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INDEX
A
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 78, 86, Plate XIV
Aerosol-borne toxins, 2, 11, 60, 67
Air pollution, see Global warming
Aircraft, weather forecasting, 24, 25
seafood, toxins in, 6, 7, 15, 18, 60-66
toxins, cost-effective detection, 6, 7, 70
toxins, general, 6, 7, 15, 17, 18, 27, 59-70
see also Harmful algal blooms; Plankton
Amnesic shellfish poisoning, 11, 60, 61, 65-66
Animal modes, 3-4, 11, 60, 71, 72, 74-75, 81-82, 83-95
Anoxia, 2
see also Dissolved oxygen levels
Antibiotics, 6, 50, 74, 81, 87
Atmospheric processes, see Climate; Weather
B
Bacteria, general, 3, 10, 44-45, 46, 50, 78
antibiotics, 6, 50, 74, 81, 87
coliform bacteria, 6, 46-48, 49, 57
vibrios, 3, 10, 27, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51-52, 57
see also specific and bacterial diseases
Bioassays, 48, 50, 57, 72, 74, 77, 80, 82, 94
Biodiversity, 71-95
Biomedical sciences, 1, 6-7, 9, 15, 43-70, 83-95
biodiversity and, 6-7, 11, 71-95
biotechnology, general, 48, 72
see also Pharmaceuticals
fluorescence, 11, 46, 48, 79, 80, Plate XIV
marine organisms as models, 3-4, 11, 60, 71, 72, 74-75, 81-82, 83-95
see Cellular biology;Diseases and disorders; Health services; Immunology; Neurobiology
Brevetoxins, 63, 64, 67, 68, 71
Bryostatin, 76
C
Calcium, 60, 79-80, 88, 89, 94
Cancer drugs, 3, 7, 9, 74, 75-76, 78, 81
Cellular biology, 11, Plate XIV
calcium, 60, 79-80, 88, 89, 94, Plate XVI
marine organisms as models, 4, 7, 79-80, 83-95
pharmaceuticals, 7, Plate X, Plate XI
see also Cancer drugs; Immunology; Neurobiology
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 57
Cholera, 10, 21, 39, 44, 45, 52, 57
Ciguatera fish poisoning, 11, 61, 62, 63, 64
Climate, 1, 2, 4, 9-10, 11, 33-39
computer models, 36, 38, 40, 42
databases, 4-5
drought, 3, 4, 18, 19, 33-34, 53, 54
ENSO, 2-3, 5, 9, 10, 15, 17-18, 33-34, 38, 39, 53, 54
monitoring programs, 31, 32, 39
North Atlantic Oscillation, 2-3, 33-34
see also Global warming
Climate Variability and Predictability Programme, 41
wetlands, 27
see also Estuaries; Harmful algal blooms; Tropical storms; Tsunamis, storm surges and tidal waves
Coliform bacteria, 6, 46-48, 49, 57
Computer applications
climate models, 36, 38, 40, 42
databases, 4-5
Internet, 41
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement, 76
Cost and cost-benefit issues
algal toxin detection, 6, 7, 70
coliforms as indicator of fecal pollution, 57
pharmaceuticals development, 7, 72, 77-78
Cross-disciplinary approaches, see Multidisciplinary approaches
Cyanotoxins, 66
Cyclin, 87-88
Cyclones, see Tropical storms
D
chemical and biological data, 40
HEED, 37
Dengue fever, 3, 21-22, 39, 55
disasters, 10, 19, 20, 22-23, 26-27, 41
global warming, 39
cholera, 10, 21, 39, 44, 45, 52, 57
diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, 11, 60-62, 65
typhoid fever, 21
Dinoflagellates, 9, 31, 32, 63, 64, 65, 67-68, 79
Diseases and disorders, general, 5
amnesic shellfish poisoning, 11, 60, 61, 65-66
cholera, 10, 21, 39, 44, 45, 52, 57
dengue fever, 3, 21-22, 39, 55
diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, 11, 60-62, 65
ENSO, 3, 5, 15, 33-34, 36, 52-56
gastroenteritis, 45, 50, 63, 64, 65
malaria, 3, 15, 21-22, 39, 53-54
marine organisms as models, 3-4, 74-75, 81-82, 85, 94-95
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 60, 61, 63
