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An End State Methodology for Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management, with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks
Committee on Technologies for Cleanup of High-Level Waste in Tanks in the DOE Weapons Complex
Board on Radioactive Waste Management
Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1999
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-FC01-94EW54069. All opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Energy.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government, and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-06183-0
Additional copies of this report are available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Ave., NW, Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area) http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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COMMITTEE ON TECHNOLOGIES FOR CLEANUP OF HIGH-LEVEL WASTE IN TANKS IN THE DOE WEAPONS COMPLEX
B. JOHN GARRICK, Chair,
PLG Inc. (retired), Newport Beach, California
VICKI M. BIER,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
ALLEN G. CROFF,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee
MARSHALL E. DRUMMOND*,
Eastern Washington University, Cheney
JOHN H. ROECKER, Consultant,
Colbert, Washington
CLAUDE G. SOMBRET,
Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (retired), Villeneuve Les Avignon, France
MARTIN J. STEINDLER,
Argonne National Laboratory (retired), Downers Grove, Illinois
RAYMOND G. WYMER,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (retired), Tennessee
Staff
ROBERT S. ANDREWS, Senior Staff Officer
ERIKA L. WILLIAMS, Research Assistant
PATRICIA A. JONES, Senior Project Assistant
LAURA D. LLANOS, Project Assistant
*
Resigned from committee May 15, 1998
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BOARD ON RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT
MICHAEL C. KAVANAUGH, Chair,
Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Oakland, California
JOHN F. AHEARNE, Vice Chair,
Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, and Duke University, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
ROBERT J. BUDNITZ,
Future Resources Associates, Inc., Berkeley, California
MARY R. ENGLISH,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
DARLEANE C. HOFFMAN,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California
JAMES H. JOHNSON, JR.,
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
ROGER E. KASPERSON,
Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
JAMES O. LECKIE,
Stanford University, Stanford, California
JANE C. S. LONG,
University of Nevada, Reno
CHARLES McCOMBIE, International Consultant,
Wettingen, Switzerland
WILLIAM A. MILLS,
Oak Ridge Associated Universities (retired), Olney, Maryland
D. WARNER NORTH,
Northworks, Inc., Mountain View, California
MARTIN J. STEINDLER,
Argonne National Laboratory (retired), Argonne, Illinois
JOHN J. TAYLOR,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California
MARY LOU ZOBACK,
U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
BRWM Staff
KEVIN D. CROWLEY, Director
ROBERT S. ANDREWS, Senior Staff Officer
THOMAS E. KIESS, Senior Staff Officer
JOHN R. WILEY, Senior Staff Officer
SUSAN B. MOCKLER, Research Associate
TONI GREENLEAF, Administrative Associate
ROBIN L. ALLEN, Senior Project Assistant
PATRICIA A. JONES, Senior Project Assistant
ANGELA R. TAYLOR, Senior Project Assistant
LATRICIA C. BAILEY, Project Assistant
LAURA D. LLANOS, Project Assistant
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COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER, Chair,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
RICHARD A. CONWAY,
Union Carbide Corporation (retired), S. Charleston, West Virginia
THOMAS E. GRAEDEL,
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
THOMAS J. GRAFF,
Environmental Defense Fund, Oakland, California
EUGNIA KALNAY,
University of Oklahoma, Norman
DEBRA KNOPMAN,
Progressive Policy Institute, Washington, D.C.
KAI N. LEE,
Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
RICHARD A. MESERVE,
Covington & Burling, Washington, D.C.
JOHN B. MOONEY, JR.,
J. Brad Mooney Associates, Ltd., Arlington, Virginia
HUGH C. MORRIS,
El Dorado Gold Corporation, Vancouver, British Columbia
H. RONALD PULLIAM,
University of Georgia, Athens
MILTON RUSSEL,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
THOMAS C. SCHELLING,
University of Maryland, College Park
ANDREW R. SOLOW,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL,
Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida
E-AN ZEN,
University of Maryland, College Park
MARY LOU ZOBACK,
United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
Staff
ROBERT M. HAMILTON, Executive Director
GREGORY H. SYMMES, Associate Executive Director
CRAIG SCHIFFRIES, Associate Executive Director for Special Projects
JEANETTE SPOON, Administrative and Financial Officer
SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
MARQUITA SMITH, Administrative Assistant/Technology Analyst
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Acknowledgement of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council (NRC) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals, who are neither officials nor employees of the NRC, for their participation in the review of this report:
Robert J. Budnitz, Future Resources Associates, Inc.
