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PAPERBACK list:$69.75 Web:$62.77 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free Resources Display this book on your site! Related Titles The Future of Disability in America The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program: Assessing 10 Years of Experience -- Special Report 264 Other Related Titles TCRP Web Doc 2 Evaluating Transit Operations for Individuals with Disabilities: Final Report (1997) Transportation Research Board (TRB) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page III   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More Page III FRONT MATTER (R1-R2) CONTENTS (R3-R8) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (1-6) CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION (7-20) CHAPTER II SERVICE ROUTES (21-82) CHAPTER III FEEDER SERVICE (83-124) CHAPTER IV ROUTE DEVIATION SERVICES (125-156) CHAPTER V LOW-FLOOR BUSES (157-200) CHAPTER VI FARE INCENTIVE PROGRAMS (201-272) CHAPTER VII EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICABILITY OF THE OPTIONS AND ENHANCEMENTS STUDIED (273-306) APPENDIX A EVALUATION FRAMEWORKS (307-360)

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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeae CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.~e T 1 PROBLEM STATEMENT I-1 PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY I-3 SELECTION OF OPTIONS FOR STUDY I-5 SELECTION OF CASE STUDY SITES I-10 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT T ll CHA1~TER II SERVICE ROUTES eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee..eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeae 11-1 INTRODUCTION AND MAJOR FINDINGS . II-1 CASE STUDY SITES II-5 Ajax, Ontario II-7 Richmond Hill, Ontario II-8 Madison County, Illinois II-11 Madis 0 n, Wisc 0 nsin II-16 Margate, Florida II-19 METHODOLOGY . II-21 FINDINGS . II-23 Ridership Impacts II-23 Basic Operating Measures II-36 ECONOMIC IMPACTS . II42 Initial Cost of Sexing Up Se, vice RoutesiCo~= iffy Bus Routes . II 44 O p e r a t i o n a l C o s t I m p a c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I - 4 6 IMPLEMENTATION IS SUES . ... . . . . .. . . .... .... .. ....... .. .. .. ..... ... . . . . .... . ...... ... ......... ... ....... ..II-54 The Conceptual Planning Process . II-54 Route and Schedule Implementation . II-56 Communication and Marketing II-57 Travel Training II-58 Techniques to Encourage Switching II-59 Drivers: Hiring and Training II-60 Vehicles II-61 TRANSFERABIL1TY II-61 CHAPI ER III FEEDER SERVICE III-1 INTRODUCTION AND MAJOR FINDINGS III-1 CASE STUDY SITES III-3 DESCRIPTION OF PARATRANSIT AND FEEDER SERVICE . III-5 BC Trans* III-5 Pierce Transit III-9 METHODOLOGY III-12 FINDINGS OF THE CASE STUDIES . III-13 Charactenstics of Feeder Trips III-13

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Length and Duration of Feeder Trips .eee ee.eee.e e e e e ee e.ee ee eee e.ee eeeeeeeee III-14 Delays to Vehicles and Passengers eeeeeeeeeeee~eeeaeeee~eeee~ eee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ e~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeeeee III-19 Service Qualityeeeeeeeeeeeeee.~eeeeeeeeeeeee.~eeeeeeeeeea.~ .ee.~ eeeee.~.eeee.~ eeeee.~ .eeeee.~ eeeaeeeeee. III-20 Demand for Paratransit esteem eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeee~ eeeee~e~ eel ee~eeeeeee~ eeee Impact on MObilityeeeee.~.eeee..eeeeeeeeeeee..eee.~eeeeeeeeeeeeeee.~ee..e.eeeee~e.~ eeeeeeee.~eeeeeeeee.~ee.~eeeee.~e III-26 Additional User and Community Perspectives eeeeeeeeeeeeeea~eee~eee~ eerier eve bee eve eeeeeeee~ III-28 Economic Evaluationeeee e ee eeeeeeeee.eesee ee eee ee e ee ee eeeeee e e.e e.eee.eee eeeeIII-29 Implementation and Planning Cost III-30 Scheduling Coordination' and Trip Plan nin geee..eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.eeeeee.ee.eeeee...ee...eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee...eeeIII-30 Operational Savings from Reduced Paratransit Vehicle Ti m ee eeeeeeee.e eeeeeeeee ~eeIII-31 Operational Cost Savings Due to Reduced Demand~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeee III-33 Summary of Cost Savings e~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~e~ee~eeeeeeaeeeeea~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeae~eeeeeeee~eeeaeeeee~eee~ee~eeaeeeee III-33 Does Cost Savings Depend