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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
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OCR for page 189
A
National and Dedicatec!
University Accelerator
Facilities
The nine national accelerator facilities devoted to basic nuclear-
physics research in the United States are listed in Table A. 1. Table A.2
lists 13 dedicated university accelerator facilities. Included in this list
are those facilities that are fully supported for basic nuclear-physics
research. Not included are additional university and national-
laboratory facilities that are only partially supported for basic nuclear-
physics research.
The accelerators listed in Tables A. 1 and A.2 are of four basic kinds:
Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerators, linear accelerators, cyclo-
trons, and synchrotrons. Because they are all charged-particle accel-
erators, the charge state of the ion is a determining factor in their
energy output. Most commonly, the maximum energy available per
nucleon decreases with increasing projectile mass; where a range in
energy is given with a corresponding mass range, the high energy
corresponds to the low mass, and vice versa. The energy is usually
expressed in MeV or GeV per nucleon, where approximately:
5 MeV per nucleon is needed to overcome the Coulomb barrier.
10 MeV per nucleon will produce moderate excitations of nuclear
matter.
100 MeV per nucleon will produce high nuclear temperatures and
pion creation.
1 GeV per nucleon will produce high nuclear energy densities and
the formation of exotic states of nuclear matter.
189
OCR for page 190
APPENDIX A
Somewhat arbitrarily, as described in Chapter 1, these energies can
be classified in ranges as follows:
Low energy: less than about 10 MeV per nucleon
Medium energy: 10 to 100 MeV per nucleon
High energy: 100 MeV to 1 GeV per nucleon
Relativistic energy: greater than about 1 GeV per nucleon (elec
trons become relativistic at about 0.5 MeV)
It is important to note that this classification scheme is not universally
accepted; for various reasons, both technical and historical, the
interpretations of the first three terms vary considerably among dif-
ferent groups of physicists.
Similarly arbitrary but useful is the following classification of pro-
jectile masses. Light ions are considered to be the hydrogen ions
(protons, deuterons, and tritons) and the helium ions (masses 3 and 41.
Lithium ions (masses 6 and 7) begin the medium-ion range (although
lithium is sometimes included in the light-ion definition), which extends
to about mass 40. Above mass 40 the projectiles are classified as heavy
tons.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
nuclearphysics research
