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A.3.2 Example ITS Communication System Design and Costs This section win present representative rrs systems, develop communication system architectures, topologies, and designs; select communication mediums; and develop cost estunation models. These win be based on the general characteristics of advanced ITS-related systems currently deployed to define realistic geographic areas, ITS-related device types and numbers, and kink distances. Examples win be developed for urban, suburban, metropolitan, and rural systems. Table A3.2-1 presents the generic characteristics of ITS systems for which these examples will be developed. The most difficult and vanable ITS communication cost elements to estimate are the civil and construction costs to install the interconnecting infrastructure These costs have many variables that include: - Local cons~uchon practices and labor costs; · Terrain and soil charactenstics; · Construction requirements: direct busy, jack-and-bore under concrete, conduit, etc; · Intervening roads, bndges, buildings, etc.; and · Suitable existing infrastructure: conduit, poles, tunnels, etc. Thus, He examples should reasonably represent normal costs, but must be adjusted to account for many vanable local factors. As will be evident in He designs, CCI,V video is a significant factor in emerging lids communication infrastructure design. CCTV cameras have an analog baDdw~d~ of more than 6 MHz, uncompressed digital bit rate of more Han 45 Mbps, and acceptable compressed fuB- modon video bit rate of 3 to 6 Mbps employing modon JPEG or MPEG compression standards. The cost of video encoders in late 1995 remains him ($5,000 - 10,000 per channel per end); analog video switching is also expensive. The example designs have been developed u id compressed digital video for the following reasons: ~:~NCHRP`Ph~2~prs NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 Final Report A3-16
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Due to emerging digital video standards and supporting FCC activities, He cost of digital compression components, equipment, and systems will decrease. Future designs will be Be most cost-effective wad digital video; · Digital video ,i' s more cost-effectively switched in Me TOC; Digital video can be transmitted over long distances win essentially no degradation; Compressed digital video can be transmitted and switched using equipment which conforms to open, weB established communication standards (e.g. TI, SONET, etch; Digital video is easily addressed to multiple desdnabons, supporting Be integration goals of ITS; and · Eventually, video wall be cost-effec~vely digitized at Be CCTV camera By employing equipment based on open standards, obsolescence of deployed equipment will be minimized, since new equipment using rapidly advancing technology will generally adhere to standards or provide for backward compatibility. A.3.2.1 Urban tTS Systems Urban systems installed in the central business district (CBD) and adjacent areas of major cities must accommodate the following characteristics: · The streets layouts are often in a and system; · Freeways typically surround the CBD and extend to metropolitan freeways; · The typical urban city block is 500-1000 feet by 500-1000 feet; · Most CBD intersections are equipped win traffic lights; adjacent area intersections are more sparsely equipped; u`NCHRP\Phase:.rp~\ NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 Final Report A3-18
· Traffic controllers are implemented with microprocessors; they are equipped wig loops for traffic actuation or, on command, Hey can operate on Time-of-Day (TOD) timing plans; · Most of these existing traffic control systems (or signal systems) are supported by a communication system for coordinated traffic control; These urban areas are extensively concrete, so that new construction of wire and fiber cable plants usually requires expensive jack and bore installations; and · TOCs are operated by the city and typically are PC or workstation based. Emerging urban US communications requirements vim include: · Video surveillance, especially for sports and other special events in downtown arenas; · The loops of intersection controllers wiB be used for measuring traffic flow and accumulating statistics. Additional loops, or equivalent technology, will be added along arsenals to better detect and measure traffic conditions; · Coordination with other area ATMS systems, such as Freeway Management, over maffic control systems, etc., Mat require communications; · More advanced traffic management capabilities, such as adaptive traffic control (e.g., SCOOT, SCATS); requ~nng expanded communication capabilities; · Communication interfaces to over ITS services such as ATIS, transit, and emergency services; and · Video fingerprinting, for vehicle tracking and specific identification of vehicles (such as probe vehicle). L:\NCHRP\Phase2.rpt\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F'nalReport A3-19
