Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States

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Table of Contents
Front Matter R1-R16
Executive Summary 1-14
1 Introduction 15-20
2 Public Health Screening Programs 21-35
3 Descriptive Epidemiology of the Perinatal Transmission of HIV 36-44
4 Natural History, Detection, and Treatment of HIV Infection in Pregnant Women and Newborns 45-53
5 Context of Services for Women and Children Affected by HIV/AIDS 54-67
6 Implementation and Impact of the Public Health Service Counseling and Testing Guidelines 68-108
7 Recommendations 109-133
References 134-144
Appendixes 145-146
A Committee and Staff Biographies 147-154
B Context of Services for Women and Children Affected by HIV/AIDS 155-189
C Workshop I Summary 190-202
D Workshop II Summary 203-235
E New York/New Jersey Site Visit Summary 236-251
F Alabama Site Visit Summary 252-259
G South Texas Site Visit Summary 260-270
H Florida Conference Summary 271-274
I HIV Testing and Perinatal Transmission: Thoughts from an HIV-Positive Mother 275-285
J Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody Testing Among Women 15-44: Results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth 286-303
K Details of the Committee's Models and Assumptions 304-312
L Passing the Test: New York's Newborn HIV Testing Policy, 1987-1997 313-340
M Excerpts from the Ryan White CARE Act Amendments of 1996 341-346
N 1995 U.S. Public Health Service Recommendations for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Counseling and Testing for Pregnant Women 347-371
O Acronyms and Glossary 372-376
Index 377-397

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TABLE J.1 Number of Women 15–44 Years of Age and Percent Ever Tested for HIV, by Source of Test Information and Selected Demographic Characteristics: United States, 1990 and 1995^a

			Percent Ever Tested
	Number of Women (thousands)		Self-Reported Tests^b (standard error)		All Tests^c (standard error)
Characteristic	1990	1995	1990	1995	1990	1995
All women^d	58,381	60,201	25.6	34.7 (0.6)	34.9	47.9 (0.6)
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	5,547	6,703	23.8	38.9 (1.8)	29.8	46.6 (1.5)
Black, not Hispanic	7,526	8,210	28.5	45.5 (1.3)	34.8	50.8 (1.4)
White, not Hispanic	42,836	42,521	25.4	32.2 (0.7)	35.8	48.1 (0.7)
Education
Less than 12 years	5,618	15,151	24.6	29.9 (1.2)	31.0	36.1 (1.2)
12 years	17,247	19,987	23.1	35.1 (0.9)	31.3	47.5 (1.0)
13 years or more	27,033	24,763	28.6	37.3 (0.9)	39.9	55.6 (0.86)
Marital status
Never married	20,123	22,679	26.0	31.1 (0.9)	35.7	44.2 (0.9)
Married	31,417	29,673	23.6	34.2 (0.8)	32.5	48.4 (0.8)
Formerly married	6,841	7,849	33.5	46.9 (1.3)	43.4	56.8 (1.3)

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