on Trip Length? eeeee~eeeee~ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeee~ee~ eeeeeeeee~e III-34 Standing Order vs. One-time Tripseeeeeeeeeee.e ee.ee eeeeeeee.e eeeeee eee e eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.ee eeeeee ee.III-35 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES--LESSONS LEARNED *~eeeeeeeeee..eeeeeee.eeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee III-35 E l i g i b i l i t y S c r e e n i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I I - 35 Feeder Trip Scheduling eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.eeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee..eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee III-36 The Critical Role of Wait Times eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeea~eeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ III-36 Community and Rider Relations III-37 Selecting Trips for Feedereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeee~ee~ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee III-37 Standing Orders and Single Tripseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeee~eeeee~eeeeeeee~ee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeee III-37 Travel Traininge~ eeeeee~e~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ ~ ~ eeeeee~eeeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeeeeeee~ ever ee III-38 Should Paratransit Vehicles Wait at Transfer Points? e~ He eeaeeeeeeeeeeee~e~eee~eeeeee~eeeee~eeeeeeeeee III-38 Transfer Locations eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ ~eeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ee~eee III-38 Comparability to Fixed-Route Travel Times III-39 Fare Coordination eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeeeeeeeee~eeee~eeeee~eeeeeeeee~ee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee III-39 APPLICABILITY AND TRANSFERABILITY eeeee ~eeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeaea~eeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee III-39 eerier em III-22 CHAPTER IV ROUTE DEVIATION SERVICESeeee.~eea.~.eee.~.IV~1 INTRODUCTION AND MAJOR FINDINGS ..eeeea~eeaeeeeeeeee~eee. eel .~. eeeee. .~.e IV-1 CASE STUDY SITESee~eeeee~eeeeeaeeeeeeee~eee~ eel eeee~eeeeeee~ each eeeea~eee~ aeon ~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee IV-3 Community Transit in York, Pennsylvania..e..eeeee.eeeeee.eeeeee.ee....eeeeee..eeeeeee.ee.eeeeeeeeeeeeeee.eeeee.eee.e.eeeee IV-3 Lane Transit District in Eugene' Oregon e.e.ee..ee.eeeeee.eeeeeeee.eeeeeeeeeee.eeeeeeee.e..eeeeeeeeee.eeeeeeee.e..eeeeee.ee.ee. IV-7 Lincoln County Transit in Newport, OregOneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeee~.eeeeeee..eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeee IV-10 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES eeeeeeeeeeee~ee~ eeeeeeeeeeeeee~ee~eeeeeeeeeeeeea~eeee~eeeeeeeee IV-12 COMPARISON OF FINDINGS eeeeeeeeeeeeea.~eeeeeeeeeee.~eeeeeeeeeeeeeee. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeea~ deem sees IV-14 Change In Geographic Area Served due to Implementation of Route Deviationeee~e~ee~e~eeeeee IV-14 Comparison Between Deviation Ride Tunes and Paratransit Ride Times ~eeee~eeeeeeeeeeee~ en IV-15 Change in Ride Time for Non-D~sabled Riderseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.~ eee~..ea.eeeea.~ eeeee.~.ee.~.e.. IV-16 Average Recovery Time due to Uncertainty of Deviations bees ease 17 I ength of Deviations eee~eee~ee~eeeeee~ee ~redeem eeee~eeeeeeee ~eeeea~eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee~eee~ eeeee IV ~ Percentage of Passenger Trips Requiring a Deviation IV-~S Reluctance or Hesitancy to Request Deviations ~ e o~ bee eeeeeee~ aeon e IV-519 Opinions of Riders not Using DeViatiOnSee.~ eeeeee.~ee.~ ... Complaints .~..~..~..~. .~eeeeeeeeeee eeeee e e e e ewe eeeeeeeeee IV 20 e e ~ IV 241 Opinions about Route Deviation Comparecl to Paratransit~ee.~.ee. eeeeeee~e~ .eeee~eee..e~ teepee. IV-21 Increase in Operating Miles and Hours Due to Deviationseeeeeeeae~.eeeee.~ .e.~ . IV-22 Paratransit Demand Impacts e eee.eee.e eeeeeeeeeeeee IV-22