Gregory R. Choppin, Florida State University
Donald R. Gibson, TRW Defense Services
Harry D. Harmon, Harmon Consulting
William E. Kastenberg, University of California
William A. MacCrehan, III, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Richard A. Meserve, Covington & Burling
D. Warner North, Northworks, Inc.
Frank L. Parker, Vanderbilt University
John L. Swanson, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (retired)
While the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, it must be emphasized that responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the NRC.
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Contents
Summary
1
The Approach,
1
An Example,
3
Conclusions and Recommendations,
5
1
Introduction
9
High-Level Waste Tanks,
10
Tank Waste Remediation Technology Development Program,
13
Layout of the Report,
14
2
Conceptual Approach to Defining Technology Development Requirements Based on End State Criteria
15
Definition, Purpose, and Meaning of An End State Based Approach,
15
Benefits and Limitations of the Approach,
18
Characterizing the Initial State,
20
Reference and Alternative Scenarios,
20
End State Specifications,
22
Defining Functional Flowsheets and Requirements,
23
Functional Flowsheets Consolidation,
24
Functional Requirement Allocation,
24
Technology Assessment,
24
Performing Technology Development,
26
Summary,
26
3
Example of an End State Based Analysis of Technology Development Needs for the Hanford Tanks
29
Scope,
30
Conditions Affecting Scenario Specification,
30
End State Analysis,
33
Development of Functional Flowsheets,
38
Functional Flowsheet Consolidation,
51
Summary,
51
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4
Results of an End State Based Analysis of Technology Development Needs for the Hanford Tanks
53
Technology Development Program for Hanford Tank Wastes,
54
Technology Assessment for Selected Functions of the Scenarios,
55
Summary and Conclusions,
63
5
Conclusions and Recommendations
64
The End State Methodology,
64
The Hanford Example,
67
DOE Tank Waste Remediation Technology Development Program,
68
General Factors,
69
Abbreviations and Acronyms
71
Glossary
72
References
74
Appendix A:
Summary of Scenario-Based Studies of the Remediation of High-Level Waste in Tanks
79
Appendix B:
Management Strategies for Remediation of High-level Waste at the Hanford Site
84
Appendix C:
Statement of Task
90
Appendix D:
Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
91
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Figures and Tables
Figure 1
DOE Tank Sites
11
Figure 2
Two Basic Types of Hanford Tanks
12
Figure 3
Process for Using End State Criteria to Derive Technology Development Requirements
17
Figure 4
Committee's Reference and Plausible Bounding Scenarios and Functional Flowsheets for Hanford Site Tanks and Associated Wastes
41
Figure 5
Committee's Reference and Plausible Bounding Scenarios and Functional Flowsheets for Hanford Site Tanks and Associated Wastes (same of Figure 4), with Functions Selected for Discussion in This Report Shown in Bold Outlined Boxes
56
Table 1
Waste Tanks in the DOE EM Remediation Area Program by Site
11
Table 2
Waste Volumes for the Hanford Tanks, as of May 31, 1998
33
Table 3
Selected Impacts of Hanford Tank Waste Remediation Alternatives
39
Table 4
Committee's Reference Hanford Tank Remediation Scenario—Concentration Goals for Key Radionuclides in Low-Activity Waste (LAW) for the Purposes of Planning Technology Development
44
Table 5
Extensive Separations Hanford Tank Remediation Scenario—Concentration Goals for Key Radionuclides in Low-Activity Waste (LAW) for the Purposes of Planning Technology Development
50
Table 6
Department of Energy Office of Science and Technology Projects on Enhanced Sludge Washing
59
Table 7
Department of Energy Office of Science and Technology Projects on Enhanced Barriers
62
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