paralytic shellfish poisoning, 11, 32, 60, 61, 62-63, 66, 71
waterborne diseases, 17, 21, 43-53, 57
see also Health services;Infectious diseases; Pharmaceuticals; Vector-borne diseases
Dissolved oxygen levels, 30-31, 40
see also Anoxia; Hypoxia
Drugs, see Pharmaceuticals
E
Earthquakes, see Tsunamis, storm surges and tidal waves
The Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms: A National Research Agenda (ECOHAB), 11, 69
Economic factors poor communities, 19
see also Cost and cost-benefit issues; Developing countries
Education and training
health service professionals, 19, 38, 41, 70
professional, 7, 19, 38, 41, 70, 81, 82, 95
public, 19
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see also Learning and memory
El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 2-3, 5, 9, 10, 15, 17-18, 33-34, 37, 38, 39, 53, Plate VII
diseases related to, 3, 5, 15, 33-34, 36, 52-56
ENSO experiment, 56
pathogens, 27, 31-32, 44, 45, 48-51
wetlands, 27
see also Harmful algal blooms
F
Federal Emergency Management Agency, 24
Federal government, see terms beginning "National" and "U.S."
Fertilization, 80, 85, 87-88, Plate XVI
see also Food products
Floods, 9
ENSO, 36
estuarine salinity, 31
mortality, 20
see also Tsunamis, storm surges and tidal waves
Fluorescence, 11, 46, 48, 79, 80
Food products
algal toxin contamination, 60-70
availability of, 3
infectious diseases transmitted by, 10-11, 31, 32, 43, 44, 46, 47-48, 50, 51-52, 60-66
marine pharmaceuticals, 80
G
Gastroenteritis, 45, 50, 63, 64, 65
Global Ocean Observing System, 41
Global warming, 9-10, 34-38, 41
ENSO/NAO, 36
infectious diseases and, 36, 39, 51-53
salinity and, 38
tropical storms, 3, 5, 15, 33-34, 36, 52-56
vector-borne diseases and, 53
Greenhouse effect, see Global warming
Gulf of Maine, 32
Gulf of Mexico, 20, 25, 26, 32, 63, Plate IV
H
Harmful algal blooms, 2, 3, 5-6, 9, 10-11, 15, 17, 30, 31, 32, 59-70, 71, 72, Plate VIII, Plate IX
amnesic shellfish poisoning, 11, 60, 61, 65-66
ciguatera fish poisoning, 11, 61, 62, 63, 64
diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, 11, 60-62, 65
dinoflagellates, 9, 31, 32, 63, 64, 65, 67-68, 79
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 60, 61, 63
paralytic shellfish poisoning, 11, 32, 60, 61, 62-63, 66, 71
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point program, 62
Health, Ecological and Dimensions of Global Change Program (HEED), 37
Health sciences, see Biomedical sciences
databases, 5
developing countries, 91, 21, 22-23, 39, 41
Pan American Health Organization, 41, 42, 55, 56
professional training, 19, 38, 41, 70
tropical storms, response, 9, 19, 21, 38-39
World Health Organization, 22, 41, 42, 55, 56, 57
Herpes, 75
Housing, 19
Human immunodeficiency virus, see Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Hurricane Bonnie, Plate III
Hurricane Gilbert, 22
Hurricane Opal, 24-26, Plate IV
Hurricanes, see Tropical storms
see also Dissolved oxygen levels
I
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Immunology, 11, 50, 74-75, 76, 77, 79
antibiotics, 6, 50, 74, 81, 87
inflammations, 11, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, Plate XIII
marine organisms as models, 84, 85, 86-87
Infectious diseases, 1, 2, 3, 11, 43-58
food products transmitting, 10-11, 31, 32, 43, 44, 46, 47-48, 50, 51-52, 60-66