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Economic Evaluation IV-25 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES AND LESSONS LEARNED IV-27 APPLICABILITY AND TRANSFERABILITY IV-29 Evaluation Issues.e.e ee.ee.e.e.e.ee.eee.eeeeeeeee eeeee.e.ee.e~ee ee e.e.e T`l hi CHAPTER V LOW-FLOOR BUSES ............... INTRODUCTION AND MAJOR FINDINGS . V-1 CASE STUDY SITES V-6 METHODOLOGY . V-13 FINDINGS . V-15 Boarding and Alighting TiIne-General Public V-15 Boarding and Alighting Tirne-Passengers with Disabilities . V-18 Increase in Operating Speed V-24 Maintenance e e ee e ee e e e e .......... e e . e e e e e e ee e e e e . e e e e e e. e e . ee e e e V-26 Reliability V-26 Accident Rates and General Passenger Safety V-30 Ridership . V-31 Ease and Safety of Boarding for Passengers with Disabilities V-31 Driver Perceptions . V-37 Preferences of Non-Disabled Riders . V-38 Economic Evaluation V-38 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES~LESSONS LEARNED V~2 APPLICABILITY AND TRANSFERABILITY V~2 CHAPI ER VI FARE INCENTIVE PROGRAMS VI-1 INTRODUCTION AND MAJOR FINDINGS . VI-1 CASE STUDY SITES VI-3 Greater Bridgeport Transit District VIA Capital Metro, Austin, Texas VI-9 Tulsa Transit, Tulsa, Oklahoma VI-13 Metro Dade Transit Agency VI-17 Ann Arbor Transportation Au1:hori~, Ann Arbor, Michigan VI-22 Start-Up and Ongoing Administrative Costs VI-25 Use of the Free Fare Option and Impacts on FD`ed-Route Fare Revenue VI-28 Impacts on Paratransit Ridership VI-39 Effects of the Fare Incentive Programs on Mode Choice VI-56 Impacts on Travel Trairling VI-60 Cost-Effectiveness of the Free Fare Programs VI-63 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLEMENT ATION ISSUES VI-67 TRANSFERABILITY VI-71 CHAPTER VII EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICABILITY OF THE OPTIONS AND ENHANCEMENTS STUDIED VII-1 RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SERVICE OPTIONS STUDIED VII-2 Cust 0 mer Integrati 0 n VII-6 System Integration VII-9 Shifting Trips from Paratransit to Fixed Route VII-11

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Hat ~t ~:~`ri==c! . VII-13 Community AcceptanceVII-15 R e 1 a t e d B e n e fi t s / I s s u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V I I - 18 COMBINING SERVICE OPTIONS FOR GREATER ElLECTlVENESSVII-20 IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATIONAL ISSUESVII-22 Table II-1. Characteristics of Case Study SitesII-6 Table II-2. Costs per Revenue HourII-36 Table II-3. Costs per Revenue Mile .II-38 Table II4. Passengers Per Revenue HourII40 Table II-5. Operating SpeedsII43 Table II-6. Cost of Setting Up Service Routes/Community Bus RoutesII45 Table II-7. Net New Revenue from Service Routes (Annual) .II48 Table II-8. Estimated Savings from Paratransit Trips Diverted or AvoidedII49 Table II-9. Annual Savings from Fixed-route Service ReplacedII-51 Table II-10. Annual Operating Cost of Service RoutesII-52 Table II~lle Summary of Savings from Service Routeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeII-53 Table III-1. Case Study Sites-Key Statistics III4 Table III-2. Length and Duration of Feeder Trips III-15 Table III-3. Length and Duration of Feeder Trips Compared to Alternatives III-18 Table III4. Customer Comparison of Feeder and Direct Service at BC TransitIII-21 Table III-5. Demand Impacts of Feeder and Other Service ChangesIII-23 Table III-6. Reasons for No Longer Using Shuttle III-25 Table III-7. Current Modes of Former Shuttle RidersIII-27 Table III-8. Calculation of Paratransit Vehicle Time Cost Savings III-32 Table IV-1. Additional Miles/Hours and Annual Cost Impacts IV-23 Table IV-2. Cost of Paratransit Service without Route Deviation{V-24 Table IV-3. Cost Elements of Paratransit and Route DeviationIV-26 Table V-1. Key Specifications for Low-Floor BusesV-2 Table V-2. Case Study Sites-Key StatisticsV-7 Table V-3. Conventional Bus Equipment at Case Study SitesV-8 Table V 4. Boarding Tines of Non-Disabled Passengers (Seconds) .V-16 Table V-5. Alighting Times of Non-Disabled Passengers (Seconds) .V-17 Table V-6. Fixed Time per StopV-19 Table V-7. Simulation Results (All Times in Seconds) .V-20 Table V-8. Dwell Time Analysis for Riders with DisabilitiesV-23 Table V-9. Repairs for Lifts and RampsV-27 Table V~lOe Percent of Riders Preferring Low-Floor Buses ee~eeeeeeeeeeaeee~e~ ~ ~eeeeee~eV40 Table VI-1. Selected Service and Demographic Information for Case Study SitesVI-5 Table VI-2. Fixed-Route and Paratransit Fares Before and After May 1, 1993 .VI-8 Table VI-3. Capital Metro Transit Fares Since January, 1991VI-14 Table VIA. Summary of Tulsa Transit Fare Changes, 1991-1996VI-17 Table VI-5. Metro Dade Fare Changes, August, 1995 to May, 1996VI-21 Table VI-6. AATA Fixed Route and Paratransit Fores LIT_