A.3.2.1.1 Example Urban System Design A generic urban map is depicted in Figure A.3.2.~.~-1 and has We following characteristics: · It covers a 3.5 mile by 3.5 mile area; · The CBD is in the center and is 2.5 miles by 2.5 miles; · Freeways cross Me CBD and extend out to suburbs and interstate highways; and Blocks in the area are generally 600 by 600 feet, street center to street center with some larger blocks generally in the outer area. The ITS system to be installed wall have the following charactenshcs: The area will be equipped wad 600 controllers, 60 CCTV cameras, and 20 VMS. The equipment count per quadrant is as presented in Table A.3.2.~.~-~. 400 of the 600 existing controller cabinets can be retrofitted and employed. · An arrangement with the local telephone company allows fiber installation in existing conduit except for the SE quadrant of Me CBD. Spread spectrum radio win be employed In this SE quadrant to reduce commun~cabon infrastructure construction costs which would be $25-30 per foot in this quadrant for jack and bore construction. · The city has employed T~me-of-Day (TOD) control with some loop-actuated control. Creasing traffic and daily var~abons warrant more responsive traffic coordination. · A new TOC will be located In Be northwest Dart of Be CBD. lost outside Be freeways. , ., · The system will be capable of emergency or backup operation from Be EMS TOC operated by the state DOT. The state DOT is 3 to 4 miles norm of the urban TOC with nght-of-way along tile freeway suitable for direct bury fiber installation along bow sides of the freeway. L.\NCHRP\Phasc2.rpl\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2FmalReport A3-20
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· Real-time traffic data must be provided to a regional ATIS system Mat is In development to provide area-wide one-stop traffic information service to citizens. This system is located in the state DOT. The communication system design and topology is overIayed on We map (refer back to Figure A.3.2.~.~-~) and consists of a SONET OC-3 backbone with 4 nodes located on the 4 corners of the CBD. CCTV video is transmitted as analog from the field camera equipment cabinets to these nodes, where it is digitized into dual DS-1 circuits. The camera control is on an ElA-232 at 9600 bps. The system is designed with analog video local links because current video encoder technology cannot cost-effectively support the video encoder at He camera or camera equipment cabinet. The cost trend, however, is down and the digitized compressed video signal is needed for switching/transm~ssion to multiple sites and to maintain video quality for long distance transmission to support emerging ITS goals of integrated video data sharing. The pertinent features of the design are as follows: · A SONET OC-3, fault tolerant, counter rotating ring fiber backbone is employed wad 4 mul~tiplexers, one in each quadrant, interfacing to lower-speed local loops extending to individual field devices in each quadrant. . Analog video is employed from camera location to SONET node. Video dig~tizabon is accomplished at each node onto 2 DS-1 circuits or 3.088 Mbps. Current video compression technology is most cost effective in 16 video channel units at about $16,000 ($1000 per channel) per end (compression unit at node; decompression unit at TOC, or over location). Cost trends will decrease Me per channel cost and emerging new semiconductor products win permit moving the video CODEC to Me camera location. · Analog video transmitters and receivers are employed at field camera locations and at SONET nodes, wig integrated EL\-232, 9600 bps, full duplex, transceivers for camera control that multiplex Me one way video and 2-way data on a single SMFO channel. Figure A.3.2.~.~-2 is a block diagram of the video and data local links. · The VMS signs and traffic controllers are equipped win SMFO links win 9600 bps, ELA- 232 circuits employing drop-and-insert transceivers supporting fault tolerant counter rotating L;`NCHRP`Phase2.~prx ~ NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 Fmal Report A3-23
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ring operation. Each ring is designed with a node transceiver and up to 10 field devices. This architecture supports future upgrade to higher speeds on We existing cable plant. · Redundant SMFO fiber cables win be installed along bow sides of Me nor~-sou~ freeway between the City TOC and Me State FbIS TOC (approximately 4 miles). The path generally permits direct bury tnstaBation approximately $2.50 per foot win 24 fiber cable. The State ~ install the cable and it is not included in Me cost. The cost analysis for this design is presented in Table A.3.2.~.~-2. This communication infrastructure costs approximately $6,845.00 per field node. A.3.2.2 Suburban ITS Systems Suburban systems are typically instaBed in proximity to major cities. Smaller cities have similar characteristics, but wad a surrounding rural environment and fewer surrounding sister jurisdictions and associated infrastructures. Suburban systems have the foRovv~ng characteristics: · Suburbs may be residential, commercial, manufacturing, business, or combinations. · The street layouts are more random, with major thoroughfares for non-residential travel to shopping areas, business districts, and freeways. · Freeways typically are in proximity for access to over metropolitan areas · A typical suburban block is approximately 1,000 feet by 1,000 feet, although there is considerable vanability. · Suburban intersections are equipped with traffic signals depending on need. Major thoroughfares and freeway access routes are usually equipped. Residential areas are usually not equipped. ~:\NCHRP~Phase:~p~\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2FtnalReport A3-25