global warming and, 36, 39, 51-53
recreational exposure to pathogens, 2, 43, 45, 46, 47, 51, 66
weather and, 10, 19, 20, 21, 39
Inflammation, 11, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, Plate XIII
Insects, see Mosquitos
Interdisciplinary approaches, see Multidisciplinary approaches
International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction, 41
International Year of the Ocean, 1
Internet, 41
L
Land and resource management, 19, 27, 39
see also Vulnerability
Learning and memory, 4, 65, 92-93
London Dumping Treaty, 49
M
Malaria, 3, 15, 21-22, 39, 53-54
Marine Biotoxins and Harmful Algae: A National Plan, 11
Marine mammals, 50, 59, 62, 71, 84
Medical science, see Biomedical sciences; Diseases and disorders; Pharmaceuticals
Medical services, see Cellular biology; Health services; Molecular biology
Memory, see Learning and memory
Microbes, 3, 45, 46, 74, 76, 77, 78, 81, 87
Microbiology, general, 5, 7, 45, 57
Molecular biology, 3, 48, 57, 70, 79
algal toxin detection, 6
marine organisms as models, 4, 88-89, 93
see also DNA; RNA
Monitoring programs
climate and weather, 4-5, 31, 32, 39
infectious diseases, 41-42, 57, 58
see also Sensor technology
Mosquitos, 3, 15, 21-22, 54-55
Multidisciplinary approaches, 5, 7, 15, 37, 52, 57, 78, 81-82, 95
N
National Cancer Institute, 75-76, 81
National Center for Research Resources, 95
National Institutes of Health, 75-76, 81, 95
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 25
National Shellfish Sanitation Program, 47-48
Natural Products National Cancer Drug Discovery Groups, 81
Neurobiology
algal toxins, 11, 59-66, 68-69, 79
drug treatment, 7
learning and memory, 4, 65, 92-93
marine organisms as models, 4, 7, 11, 83-84, 85, 88-89, 91-94, 95
pharmaceuticals, 74
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 60, 61, 63
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, 88-89
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), 2-3, 33-34
ENSO, 52-53
harmful algal blooms, 68
infectious diseases and, 49, 50, 51, 52-53, 57
pharmaceuticals, 77
O
Ocean Dumping Act of 1988, 49
Office of Naval Research, 25
Osmotic processes, 89-91
P
Pan American Health Organization, 41, 42, 55, 56
Paralytic shellfish poisoning, 11, 32, 60, 61, 62-63, 66, 71
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Pharmaceuticals, 3, 6-7, 11, 72, 73-82
antibiotics, 6, 50, 74, 81, 87
anti-inflammatory agents, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81
bioassays, 48, 50, 57, 72, 74, 77, 80, 82, 94
cancer drugs, 3, 7, 9, 74, 75-76, 78, 81
Physical oceanography, general, 9, 12, Plate I
databases, 4
sea surface temperature, 10, 26, 33, 34, 35, 39, 52, 65-66
stratification processes, 18-19, 27-32
Plankton, 18, 27, 32, 44, 57, 75
see also Harmful algal blooms
Phytoplankton, 18, 27, 32, 44, 51, 52, 59, 65, 75
Pollution, 1(n.1), 3, 44, 51, 53
coastal areas and estuaries, 31, 32, 48-50
coliform bacteria, 6, 46-48, 49, 57
dissolved oxygen levels, 30-31, 40
ship ballast and bilge, 2, 10, 43, 49, 62
see also Harmful algal blooms
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 50
Polymerase chain reaction, 48, 80
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 80
R
drought, 3, 4, 18, 19, 33-34, 53, 54
health impacts, 2, 46-47, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55
Recreational exposure to pathogens, 2, 43, 45, 46, 47, 51, 66
