (THMs), 165, 166, 179, 229, 254

U

Ultraviolet disinfection, 182

Uncertainty, 16, 18-19, 21, 31, 124-140, 198, 260-267

alternative maximum contaminant level, 181-182

BEIR VI, 131, 134-135

confidents limits/intervals, 15, 49, 102, 129, 135, 137, 139

dosimetry, 127-129, 134, 260-267 (passim)

EPA assessments, 127-129, 139, 140, 163, 260-267

exposure by geographic area, 33

factors affecting, general, 124-125, 126

mitigation measures, 126, 137

molecular biology, 130-132

multimedia exposure, 129

Monte Carlo calculations, 126-127, 130, 139, 227, 260, 263, 265

sensitivity analysis and, 126-127, 130, 136

stomach cancer, 128-129, 135-136, 137, 140

transfer coefficients, 51, 52, 126, 133-134, 182, 261

variability vs, 127, 128, 140

see also Errors of measurement

Urban areas, 41, 48, 55-56, 165, 196

V

Vacuum deaeration, 178, 253

Ventilation, 4, 41, 133, 134, 199, 251

fans, 25, 91, 142, 146, 147, 152, 158, 160, 184

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×

heat-recovery ventilation, 149, 151, 158

mitigation measures and, 142-149 (passim), 151, 153, 154

passive stacks, 148, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160

showering conditions, 87, 91

stack effect, general, 142, 144, 159

time factors, 87, 88

transfer coefficients, 50, 51, 52, 54-55, 57, 58, 134

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 164, 165, 174, 229, 251

W

Water Pollution Control Act, 195-196

Water treatment, 19-20, 23, 165, 182, 183

aeration, 19-20, 161-167, 176-177, 249-251

backwashing, 165, 167, 169, 172, 175-176, 178, 223, 252

blending, 177, 179

countercurrent flow, 65, 224, 249, 250

disinfection and disinfection by-products, 11, 20, 165-166, 171-178, 179, 182, 195, 224, 254

trihalomethanes, 165, 166, 179, 229, 254

granular activated carbon, 20, 149, 164, 168-176, 178, 179, 225, 251-253, 257-259

ion exchange, 167, 170, 175, 226

reverse osmosis, 177

storage, 176, 179

transfer coefficients, 51-52

vacuum deaeration/hollow-fiber membrane systems, 178, 253

water distribution system losses, 177-178, 179

Weather, 12, 38-39, 47, 55, 60, 132, 143, 155-156

seasonal factors, 12, 38-40, 41-44, 46, 47, 49, 52, 55, 101, 160

wind, 25, 46, 142, 144, 148, 152, 163

see also Temperature factors

Wells, 2, 3, 86, 189, 195

concentration levels, 2, 36-37, 162

Wind factors, 25, 46, 142, 144, 148, 152, 163

Windows, 94, 99, 145, 148-149, 160, 192

X

X radiation, 111

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6287.
×
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Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water Get This Book
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The Safe Drinking Water Act directs the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate the quality of drinking water, including its concentration of radon, an acknowledged carcinogen.

This book presents a valuable synthesis of information about the total inhalation and ingestion risks posed by radon in public drinking water, including comprehensive reviews of data on the transfer of radon from water to indoor air and on outdoor levels of radon in the United States. It also presents a new analysis of a biokinetic model developed to determine the risks posed by ingestion of radon and reviews inhalation risks and the carcinogenesis process. The volume includes scenarios for quantifying the reduction in health risk that might be achieved by a program to reduce public exposure to radon.

Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water, reflecting research and analysis mandated by 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act, provides comment on a variety of methods to reduce radon entry into homes and to reduce the concentrations of radon in indoor air and in water. The models, analysis, and reviews of literature contained in this book are intended to provide information that EPA will need to set a new maximum contaminant level, as it is required to do in 2000.

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