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Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW........... The public policy context 1 What has happened to carpoolina?. The decline in transit shares Implications of these trends Or~i^^t mini - stile - c, ................. 10 Literature review 12 The structure of this report 15 2. DATABASE DEVELOPMENT ~ 18 Introduction 18 Cross sectional database 18 Data and data sources for dependent variables 19 ........... 23 Time series databases 23 Data sources for dependent variables ................................................................................... Explanatory variables............................................................................................................. Data for explanatory variables ........... 26 28 Limitations of the data 29 Geographic definition issues Other mode share calculation issues Lack of adequate time series data Simultaneitv considerntinns ~1 Imm:'r~l ...... 32 ........ 32 3. PROJ ECT FINDINGS ~ Overview ~ 35 Cross-sectional regression models ~ 35 Static models for 1990 37 1980-1990 trend models ............................................................................................... Time series regression models for New York City. ............. 44 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 52 Summary of results ear 52 Conclusions 52 1. Public policies alone are not the culprit 53 2. But public policies do appear to matter 53 3. And the outlook for the future is not all bad 55 Recommendations for further research . ~.~.~. ~. 57
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration and was conducted in the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council. The research reported herein was performed under TCRP Project H-13B by Charles River Associates Incorporated. Charles River Associates is the contractor for this study. Michael A. Kemp of Charles River Associates is the Principal Investigator for this study. The authors of this report are Mark Kiefer and Michael Kemp of Charles River Associates.