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Table VI-7. Capital Metro Paratransit Ridership, FY88-FY95VI46 Table VI-~. MDTA Paratransit Ridership, FY92-FY95 VIM Table VI-9. Actual and Predicted AATA Paratransit Rides, April-August, 1996 .VI-57 Table VI-10. Effects of Free-Fare Program on Bus Use .VI-59 Table VI-~. Factors Cited in Switching Trips from Paratransit to Fixed-RouteVI-61 Table VI-12. Summary of Free Fixed Route Rides by Type of RiderVI-64 Table VI-13. Summary of Estimated SavingsVI-65 Table VII-1. Summary of Relative Effectiveness of Service Options/Enhancements StudiedVII-3 Table VII-2. Suggested Combinations of Service Options and Enhancements VII-21 Table VII-3. Implementation and Operational Issues ObservedVII-23 Table VII~. Transferability and Applicability of Options StudiedVII-30 Figure Ill. Service Options and Enhancements Identified by Related ResearchI-6 Figure I-2. Service Options "Being Considered" by Transit ProvidersI-9 Figure 1-3. ~~~^ C=-~-- ~ `~^ Figure II-1: The Flag Bus at Ajax Plaza . II-9 Figure II-2: Map of the Richmond Hill Community Bus Route . II-12 Figure II-3: Madison County's MCT Shuttle System ~ II-15 Figure IBM: Local Motion Buses Meeting at the Senior Center II-17 Figure II-5: Elderly Passengers Dominate the Ridership of Margate Inner-City Transit II-22 Figure II-6: Ridership Trends in Madison County' IL II-24 Figure II-7: Ridership Trends in Ajax' Ontario II-26 Figure II-~: Ridership Trends in Margate, FL II-27 Figure II-9: Ridership Trends in Richmond Hill, Ontario Il-29 Figure II-10: Ridership Trends in Madison, WI II-30 rhyme -: EIshinated Percentage of Parat~ansit Trips D~-veHed to Se - -ice Routes . 1I 33 Figure II-12: Estimated Savings as a Percentage of Annual Paratransit Expenditures Il-54 Figure III-1. Passengers Entering Accessible Sky Train Car III-6 Figure III-2. The BC Transit Service Area and the Location of the SkyTrain and SeaBus Services Figure III-3. SHUTTLE Rider Transferring to F=ed Route Bus III-10 Figure IV-1. Community Trans*'s Fixed Routes in York County IVY Figure IV-2. FixedRoutesinDowntownYork ~ IV-5 Figure IV-3. Lane Transit District Route Map and Schedule Showing Deviation IV-8 Figure IVY. The Three CCC "Routes" in Lincoln County, Oregon IV-11 Figure V-1. Low-Floor Bus Operated by the Ann Arbor Transportation Authority V-9 Figure V-2. Low-Floor Bus Operated by the Champaign-Urbana Mass Transit District V-10 Figure V-3. Interior of Ann Arbor low-Floor Bus Looking Forward V-11 Figure V4. Interior View of Ann Arbor Low-Floor Bus Showing Rear Seating Area and Interior level Change V-12 Figure VI-1. Half-Fare and Free-Fare Ridership January, 1993 - May, 1994) . VI-29 Figure VI-2. Free Fare Fixed Route Trips in Austin, January, 1991- December, 1995 . VI-32

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Figure VI-3. Lift Boardings and Free (MI) Fixed Route Trips in Austin January' 1988 ~ March' 1996~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeaeee~ eeeeeee~ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee VI-35 Figure VI4e Free Fare and Half Fare Rides in Miami October' 1994 ~ April' 1996eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeVI~36 Figure VI~5e Tulsa Transit Free Fare and Half Fare Rides' July' 1990 ~ March' 1996eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeVI~38 Figure VI~6e GBTD Paratransit Ridership (E7Y91 ~ E7Y94) eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeVI40 Figure VI-7. GBTD Paratransit Ridership (July' 1992 ~ May, 1994) eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeee.VI~42 Figure VI-8e Paratrarlsit (STS) Ridership and Free (MI) Fixed" Route Trips in Austin' January' 1988 ~ Decemberr 1995~eeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeea~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeVI45 Figure VI~9e MDTA Actual and Predicted Paratransit Trips, January, 1995 ~ May' 1996 eeeeeeeVI~50 Figure VI~lOe Paratransit and Free Fare Fixed Route Rides Provided by Tulsa Transit April' 1991 ~ March 1996eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeaeeeeeee VI-52 Figure VI-ll. AATA Free Fare Fixed Route Rides and Paratransit Trip Trends July' 1995-Augllst' 1996eeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ~eeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee VI-55