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OCR for page 107
C
Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Related Nutrients (IOM, 1997)
OCR for page 108
FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES-INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES, 1997
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Vitamin D
Fluoride
Life-Stage Group
AIa (mg/day)
RDAb (mg/day)
AI (mg/day)
RDA (mg/day)
AI (mg/day)
AIc,d (µg/day)
AI (mg/day)
Infants
0 to 6 months
210
100
30
5
0.01
6 to 12 months
270
275
75
5
0.5
Children
1 through 3 years
500
460
80
5
0.7
4 through 8 years
800
500
130
5
1
Males
9 through 13 years
1,300
1,250
240
5
2
14 through 18 years
1,300
1,250
410
5
3
19 through 30 years
1,000
700
400
5
4
31 through 50 years
1,000
700
420
5
4
51 through 70 years
1,200
700
420
10
4
> 70 years
1,200
700
420
15
4
Females
9 through 13 years
1,300
1,250
240
5
2
14 through 18 years
1,300
1,250
360
5
3
19 through 30 years
1,000
700
310
5
3
31 through 50 years
1,000
700
320
5
3
51 through 70 years
1,200
700
320
10
3
> 70 years
1,200
700
320
15
3
Pregnancy
≤ 18 years
1,300
1,250
400
5
3
19 through 30 years
1,000
700
350
5
3
31 through 50 years
1,000
700
360
5
3
Lactation
≤ 18 years
1,300
1,250
360
5
3
19 through 30 years
1,000
700
310
5
3
31 through 50 years
1,000
700
320
5
3
a AI = Adequate Intake. The observed average or experimentally set intake by a defined population or subgroup that appears to sustain a defined nutritional status, such as growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, or other functional indicators of health. AI is utilized if sufficient scientific evidence is not available to derive an EAR. For healthy breastfed infants, AI is the mean intake. All other life-stage groups should be covered at the AI value. The AI is not equivalent to a RDA.
b RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance. The intake that meets the nutrient need of almost all (97–98 percent) individuals in a group.
c As cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
d In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
© Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 109
FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE–NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES: RECOMMENDED INTAKES FOR INDIVIDUALS
Life-Stage Group
Thiamin (mg/d)
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Niacin (mg/d)a
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Folate (µg/d)b
Vitamin B12 (µg/d)
Pantothenic Acid (mg/d)
Biotin (µg/d)
Cholinec (mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
0.2*
0.3*
2*
0.1*
65*
0.4*
1.7*
5*
125*
7–12 mo
0.3*
0.4*
4*
0.3*
80*
0.5*
1.8*
6*
150*
Children
1–3 yr
0.5
0.5
6
0.5
150
0.9
2*
8*
200*
4–8 yr
0.6
0.6
8
0.6
200
1.2
3*
12*
250*
Males
9–13 yr
0.9
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
14–18 yr
1.2
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
25*
550*
19–30 yr
1.2
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
31–50 yr
1.2
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
51–70 yr
1.2
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4d
5*
30*
550*
> 70 yr
1.2
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4d
5*
30*
550*
Females
9–13 yr
0.9
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
14–18 yr
1.0
1.0
14
1.2
400e
2.4
5*
25*
400*
19–30 yr
1.1
1.1
14
1.3
400e
2.4
5*
30*
425*
31–50 yr
1.1
1.1
14
1.3
400e
2.4
5*
30*
425*
51–70 yr
1.1
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4d
5*
30*
425*
> 70 yr
1.1
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4d
5*
30*
425*
Pregnancy
£ 18 yr
1.4
1.4
18
1.9
600f
2.6
6*
30*
450*
19–30 yr
1.4
1.4
18
1.9
600f
2.6
6*
30*
450*
31–50 yr
1.4
1.4
18
1.9
600f
2.6
6*
30*
450*
Lactation
£18 yr
1.5
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
19–30 yr
1.5
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
31–50 yr
1.5
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life-stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0-6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
b As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg of food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid (from fortified food or supplement) consumed with food = 0.5 µg of synthetic (supplemental) folic acid taken on an empty stomach.
c Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
d Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.
e In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg of synthetic folic acid from fortified foods and/or supplements in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
f It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg of folic acid until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
©Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
OCR for page 110
FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES–NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES,a Revised 1989 (Abridged)
Designed for the maintenance of good nutrition of practically all healthy people in the United States
Category
Age (years) or Condition
Weightb (kg)
(lb)
Heightb (cm)
(in)
Protein (g)
Vitamin A (µg RE)c
Vitamin E (mga-TE)d
Vitamin K (µg)
Vitamin C (mg)
Iron (mg)
Zinc (mg)
Iodine (µg)
Selenium (µg)
Infants
0.0–0.5
6
13
60
24
13
375
3
5
30
6
5
40
10
0.5–1.0
9
20
71
28
14
375
4
10
35
10
5
50
15
Children
1–3
13
29
90
35
16
400
6
15
40
10
10
70
20
4–6
20
44
112
44
24
500
7
20
45
10
10
90
20
7–10
28
62
132
52
28
700
7
30
45
10
10
120
30
Males
11–14
45
99
157
62
45
1,000
10
45
50
12
15
150
40
15–18
66
145
176
69
59
1,000
10
65
60
12
15
150
50
19–24
72
160
177
70
58
1,000
10
70
60
10
15
150
70
25–50
79
174
176
70
63
1,000
10
80
60
10
15
150
70
51+
77
170
173
68
63
1,000
10
80
60
10
15
150
70
Females
11–14
46
101
157
62
46
800
8
45
50
15
12
150
45
15–18
55
120
163
64
44
800
8
55
60
15
12
150
50
19–24
58
128
164
65
46
800
8
60
60
15
12
150
55
25–50
63
138
163
64
50
800
8
65
60
15
12
150
55
51+
65
143
160
63
50
800
8
65
60
10
12
150
55
Pregnant
60
800
10
65
70
30
15
175
65
Lactating
1st 6 months
65
1,300
12
65
95
15
19
200
75
2nd 6 months
62
1,200
11
65
90
15
16
200
75
NOTE: This table does not include nutrients for which Dietary Reference Intakes have recently been established (see Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride [1997] and Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline [1998]).
a The allowances, expressed as average daily intakes over time, are intended to provide for individual variations among most normal persons as they live in the United States under usual environmental stresses. Diets should be based on a variety of common foods in order to provide other nutrients for which human requirements have been less well defined.
b Weights and heights of Reference Adults are actual medians for the U.S. population of the designated age, as reported by NHANES II. The median weights and heights of those under 19 years of age were taken from Hamill et al. (1979). The use of these figures does not imply that the height-to-weight ratios are ideal.
c Retinol equivalents. 1 retinol equivalent = 1 µg retinol or 6 µg b-carotene.
d a-Tocopherol equivalents. 1 mg d-a tocopherol = 1 a-TE.
© Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
reference intakes