Table A.3.2.~2 Urban Costs with Spread Spectrum Radios in SE Quadrant Unit price S/ft ~ 104 S 2.50 Fiber total CBD Configuration Shelf and 0~3 interface DS-1 interfaces ElA-232 Interfaces . . each multiplexer Total CBD MuKiDlexers TOO configuration Shelf and OC-1 interface DS-t interfaces EIA-232 Interfaces each multiplexer Total CBD Multiplexers local link fit er for data CBD | 12 fiber SMFO Awe |install outer 112 fiber SMFO cable install l local link fit ers for video 12 fitter SMFO cab e install Spread Sp. Drum radios in SE CBD quand~ ant Radio win EIA-232 Install local link ~ nxeh~ EIA232 . field equips ent conununicaion nodes went Analog video/data transceivers video Encoders at nodes video dens at TOO Equipment ins~tation md test Communication node insertion com interfaces in con~dlercabinents 1 Co Tur~ication lo Controller Costs |Con~ller. cabinet and install Coniroiier, refit eddying cabinet, ~ install 1 VMS costs Sign & con~ller Yideo Carr~as, equip'' ent cabinents Communication Cost per field d ~nce Non-Communication cosi Derfieid device To~ Cost per ffeld device UR~NXISA32112 S20 000.00 S800.00 S400.00 S20,000.00 S800.00 S400.00 Mile a~q. Cir. Lena~ _ _ 0.75 1 ~ Total Local link fiber costs Miles Avg. Unk distance 1 u~ cost S 6,000.00 l S 400.00 1 Total I 1 S 2,000.00 S 2,000 00 S 1.750~00 S 16,000.00 S 16 000.00 1 1 S120,000.00 S7,500.00 S100,000.00 l 1 1 Total I S 65,894.40 IS 158,400.W 1 1 -20,000.00 S 24 Ooo.oo 1 1 S 6,000.00 I S50,000.00 l S20,000.00 S48,000.00 S27,200.00 S95,200.00 S0.65 S2.50 S0.65 S2.50 ter cest S 0.65 S 2.50 S 432,000.00 S 28 800.00 S 210 OOO.oo S 64 000.00 S 64,000.00 S 50.00 S 50.00 St,SOO,OOO.OO 1~OO.OOO.OO To~ Non~renunica~on r ~ ; Grand Total I :T ,l . S 6,845~49 1 ; 4=~= 1 S11,624.90 1
· Traffic controllers are implemented with microprocessors; they are equipped with loops for traffic actuation or, on command, can operate on Time-of-Day (TOD) timing plans. · Many existing traffic control systems (or signal systems) are supported by a communication system for coordinated traffic control. Most current suburban traffic control systems are not coordinated with adjacent suburban systems, urban systems, or freeway management systems. · Suburban r~ght-of-way areas vary extensively and may permit aerial, direct bury, or conduit Installation. lack-and-bore may, or may not, be required. · TOCs are operated by the city and typically are PC or workstation based. Emerging suburban ITS communications requirements win include: · Video surveillance, especially for major thoroughfare and freeway access areas, as well as for sports arenas and special events if located In Me suburban jurisdictions. · The loops of intersection controllers will be used for measuring traffic flow and accumulating statistics. Additional loops, or equivalent technology, will be added along arterials to better detect and measure traffic conditions. · Significant coordination win be needed to Interface with over area ATMS systems, such as Freeway Management and over traffic control systems that require communications. System capabilities will include features to permit local suburban systems to be coordinated with these adjacent systems, during normal operation as weD as abnormal situations such as traffic Incidents, special events, etc. · More advanced traffic management capabilities, such as adaptive traffic control (e.g., SCOOT, SCATS), requiring expanded integrated communication capabilities. · Extended hours TOC backup support uric be needed uric associated additional communication requirements. Many juIisdichons are making arrangements win regional freeway au~ondes for these services. L.:`NCHRP\.Phase2.rp~\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2FmalReport A3-27
· Communication interfaces wiD be needed to over ITS services such as ATIS, transit, etc. A.3.2.2.1 Example Suburban ITS System A map of a suburban area win typical ITS characteristics is presented in Figure A.3.2.2.~-1 and has Me following characteristics: · It covers a 10 mile by 10 mile area. It has an east-west freeway crossing Me middle of Me area, and a nor~-south freeway along Me western edge. Business districts have developed along the east-west freeway, extending approximately one mile norm and south of Me freeway. A major metropolitan shopping center is immediately east of the nor~-sou~ freeway. Major arsenals run east-west at I,3, and 5 miles norm and soup of Me freeway. Major arsenals run nor~-south at I,2,3,5,7, and 10 miles east of Me nor~-sou~ freeway. The urban city is to the south and west; other suburbs are to the norm and east. They share the bordering arsenals. Dunng peak morning and afternoon traffic, or occasionally when incidents occur, traffic vim be diverted from Me freeway to major arsenals parceling the freeways. · The old town center is located in the north central part of We area shown on the map. The town center is approximately l/2 by i/2 mile and has 10 intersections with existing tropic controllers to be replaced in existing cabinets. The ITS system to be installed will have Me following characteristics: · The State DOT has recently installed an FMS and has available dark fiber (i.e., fiber not used) along both sides of both freeways. The fiber provides connection to the State's EMS TOC approximately 10 miles to Me west. c;\NCHRP\Phasez.rp~\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F~nalReport A3-28
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· Due to increasing commuter traffic to Me growing business districts, Me Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) has recommended and achieved appropriate consensus for an integration plan for area signal systems and Me FITS. The EMS will provide emergency and after-hour backlip TOC services, one stop area ATIS services using local signal system data, plus over fixture integrated ITS services. · All areas have access to existing aerial poles for cable installation. · The area will be equipped why 430 traffic controllers and 35 CCTV cameras at locations depicted on the map. No VMS uad be installed In Me area as Me EMS already has VMS. The state has requested however, that Me system be designed to support ture VMS should Hey be required. · Access roads of the freeway and major arterials in business districts adjacent to the east-west freeway are to be equipped with new traffic controllers and have approximately 1000 feet (5 per milejaverage link distances. In this area, 50% of the controllers win be installed in existing equipment cabinets. · The remaining major arter~als are to be equipped with new traffic controllers and have approximately 2000 feet (3 per mile) average link distances. In this area, 50% of Me controllers will be installed in existing equipment cabinets. · The town center has 10 intersections with excising traffic controllers to be replaced in existing cabinets. · The 35 CCTV cameras will be placed at various locations. 