Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States

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Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States (1999)
Institute of Medicine (IOM)

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. "J Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody Testing Among Women 15-44: Results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth." Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1999.

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TABLE J.7 Number of Women 15–44 Years of Age Self-Reporting Any Test for HIV and Percent Tested by Referral Source for the Last Test, by Selected Demographic Characteristics: United States, 1995

		Referral source (percent/standard error)
Characteristic	Number of Women (thousands)	Self	Health Care Provider^a	Insurer	Other^b
All women^c	20,889	39.3 (0.9)	42.4 (0.9)	7.3 (0.5)	10.9 (0.6)
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	2,606	40.5 (2.5)	42.7 (2.2)	6.7 (1.0)	10.1 (1.1)
Black, not Hispanic	3,734	44.0 (1.8)	44.2 (1.9)	4.0 (0.7)	7.7 (0.9)
White, not Hispanic	13,675	38.2 (1.1)	41.9 (1.1)	8.5 (0.7)	11.4 (0.8)
Education
Less than 12 years	4,533	38.5 (1.8)	49.2 (1.7)	1.8 (0.5)	10.5 (1.2)
12 years	7,015	40.0 (1.6)	44.4 (1.5)	6.5 (0.7)	9.1 (0.9)
13 years or more	9,244	38.9 (1.2)	37.8 (1.2)	10.7 (0.9)	12.5 (0.9)
Marital status
Never married	7,057	49.7 (1.5)	36.3 (1.6)	3.2 (0.5)	10.7 (1.0)
Married	10,148	26.8 (1.2)	49.9 (1.4)	11.5 (0.8)	11.8 (0.8)
Formerly married	3,683	54.0 (2.2)	33.2 (2.0)	3.8 (1.0)	9.0 (1.3)
Age
15–19	1,865	42.8 (3.0)	41.9 (3.0)	1.5 (0.8)	13.9 (2.3)
20–24	3,606	41.9 (2.2)	44.8 (2.3)	2.9 (0.7)	10.5 (1.6)
25–29	4,372	39.2 (2.1)	46.9 (2.3)	5.9 (0.9)	8.0 (1.0)
30–34	4,615	35.7 (1.7)	45.3 (1.8)	9.0 (1.0)	10.0 (1.0)
35–39	3,764	37.9 (2.3)	39.5 (2.2)	9.8 (1.3)	12.8 (1.4)
40–44	2,643	41.8 (2.4)	31.5 (2.0)	13.7 (1.7)	13.0 (1.7)
Residence in metropolitan area
MSA, central city	7,378	42.4 (1.4)	41.6 (1.4)	5.9 (0.7)	10.1 (1.0)
MSA, other	9,803	38.8 (1.3)	40.9 (1.3)	8.7 (0.7)	11.5 (0.8)
Non-MSA	3,708	34.6 (2.3)	47.9 (2.1)	6.6 (1.2)	10.9 (1.4)
Region
Northeast	3,687	43.8 (2.1)	35.0 (2.0)	10.1 (1.2)	11.2 (1.3)
South	7,875	37.4 (1.3)	47.1 (1.4)	5.5 (0.7)	9.9 (0.9)
Midwest	4,268	33.2 (1.9)	45.3 (1.9)	7.4 (1.0)	14.0 (1.4)
West	5,057	44.2 (2.1)	38.0 (1.7)	8.1 (0.9)	9.8 (1.1)
Poverty-level income
0–149%	5,685	40.3 (1.6)	48.4 (1.6)	1.5 (0.4)	9.7 (1.1)
150% or more	15,203	39.0 (1.0)	40.1 (1.0)	9.5 (0.6)	11.4 (0.7)
NOTE: MSA = metropolitan statistical area. ^a Includes women for whom the idea for testing came from a doctor, health department, and hospital or medical policy. ^b Includes employer or school, government policy, sexual partner, and family or friends. ^c Includes women classified as "other" races, not shown separately because of small sample size.