Red tides, see Harmful algal blooms
Rift Valley fever, 54-55
Rivers, see Estuaries
S
coastal areas and estuaries, 27-29, 30, 31, 32
global warming, 38
infectious disease transmission, 52
measurement technology, 40
osmoregulation, 89-90
tropical storms and, 21
Satellite technology, 5-6, 39-40, Plate III , Plate VIII
storm prediction, 24
Seafood, see Food products
Sea surface temperature, 10, 26, 33, 34, 35, 39, 52, 65-66, Plate VI, Plate VIII
Sea urchins, 44, 79-80, 84, 86, 87-89, Plate XV
chemical and biological, 5-6, 40
Ships and shipping, 43
cholera transmission, 10
pathogens in ballast and bilge, 2, 10, 43, 49, 62
Small Business Innovative Research, 81
Sponges, 75, 76, 79, Plate XI, Plate XII
Storm surges, see Tsunamis, storm surges and tidal waves
Stratification processes, 18-19, 27-32
T
Temperature factors, 3
drought, 33
sea surface temperature, 10, 26, 33, 34, 35, 39, 52, 65-66
storm forecasting, 25
see also El Niño/Southern Oscillation; Global warming;North Atlantic Oscillation
Tidal processes, 2, 18, 26-32 (passim), 75
Tidal waves,
see Tsunamis, storm surges and tidal waves
TOPEX (The Ocean Topography Experiment), 39, Plate IV, Plate VII
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Training, see Education and training
developing countries, 10, 19, 20, 22-23, 26-27, 41
diseases and, 19
global warming and, 3, 5, 15, 33-34, 36, 52-56
health services response, 9, 19, 21, 38-39
mortality and injury, 20, 22, 38-39
salinity and, 21
see also Floods; Tsunamis, storms surges and tidal waves
Tsunamis, storm surges and tidal waves, 2, 19, 21, Plate II
sea level change, 37
storm surges described, 26
tsunamis described, 21
Typhoid fever, 21
U
United Nations, 1
United States
climatic changes and disease, 39
coastal/estuarine pathogens, 49, 50, 51-52, 62-63, 65, 67
harmful algal blooms, 68
marine biotechnology investment, 72
pharmaceuticals, 76, 77, 78, 81
tropical storms, 20, 23-24, 38
see also terms beginning "National" and "U.S."
U.S. Agency for International Development, 42, 57
U.S. Air Force Reserve, 25
U.S. Department of Defense, 57
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, see National Institutes of Health
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 47
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 62
U.S. Geological Survey, 68
U.S. Navy, 25
U.S. Weather Research Program, 26
V
Vector-borne diseases, 3, 15, 17, 21-22, 53-57
dengue fever, 3, 21-22, 39, 55
global warming and, 53
malaria, 3, 15, 21-22, 39, 53-54
Rift Valley fever, 54-55
Vibrios, 3, 10, 27, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51-52, 57
Viruses, 10, 44, 45, 46, 50-51, 53, 54-55
dengue fever, 3, 21-22, 39, 55
herpes, 75
pharmaceuticals, 74
see also Vector-borne diseases
Vulnerability, 9, 19-27 (passim), 35
see also Land and resource management
W
Waterborne diseases, 17, 21, 43-53, 57
see also specific diseases
Water quality
dissolved oxygen levels, 30-31, 40
see also Harmful algal blooms;Pollution; Salinity
diseases and, 19
forecasting, 5, 11, 17, 21, 24, 25
infectious diseases and, 10, 19, 20, 21, 39
see also Climate;Temperature factors; Tropical storms; Wind
Wetlands, 27
see also Estuaries
Wind
ENSO, 33
tropical storms, 23, 24, 25, 26, 32
wind-driven currents, 2, 18, 31, 32
World Health Organization, 41, 42, 55, 56, 57
health defined, 22
World Weather Research Program, 26