10 in the shopping center area; 10 along the I-mile arterials; and 2 in He old town center. The remaining will be installed as shown on map. The field equipment count presented in Table A.3.2.2.~-! includes composite data load and the loads norm of He freeway to the east including the old town area, south of the freeway to the east, in the shopping area and western area, and He town center. These loads suggest Tree SONET OC-1 subnets: one In the shopping area covering He western area, one norm of He ~:`NC~Phase~p~s NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F~nalReport A3-30
freeway to Me east that includes the old town center, and one soup of Me freeway to the east.. The communication system design and topology is overiayed on the map. (Refer back to Figure A.3.2.2.~-~.) Thus, the system design has the following charactenstics: Table A.3.2.2.~1 Suburban Field Equipment Count and Data toad Analysis l l Count | Data Load Total | | Composite CCTV Cameras 35108,080,000 bps Controller 430412.800 bps 108,492,800 bps Shopping Center and Western Area CCTV Cameras 1649,408,000 bps Controllers 10096.000 bps 49,504,000 bps _ North of Freeway, Eastem Area, and Old Town Center CCTV Cameras 1133,968,000 bps Controllers 170163.200 bps 34,131,200 bps South of Freeway, Eastem Area CC1V Cameras 721,616,000 bps Controllers 160153.600 bps 24,857,600 bps Due to anticipated future grown in the shopping area, a SONET OC-3 multiplexer will be placed on the eastern edge of the shopping center. The EMS has requested plans be made for weir access to Me video and controller data and for grouch by adding additional cameras and controllers to be coordinated with the urban city to the west. Two SONET OC-! multiplexers win be located in the northwest area and Me southwest area as shown on He map. Analog video communication linlcs will be employed from camera locations to these SONET multiplexers. Each camera requires a dedicated fiber from camera to SONET node, although fiber cables can contain multiple video fibers and controller fibers. The analog video signals urn be digitized and compressed to two standard DS-1 (3.088 Mbps) circuits for transmission to the TOC. L:\NCHRP\Phase2erpt\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F~naIReport A3-31
The traffic controllers will be placed on drop-and-repeat fiber circuits wad 10 controllers per circuit. To reduce cost, the city reluctantly decided not to use drop-and-repeat fault tolerant rings. Each circuit w~11 employ 9600 bps ElA-232 interfaces at each controller and at the SONET multiplexer. A local link interconnect design was accomplished as illustrated in Figure A.3.2.2.~-2. It was determined that the western area required 60 miles of fiber cable, the northeastern and southeastern areas each required 30 miles of fiber cable. Each area requires 50% 24-fiber cable and 50% 12-fiber cable. Table A.3~2.2.~-2 details the cost to install the system. The cost for field equipment for the communicator infrastructure is approximately $5,570. A.3.2.3 Metropolitan ITS Systems Metropolitan systems have historically consisted of Freeway Management Systems (IBIS) installed in major metropolitan areas. These systems typically have had Me following characteristics: The freeways serve local commuter needs with peak rush hour traffic during workdays in the morning and evening. Special events can also create congested traffic conditions at venous times. Dunng over times We freeways serve extended area travel needs, usually with reduced traffic. Incident detection and response are an important requirement. . Metropolitan freeways interconnect win Me regional interstate highway system and are ~rough-~affic routes. Metropolitan freeway entrances and exits are Epically spaced to coincide with major crossing arsenals, with typically ~/z to ~ mile spacing. Entrances and exits are often instrumented win loops to detect traffic. l ~:\NCH~Phas~.rp~\ NCHRP 3-51 · Phase 2 Final Report A3-32
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Table A.3.2.2.1 2 Suburban Costs _ roc and Field Mulffplexers - ~ SheK and OC 3 interface 1 DS-1 interfaces 16 EIA-232 Interfaces 32 each mulffDlexer . . Total Mulffdexer - Western are 2 . . TOC and Seld Mulffplexers - Nc r~eastem a Shelf and OC-1 interface · . DS-1 interfaces 11 EIA-232 Interfaces 21 each muWpJ~r Total TOC and F~ld 2 TOC and field Mulffplexers - so~ mem area Sheff and OC-1 interface D';1 interfaces EIA-232 Intertaces sach multiplexer . To~ TOC and Field S20 000.00 S800.00 S400.00 l local link tr; nsmiv~s - EIA232 field equip~nent comm~caffon nodes _ Vldeo Eaui ~ment . Vldeo ca T era s Analog ~ndeoldata transceiver' video Encoders at nodes video d~s at TOC Equipment installaffon and test Cornmunimbori node installaffon com. intefaoes in con~oller catinents _ _ _ Con~ler. cabinet and install Contolier retrofit exiting cabinet & instal , _ VMS cOsis Sign ~ conb~ller Vldeo Camea. equipment cabinet. Communicaffon Cos Total cost w field d~ice SUSUP~N.XIS A32212 S13 000.00 S_ 800.00 S400.00 S13 000.00 S800.00 S400.00 S7.500.00 S1 7tiD.00 S16 000.00 S16 000.00 unit cost S7 500.00 S3.000.00 S120 000.00 S7.500.00 S100 000.00 To~ Non-Communicaffon Grand Tota S 5 569 34 S 5.71429 S11 283.63 _
