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Suggested Citation:"O Acronyms and Glossary." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6307.
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Appendix O Acronyms and Glossary

Acronyms


AAFP

American Academy of Family Physicians

AAP

American Academy of Pediatrics

ACNM

American College of Nurse Midwives

ACOG

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

ACTG 076

AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol number 076

ADA

American with Disabilities Act

ADAP

AIDS Drug Assistance Program

AETC

AIDS Education and Training Center

AFDC

Aid to Families with Dependent Children

AFP

alpha-fetoprotein

AHEC

AIDS Health Education Center

AIDS

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AMA

American Medical Association

AMCHP

Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs

APIDS

AIDS Public Information Data Set

APPCYF

AIDS Policy Center for Children, Youth and Families

AWHONN

Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses


BPHC

Bureau of Primary Care

BRFSS

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System


CARE

(Ryan White) Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (Act)

Suggested Citation:"O Acronyms and Glossary." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6307.
×

CDC

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CHIP

Child Health Insurance Program

CIP

consumer information program

CPCRA

Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS


DHHS

Department of Health and Human Services

DSH

disproportionate share hospital


ELISA

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay


FDA

Food and Drug Administration


HCFA

Health Care Financing Administration

HEDIS

Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

HRSA

Health Resources and Services Administration


IOM

Institute of Medicine

IDU

injection drug users


JCAHO

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations


MCHB

Maternal and Child Health Bureau

MCO

managed care organization

MSA

metropolitan statistical area

MSAFP

maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein


NAS

National Academy of Sciences

NCQA

National Committee for Quality Assurance

NIH

National Institutes of Health

NMA

National Medical Association

NRC

National Research Council

NTD

neural tube defect


OPA

Office of Population Affairs


PACTG

Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group

PCP

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

PCR

polymerase chain reaction

PGEP

Perinatal Guidelines Evaluation Project

Suggested Citation:"O Acronyms and Glossary." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6307.
×

PHS

Public Health Service

PKU

phenylketonuria

PRAMS

Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System

PRWORA

Personnel Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996

PSD

Pediatric Spectrum of Disease


SAMHSA

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

SCBW

Survey of Childbearing Women

SCD

sickle cell disease

SPNS

Special Projects of National Significance

SSDI

Social Security Disability Insurance

SSI

Supplemental Security Income

SSIDCP

SSI Disabled Children's Program

STD

sexually transmitted disease

STEP

Surveillance to Evaluate Prevention


TANF

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families


WIC

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

WIN

Women's Initiative for HIV Care and Reduction of Perinatal Transmission

WORLD

Women Organized to Respond to Life-threatening Diseases


ZDV

zidovudine, previously known as AZT

Glossary


acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS):

an acquired, as opposed to inherited (congenital), disease characterized by the progressive deterioration of host immune defenses that renders the affected individual susceptible to an array of infectious and malignant disorders that do not normally afflict persons with intact immune systems. AIDS results from infection with human immunodeficiency virus, and is formally defined by a case definition issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

AIDS exceptionalism:

phenomenon where HIV/AIDS is treated differently from other diseases, especially with regard to clinical testing and public health screening programs.

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP):

normal fetal protein that is usually present in maternal serum, used to diagnose neural tube defects and other conditions during pregnancy.

Suggested Citation:"O Acronyms and Glossary." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6307.
×

case finding:

identifying a previously unknown or unrecognized condition in apparently healthy or asymptomatic persons and offering presymptomatic treatment to those so identified.

completely mandatory:

situation in which a government agency requires citizens to undergo a screening test, and sanctions those who do not comply.

conditionally mandatory:

situation in which either government or a private institution makes access to a designated service or opportunity contingent on participation in a screening program.

counseling:

communication process by which individuals and their family members are given information about the nature, risks, burden and benefits of testing, and the meaning of test results.


HIV:

the retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, that is responsible for most cases of AIDS worldwide.


Neural tube defect (NTD):

major birth defect affecting the brain and spinal column.

 

Non-directive patient choice:

situation in which individuals are provided information about a test and the choice is explicitly left to them.


phenylketonuria (PKU):

hereditary metabolic disorder, in which a deficiency of an enzyme leads to the accumulation of the amino acid phenylalanine, resulting in severe mental retardation if not appropriately treated.


routine with notification:

situation in which individuals are informed that a certain test is a standard part of prenatal care, and of their right to refuse before the testing is done.

routine without notification:

situation in which individuals are routinely and automatically tested unless they expressly ask that a test not be done.


screening:

application of a test to all individuals in a defined population.

sickle cell disease (SCD):

an autosomal recessive hemolytic anemia occurring most frequently in African Americans, but also in persons of Mediterranean origin and others.

surveillance:

monitoring the incidence or prevalence of a disease in a defined population over time, or comparing the incidence or prevalence among different populations.


testing:

application of a test or measurement to selected individuals for the purpose of identifying a disease or medical condition.


zidovudine (ZDV) (also knows as AZT):

antiretroviral drug found to significantly reduce perinatal transmission of HIV.

Suggested Citation:"O Acronyms and Glossary." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6307.
×
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Suggested Citation:"O Acronyms and Glossary." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6307.
×
Page 372
Suggested Citation:"O Acronyms and Glossary." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6307.
×
Page 373
Suggested Citation:"O Acronyms and Glossary." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6307.
×
Page 374
Suggested Citation:"O Acronyms and Glossary." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6307.
×
Page 375
Suggested Citation:"O Acronyms and Glossary." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6307.
×
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Thousands of HIV-positive women give birth every year. Further, because many pregnant women are not tested for HIV and therefore do not receive treatment, the number of children born with HIV is still unacceptably high. What can we do to eliminate this tragic and costly inheritance? In response to a congressional request, this book evaluates the extent to which state efforts have been effective in reducing the perinatal transmission of HIV. The committee recommends that testing HIV be a routine part of prenatal care, and that health care providers notify women that HIV testing is part of the usual array of prenatal tests and that they have an opportunity to refuse the HIV test. This approach could help both reduce the number of pediatric AIDS cases and improve treatment for mothers with AIDS.

Reducing the Odds will be of special interest to federal, state, and local health policymakers, prenatal care providers, maternal and child health specialists, public health practitioners, and advocates for HIV/AIDS patients. January

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