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standards-based reform, general 13-14, 15, 36, 132, 199, 206, 273, 288-289 students, general, 1, 2, 5, 15, 16, 21, 165 students with disabilities, 7, 118, 189, 192, 193, 198, 292 see also Standards Accuracy of measurement, 4, 14, 20, 23, 265, 280, 284 cutscores, 96, 99-100, 124, 166 English-language learners, 7, 66, 214, 226, 229-230, 232, 296 graduation requirements, 163, 166, 276, 287 labeling strategies, 263 promotion/retention in grade, 116, 119, 124, 276 reading and mathematics achievement, 2, 16, 24, 273, 274 students with disabilities, 7, 193, 198, 201 tracking, 97, 99-100, 101, 276 voluntary national tests, 15, 242, 243, 291 see also Error of measurement; Predictive validity Achievement, general, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 14, 23, 35, 273, 274, 281, 295, 300 English-language learners, 217, 296, 297 international comparisons, 7, 18, 174, 238-239, 241, 290, 291 see also Competency testing; Graduation requirements; Mathematics achievement; Multiple assessment criteria; Performance standards; Promotion/retention in grade; Reading achievement; Science achievement; Tracking and placement; Writing achievement ADA, see Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Adaptations, see Accommodations/adaptations Administration procedures, testing, 7, 55(n.6), 216, 274 fairness, general, 78-79, 80-81 graduation tests, adequate notice of testing, 51, 63-64, 163, 289 retaking of tests graduation tests, 165, 178, 180, 181, 182, 220, 243, 289, 292 promotion/retention in grade, 127(n.11), 132, 133, 135, 287, 291 test length and time, 24, 195, 199, 203, 206, 216, 218, 219, 293 tracking, 100-101 voluntary national tests, 15, 238, 239 see Accommodations/adaptations Administrative law, 8, 17, 248, 251, 264-268, 301 discrimination and funding, 58 Advanced diplomas, 180, 181, 182 Advanced placement, 95, 98, 99, 100, 106, 126, 219, 225, 240, 289, 291 see also Gifted and talented students African Americans discrimination against, 20, 21, 53-54, 56, 57 dropouts, employment of, 177 graduation tests, 175-176 kindergarten retention, 119 retention in grade, 119, 122, 137, 148, 155-156, 157, 281 employment of diploma holders, 176 English-language learners, 212, 216 kindergarten, 118-120 retention in grade, 5, 120-122, 133, 136, 137, 147-158, 281, 286 tracking, 98 see also Developmental factors; Grade-level factors American Association of Mexican-American Educators v. California, 58, 59, 60 American College Test, 19, 20, 60, 61 American Educational Research Association, see Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
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