. An FMS instruments each lane with loops, or equivalent technology such as video processing, to measure the volume and occupancy of traffic and to detect incidents. -Loops are typically spaced at t/4 to i/2 mile intervals or more depending on congestion. · Ramp metering is frequently implemented to control freeway volume and is usually operational only dunng peak hours. This consists of lights to control access to freeway using computer-controDed time intervals based on measured traffic. · Controllers for loops and ramp metering are implemented win microprocessors and are often re-programmed traffic controllers. Video surveillance cameras are typically located at t/2 to 1 Me intervals. An FMS typically has extensive communication infrastructure. · Freeways often have rtght-of-way suitable for lower cost direct bury fiber or wire cable installation or suitable reasonable cost conduit instalRation. . . FMS TOCs are typically operated by special Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) Councils of Government (COG), or State DOTs. · An FMS is usually workstation-based, equipped win video monitors, large screen displays, and/or video wags. Typically an FMS provides metropolitan and regional TOC services to other juu~sdicdons/agencies and generally serves a regional coordination role. Emerging metropolitan ITS communications requirements will include: . Integrated operations win traffic control systems of jurisdictions in the metropolitan area. Communication infrastructure will be required to support data sharing and coordination to support many functions such as freeway traffic diversion dunng incidents, coordinated multijurisdictional timing plans, special event traffic control, etc. ~.\NCHRP\Phasez.rpr\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F~nalReport A3-35
Metropolitan TOCs win provide backup TOC support for after hours and weekends to minimize individual jurisdiction TOC staffing and perhaps maintenance costs. This win require facilitating communication architectures and infrastructures. ~ 1995, FHWA announced plans for integrated mode] city llS programs. This will integrate metropolitan traffic control systems, FMSs, Emergency Services, Public Transit, ToD Infrastructures (e.g., bridges, tunnels, toDroads, etc.), and Advanced Traffic Information Services (ATIS). The ATIS win be an integrated metropolitan "one stop shopping" service win Integrated access to data from all organizations and systems. This win require facilitating communication architectures and infrastructures. A.3 2.3.1 Example Metropolitan ITS System A metropolitan area with typical ITS characteristics is depicted in Figure A.3.2.3.~-1 and has the following charactenstics: The area has an outer loop on a 10 mile radius from the city center. · The area has a Central Business District (CBD) that is 2 miles by 2 miles. · Two nor~-sou~ freeways extend through the area and pass by the eastern and western sides of the CBD. An east-west freeway extends through the area and passes by the southern edge of Be CBD. The freeways have been experiencing increasing peak hours congestion and increasing incidents. A Freeway Management System is to be installed to provide modern ATMS and ATIS services to Be area. A key capability will be incident detection and emergency management. L:~2.~\ NCH"3-51 · Ph~2F~Re~n A3-36
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The ITS I;MS to be instaDed has the following charactenstics: . For the area approximately 125 miles of freeway: 63 miles of outer loop, 20 miles of the east freeway, 20 miles of the west freeway, 20 miles of Me southern freeway, and 2 miles of Me CBD bypass. · CCTV cameras are to be placed at approximately 1-m~le intervals along the entire freeway system. · Loops are to be placed at I/3-mile intervals along Me entire system. Ramp metering is to be employed in the northern portion of the eastern freeway and along Me northeast portion of the loop. The soup portion of the western freeway is to be widened in about 3 years. The communication infrastructure for this freeway wiB be implemented with wireless equipment that can be easily relocated during and after construction. The TOC wiD be located on the southwest edge of Me CBD as depicted on the map. Eventually Me TOC will provide backup TOC services to signal systems of many of Me jurisdictions in the area. Spare conduit and/or dark fiber will be included in the planning. The center city signal system win immediately be integrated as win Me suburb located at the northern end of the eastern freeway soup of Me loop. The field equipment count is presented In Table A.3.2.3.~-! and includes the composite data loads and the loads of venous geographical areas. Referring back to Figure A3.2.3.~-l, we see Me backbone topology overlaid. The communication load is partitioned into six SONET OC-3 Toads: 4 In each of the outer loop quadrants and 2 in the eastern and western freeway areas. The data loads on Me outer loop nodes marginally exceeds a SONET OC-l, so that Me OC-3 provides significant expansion capability. The system design has Me following characteristics: . The backbone communication links will employ fault tolerant counter rotating rings for Me 6 SONET OC-3 nodes, wad Me topology also depicted in Figure A3~2.3.~-~. L:~h~\ NCH"3-51 · P~2~Re"n A3-38
Table A.3.2.3.~-1 Metropolitan Field Count and Data Load Analysis Total CCTV Camera Video Control controllers VMS 1 Northwestouter loop CCT\/Camera Video Control controllers VMS 2 Southwest outer loop CCTV Camera Video Control controllers VMS 3 Northeast outer loop CCTV Camera Video Control controllers VMS 4 Southea~uter loop CCTV Camera \/'deo Control controllers VMS 5 east COD CCTV Camera Video Control controllers \/MS 6 west CBD CCTV Camera Video Control controllers VMS Totals 96,172,480 Count 125 375 25 Total 16 48 3 Total 16 48 3 Total 16 48 3 Total 15 45 5 Total 31 93 5 Total 31 93 lo Bit Rate (bits/sec) 3.09E+06 9.60E+03 960 9600 3.09E+06 9.60E+03 960 9600 3.09E+06 9.60E+03 960 9600 3.09E+06 9.60E ~ 03 960 9600 3.09E+06 9.60E+03 960 9600 3.09E+06 960 9600 3.09E+06 9.60E+03 960 9600 Data Loa IBM Composite 386,000,000 1,200,000 360,000 240 000 387,800,000 49,408,000 153,600 46,080 28,800 49,636,480 49,408,000 153,600 46,080 28,800 49,636,480 49,408,000 153,600 46,080 28,800 49,636,480 46,320,000 144,000 43,200 48,000 461555,200 95~728,000 o 89,280 48 000 95,865,280 95,728,000 297,600 89,280 57,600 MEIROPLO.XLS A3231 1
The local links win be drop-and-add, fault tolerant, counter rotating rings, with fiber circuits operated at 9600 bps except for We southern western freeway. Fiber win be run on each side of Me freeways to complete Me rings. The circuits will employ 10 drops per circuit. The outer links require 5-6 fibers for controllers and VMS. The 10 mile freeway segments extending from the east and west CBD nodes will require 4-5 fibers for controllers and VMS. The CCTV camera win employ dedicated fibers from a node to each camera. Analog video is employed from camera to node on fiber wad a fun duplex, ELA-232, 9600 bps camera condom channel multiplexed on Me same fiber. Redundancy win not be employed on these · - clrcults. The backbone and local link fibers will share conduit where possible (see map). The entire freeway system has right-of-way suitable for direct bury fiber installation; however, the backbone cable shah be placed In conduit and where instaBed win also be used for Me local link cable in a separate interduct of Me conduit. The conduit win be installed from the TOC east and west to the outer loop and Men norm and soup to nodes I, 2, 3, and 4. Node 6 is co-Iocated at the TOC and Node 5 is 2 miles from Me TOC. Total miles of fiber in conduit wall be 50 miles (times 2 for both sides of freeway), 63 miles of fiber win be instaBed by direct bury me~ods. Table A.3.2.3.~-2 presents an analysis of Me fiber cable count requirements. The 10-mile southern part (node 6) of Me western freeway win employ microwave for the backbone links and spread spectrum radio for Me local links. This segment of the western freeway has 10 CCTV cameras, 33 controllers, and 2 VMS. A backbone will be developed using Me emerging 38 GHz band microwave RF equipment. A repeater/drop will be placed every mile and approximately co-located with a video camera. A DS-0 channel Will be at dropped repeater sites aIld a EIA-232 at 9600 bps will be mul~plexed/demultiplexed for interfacing to a self-networking spread spectrum radio for communication to controllers within i/2 Ale of each repeater. File A.3.2.3.~-2 presents a block ~agr~ of this wireless subsystem. L:WC~h~\ NCH"3-51 · P~e2F~Re~n A3-40
Table A.3.2.3.~2 Metropolitan Fiber Count Analysis Controller/ _ Node Direction EVES Æbers(1) cameras fibers ~ 3ackbone(2) Total fibers required 1 north 1 25 6 8 8 1 14 direct bury| south 26 6 ~2 16 conduit 2 north 25 6 ~2 16 conduit south | 26 6 8 8 | 14 direct bury| 3 north 1 26 6 8 8 1 14 direct bury south 25 6 8 8 2 16 ~conduit 4 north 23 6 7 7 2 15 conduit south | 24 6 8 8 | 14 direct bury 5 north 32 8 11 11 19 direct bury south 33 8 10 10 18 direct bury west 8 2 10 conduit east | 33 8 10 10 1 18 direct buryL 6 north 1 33 8 10 10 1 18 direct bury south (3) 33 8 10 10 18 wireless west 33 8 11 11 2 21 conduit (1) assuming 10 drops per circuit. 2 fibers (full duplex) will be on both sides of free to complete loop (2) 2 fiber for full duplex on each side of the freeway (3) this segment will be wireless, fiber count is shown for information only 1 METROPLO.XLS A32312 ;
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The ramp meter controllers are capable of supporting loops and will perform a dual function at common locations. Table A.3.2.3.~-3a and Table A.3.2.3.~-3b present the alternative cost analysis for this design. Since fiber in conduit dominates the cost of We system, He design was modified to employ 10/11 GHz microwave OC-3 backbone links from He TOC to nodes I, 2, 3, and 4 and lower cost direct bury fiber installation for aB local links. As can be seen, this reduces He cost of He communication infrastructure by approximately $4 Minion. A.3.2.4 Rural ITS System Rural ITS systems have minimal ITS-related historical examples. Rural areas have He following characteristics: The principle ITS-related infrastructure consists of the interstate highway system, state highways, and over roads. Interstates usually have controlled access win ~ or more miles between entrances and exits. Interstate highways and cross rural areas interconnect major metropolitan areas Rest areas are available, usually near population areas on interstates. Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) can represent a major percent of traffic. Check stations are often located at international and state border crossings. With NAl;TA, expedited intemabonal border crossing, without loss of compliance with regulations, is an emerging requirement. Hazardous matenals transport is a major concern. Small towns exist to support rural commerce, often w~dely-dispersed farming, ranching, and related activities; tourism; or recreational ac~vitiese .\NCHRP`P~prx NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F~nalReport A343
Table A.3.2.3.~3a Metropolitan Costs with Fiber in Conduit Backbone Infrastructure IVIFO h condlit 12 for SlMlfO TOC to Node 1 ~2 TOC me Node 3 TOC ~ ~4 TOC ~ Node 5 TOC ~ Node i~ii Contain th Doe 6~ ~ _ - ~UA=13e
Table A.3.2.3.~3b Meiropolitan Costs Allernative with 10/~1 MHz Microwave Links to Nodes 1, 2, 3, and 4 UmP~ sm s o.es s o.es S &46 S 0.78 Tobl . . B_ ~ NAwork 1l~ Nod_ 123, ~ld 4. AD lai~ 11 n~ dTC 11°G~lzhUa~UrJo 4 S401,1C0.00 1 .I3C8~ Ur44 FIb Is - S~FO 24~rSUFO-bb TOC 1 - No - , d~ct b ~1Sss0 80 TOC ~ - co~ C-llhit 1SS1.1S habll S0.80 TOC 2 - Nor~ dt ~SS0 80 TOC 2 - ~, di~ct by, 1SS1.15 TOC3-No~dmethav ·SS0; TOC 3 - sou~' C~dt 1sSl.ls hebll S0.80 TOC 4 - No - , amdult 15Sa80 TOC 4 - Soullt d~ct h~Y 1SS1.15 TCIC S. r~ ~ ~ ~ ~S1 1S TOC S. ~t con~lt 2BS1.1S b~bll S0.8C TOC ~S1.1S TOC 6, ~t, conduR ~Sl.lS h~ll S0.8C To~l bcY linlc tbe SONET~ . S2D,000.00 S80Q00 S400.00 _ S·3.cmco moo S4C0.00 S1.100.CO s1,1=W S24.000.Go se,ooom S400.00 S·,7S0.00 S1G,000.00 S16,0C0.00 uKco~ S7,S00.00 S3,0C0.00 S120,0C0.00 S7~C0.W S1CO,~ 00 Tdel N~n 1 G - nd Tdel | S 1e.~42 1 S 10,370.13 _ SZ7.176.SS , TOC _d Fiald-_- Nc-123,4 ShellandOC-3 hl ~1 DS-1 h ~32 a~232 W ~e ~d~ Total TOC md Fi" 8 TOC and Seld _ ~ - Na Sh It and OC-1 h~ce ~ ~_ _ "ch - _ Tdel TOC and F - d ~ To~b . _ bcal ~nk b~ _ EL&232 _ - 1f~d ~_ 1~nod"~ _ _ 1 ~_i~dnod.6_ r~ 7 hd~ ~d ~un ~ l_ : I _ ~bovk~b_ - n _ ~deo d~ at TC~C _ _ 1 ~i ~ _ _ 20 - hb~ h oor~ ~_ _ 1 _ 1 1~ l _ Ccn~rCoa ~_ _ 1Cd - . ~ and kid" _ Co~, ~DIIt~ng C~t & h~ _ l _ vas~T _ _ 1S~ & ar~r _ V - o C~ eq ~_ ~ ~ _ roc co" | _ l r l 1 ~ b_~ C~Co~ p - - d d. C~ f~d per -~ rOi~i c~c~f~d d ~I Ex1~d Tob S 13.72B0C S esis.OG s 1ss,s42.4c s 17,So32C andh~. S 1,eO4,400.00 s ~,080.00 s e3,3eo.00 s 91,080.00 s s3,3eQoo S sl,oe~co seL3~0.00 Ss1.oso.Go s0,380.00 Ss1.Geo.oo ss3,3eQOO s~,oso.GO s 0,3eo.00 s ~,ocooo s e3,3e0-.Go s meGeo.oo s 63,3eo`00 s 242 880.00 s 1es,seo.00 ·S7,~7200 1os~s24.Go S 121,440.= S s4,4eo.00 . . S 54,64aGO s 3s,01e~00 - - ~ s 20,G00.00 -s 2s.esooo . s 2.4D0 00 s 48,000.00 s 13,0moo 4s,~0a oo S 4,0mao ~eoo 00 Tabb Tdal S S2B 000.00 S 0,000.GO s- 4,000.00 s 437,smoo S ss'Goo.oo s 9~000.00 s so.oo Loo Tol~l S 2,966,000.00 s I I I Toble 1 1 1 l l ~1 I I S m.s31.eo
· Fatal accidents attributed to high speed, longer distances, and fatigue are statistically higher per mile driven. Emergency detection and rapid response is a high priority requirement. Very few rural ITS-related systems have been implemented, although studies, operational demonstrations, and tests have been conducted. Emerging rural ITS system features and communications requirements include: · Rural TOC operations typically conducted by the nearest FMS TOC and are typically a state DOT operation. · FrMS freeways instrumented with loops in each lane, or equivalent technology, to measure the volume and occupancy of traffic and to detect incidents. Although no significant precedents have been established, loops are anticipated to be around entrances and exits and placed perhaps even 3-5 miles, depending on traffic and congestion. Motonst emergency alanns are anticipated to be communicated by cellular phone. CVO vehicles will be equipped with p~vate/commercial communication and automatic vehicle location (AVL) equipment to provide integrated interfaces to public interacting agencies. Coordination with over area AIMS systems, such as Freeway Management, over traffic control systems, etc., Hat require communications. · Communication interfaces to over ITS services such as ATIS, transit, etc. · An ATIS requirement that will be available to He public via ~ternet, PC with modems, public kiosks, etc. L.~h=~\ NC~3-51 · Ph~e2F~Re~n A3~6
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A.3.2.4 ~ Example ITS Rura/ System A map of a rural area wig typical llS characteristics is depicted in Figure A3.2.4.~-1 and has the following charactenstics: The area consists of a 300-me interstate freeway with state borders on each end. The traffic on Me freeway consists of approximately 40% CVO traffic of which 60% is through traffic. WIM and border inspection stations are located near the state borders as shown on the map. Three cities are bypassed by He freeway and are located as shown on He map. The center city has been selected at He site of the rural TOC for the northern part of the state. The area has significant tourist traffic, especially during He summer. During the winter, ice, snow, and high winds can create travel problems at isolated locations. Automated weaker stations are to be placed strategically along He route so motorists can be alerted by kiosk terminals and VMS. A Freeway Management System is to be instaDed to provide modem ATMS and ATIS services to the area. Key capabilities are to collect weather data and provide it to motorists, detection incidents, and manage emergency management. The ITS rural FINS to be instaHed has the following charactenstics: Except in the cities, the freeway has en~ances/ex~ts at approximately 5-mile intervals. Four CCTV cameras are to be installed at all entrances/ex~ts and win be positioned to cover bow freeway directions and entrances/ex~ts. · Loops are to be placed in all lanes approximately 1/3-mule before and after each entrance/ex~t to measure speed, volume, and counts. The state ugly use the count data for statistical purposes instead of placing alternate counting devices. ~;\NCHRP~Phasez~p~\ NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F~nalReport A3-48
WIM devices win be employed in the communication network and will replace commercial dial-up lines. Five weaker stations wall be located as shown on He map. The state DOT's legal department has recently ruled that He DOT may initiate a program to trade "nght-of-way" for commun~cadon infrastructure access. The field equipment count is presented in Table A.3.2.4.~-1 and includes composite data loads as well as loads of various geographical areas. Referring back to Figure A3.2.4.~-l, we see He backbone topology overlaid. Two alternative designs will be developed: one win microwave and one web fiber backbone. The system design has He following charactenstics: · The backbone communication links win employ redundant circuits down bow sides of the freeway. SONET OC-3 drop/add circuits will be deployed with nodes at miles 30, 90,150, 210, 270. Nodes 3, 4, and 5 will be on one circuit and nodes ~ and 2 on He other circuit. The repeaterIess distance for standard fiber transmitters and receivers over SMFO is approximately 20 miles. Optional, higher-cost, transmitters wad greater transmit power and receivers win better sensitivity will be employed to extend the repeateriess distance to more than 60 miles. This win add an additional cost of approximately $5,300. Each win be equipped with dual DS-1 interfaces for each CCTV camera. The local links will employ drop and repeat SW;O fiber transceivers win a repeateriess distance capability of ~ ~ miles. Spread radio spectrum were considered for the local links, but were more expensive because the controllers are close to He fiber cable. CCTV cameras will emclov dedicated fibers from a node to each camera. Analog video is ~ ~ , employed from camera to node on fiber win a full duplex, EL\-232, 9600 bps camera control channel multiplexed on He same fiber. Redundancy will not be employed on these circuits. L;\NCHRP\Phase2.rprx NCHRP3-51 · Phase2F,rIalReport A3-49
Table A.3.2.4.~-1 Rural Field Count and Data Load Analysis Count --b] m~ ~ ~ Total Composite CClV Camera Video673.09E+06206,896,000 Control 9.60E+03643,200 controllers134960128,64 Vl\/IS10960096,00 weather stations4960038,400 Total 207,763,840 Node 1 CCTV Camera Video133.09E+0640,144,000 Control 9.60E+03124,800 controllers2696024,960 VMS2960019,200 weather station196009,600 Total 40,322,56 Node2 CClV Camera Video143.09E+0643,232,000 Control 9.60E+03134,400 controllers2896026,880 VMS2960019,200 weather station196009,600 Total 43,422,08 Node 3 CClV Camera Video143.09E+0643,232,000 Control 9.60E+03134,400 controllers2896026,880 VMS2960019,200 Total 43,412,480 Node4 CClV Camera Video143.09E+0643,232,000 Control 9.60E+03134,400 controllers2896026,880 VNIS2960019,200 weather station196009,600 Total 43,422,080 Node 5 CCTV Camera Video123.09E+0637,056,000 Control 9.60E+03115,200 controllers2496023,040 VMS2960019,200 weather station196009,600 Total 37,223,040 ~_ Multiplexing Analysis Total Load Nodes 1 and 2 CCTV Camera Controllers - Totals 83,376,000 368,640 83.744.640 Total Load Nodes 3, 4, 5 CCTV Camera123,520,000 Controllers537,600 Totals124,057,600 RURAL.XI~S A32411 i.'. \
The entire freeway system has right-of-way suitable for direct bury fiber installation. A 24- fiber SMFO cable will be employed. This cable win provide fiber for the backbone and the video and controller local links. Table A.3.2.4.~-2 presents an analysis of the fiber cable count requirements. The cost analysis for this design is presented in Table A.3.2.4.~-3. The communications infrastructure win cost approximately $32,104 per field node. It should be noted that $27,!12 of this is for fiber installation and is the dominant cost element. Rural EMS systems are excellent candidates for public/pr~vate partnerships trading nght-of-way for fiber infrastructure. This is due to Me low density of field devices along the freeway. It should be noted however, Mat Me cost of this example system would be much more if the fiber cable plant could not be employed for the local links with access at the required locations. ~:`NCHRP`Phasc2.rprx NCHRP3-51 · Phase2FinalReport A3-51
Table A.3.2.4.~-2 Rural Fiber Count Analysis Weather station . Controller/ Node Direction |VMS |Fibers(1) | Cameras Fibers |E ackbone(2) |] otal fibers required 1 east 1 14 4 7 7 1 2 ~13 west ~ 5 4 6 6 10 2 east 16 4 7 7 2 13 west 1 15 4 7 7 1 2 1 13 3 east 15 4 7 7 2 13 west 15 4 7 7 2 13 4 east 15 4 7 7 2 13 west 16 4 7 7 2 13 5 east 13 4 6 6 10 west ~14 4 ~6 6 ~2 ~12 (1 ) Assuming 10 drop and repeats per circuit with 2 fibers (full duplex) each (2) 2 Fiber for full duplex counter rotating rings on each side of the freeway R~AL.XLS A32412
Table A.3.2.4.~-3 Rural Costs miles _ Bacmone SMFO in conduitquan6b _ 24 fiber SMFO cable600 . Direct bury fiber total _ SONET Muffipl.3xers_ Fleld Mulffplexers - Nodes 1,2,3, ~ c^ Shelf and OC 3 interface DS 1 in~s EIA-232 In~aces ~ great 3r repeaterless fiber Tx/Rx . each mulff~exer . T-_ . Unit pnce sn S1.04 S0.80 S1.84 Total S20,000.00 S800.00 S400.00 S5,300.00 - · Nodes 1 and 5 could be config ~red wi~ few 3r DS-1 inh3~aces TOC Multiplexers -for Nodes 1 and 2 SW and OC-3 interface 1 DS 1 in~laces 54 EIA-232 Interfaces 7 ~er repeater ess fiber T~Rx 1 each multiplexer Tota Multi~exer 1 TOC MulI~exers - for Nodes 3, 4, and 5 Shetf and 0~3 interh~ce DS 1 in~rracss i . IA-232 In~s . ~ repesterless fiber TxlRx sach muffiDlexer Total Muliipl~r . Multplexi Totals . ng .F'ber EIA-232 SMFO Trar#ceivers |At Coniinunication Nodes 7At con~ler cabinents 7instal1 spread spacb~m radios V-30 Com' 1unica~don ~quiprnent Analog videoldata transceivers ~ndeo Encodes at nodes ~ndeo damdem at TOC Equipment ~ nstallaffon and test Communicaffon node ir~talla~on com. inte~s in con~ller cabinenis Communicabon Inhasbu~ Con~ler Costs ICon=Uer cabin" and ins~ll Contrdler, re~ofit e~ng cabinet, & install VMS cos~ I 7Sign & controller deo Camera, equipment cabinet, Communicabon Cost per field device . Non~comm~caffon Cost per field device Total cost per field device | RURAIJO5 A32413 S20,000.00 S800.00 ; S400.00 ; S5,300.00 S20,000.00 S800.00 S400.00~ S5,300.00 S1 100.00 S1,100.00 S200.00 S1 750.00 S16,000.00 S16,000.00 unit cost S7,500.00 S3,000.00 S120,000.00 S7,500.00 S100 000.00 Tot~ Non~ricabon Grand Total S 32 018.23 S 7,965.12 S39,983.35
