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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
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Naval Expeditionary Logistics

Enabling Operational Maneuver From the Sea

Committee on Naval Expeditionary Logistics

Naval Studies Board

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1999

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This work was performed under Department of the Navy Contract N00014-96-D-0169/0001 issued by the Office of Naval Research under contract authority NR 201-124. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the Department of the Navy or the government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.

The United States Government has at least a royalty-free, nonexclusive, and irrevocable license throughout the world for government purposes to publish, translate, reproduce, deliver, perform, and dispose of all or any of this work, and to authorize others so to do.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-06429-5

Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Copies available from:

Naval Studies Board

National Research Council

2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20418

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
×

Committee on Naval Expeditionary Logistics

NORMAN E. BETAQUE,

Logistics Management Institute,

Chair

NORVAL L. BROOME,

Mitre Corporation

ROY R. BUEHLER,

Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems

CHRYSSOSTOMOS CHRYSSOSTOMIDIS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

WILLIAM FEDOROCHKO, JR.,

Logistics Management Institute

LYNN G. GREF,

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

WILLIS M. HAWKINS,

Woodland Hills, California

LEE D. HIEB,

Yuma, Arizona

MICHAEL R. HILLIARD,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

ERWIN F. HIRSCH,

Boston Medical Center

DAVID B. KASSING,

RAND

JOHN B. LaPLANTE,

Alexandria, Virginia

PETER J. MANTLE,

Science Applications International Corporation

HENRY S. MARCUS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

IRWIN MENDELSON,

Singer Island, Florida

PHILIP D. SHUTLER,

Center for Naval Analyses

ROBERT A. WILSON,

Edgewater, Maryland

Navy Liaison Representatives

MajGen Edward Hanlon, Jr.,

USMC, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N85 (through July 29, 1998)

MajGen Dennis T. Krupp,

USMC, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N85 (as of July 27, 1998)

Col James N. Strock,

USMC, Marine Corps Combat Development Command

LCDR Frank Valente,

USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N85

Consultants

Sidney G. Reed, Jr.

James G. Wilson

Staff

Charles F. Draper, Program Officer

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
×

Naval Studies Board

DAVID R. HEEBNER,

Science Applications International Corporation (retired),

Chair

VINCENT VITTO,

Charles S. Draper Laboratory, Inc.,

Vice Chair

ALBERT J. BACIOCCO, JR.,

The Baciocco Group, Inc.

ALAN BERMAN,

Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University

NORMAN E. BETAQUE,

Logistics Management Institute

NORVAL L. BROOME,

Mitre Corporation

GERALD A. CANN,

Rockville, Maryland

PAUL K. DAVIS,

RAND and RAND Graduate School of Policy Studies

SEYMOUR J. DEITCHMAN,

Chevy Chase, Maryland,

Special Advisor

ANTHONY J. DeMARIA,

DeMaria ElectroOptics Systems, Inc.

JOHN F. EGAN,

Nashua, New Hampshire

RICHARD J. IVANETICH,

Institute for Defense Analyses

DAVID W. McCALL,

Far Hills, New Jersey

ROBERT B. OAKLEY,

National Defense University

WILLIAM J. PHILLIPS,

Northstar Associates, Inc.

HERBERT RABIN,

University of Maryland

JOSEPH B. REAGAN,

Saratoga, California

HARRISON SHULL,

Monterey, California

JAMES M. SINNETT,

Boeing Company

KEITH A. SMITH,

Vienna, Virginia

ROBERT C. SPINDEL,

Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington

DAVID L. STANFORD,

Science Applications International Corporation

H. GREGORY TORNATORE,

Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University

J. PACE VANDEVENDER,

Sandia National Laboratories

PAUL K. VAN RIPER,

Williamsburg, Virginia

VERENA S. VOMASTIC,

Institute for Defense Analyses

BRUCE WALD,

Arlington Education Consultants

MITZI WERTHEIM,

Center for Naval Analyses

Navy Liaison Representatives

RADM John W. Craine, Jr.,

USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N81

RADM Richard A. Riddell,

USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N91 (through May 29, 1998)

RADM Paul G. Gaffney II,

USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N91 (as of May 29, 1998)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
×

Marine Corps Liaison Representative

LtGen John E. Rhodes,

USMC,

Commanding General,

Marine Corps Combat Development Command

Ronald D. Taylor, Director

Charles F. Draper, Program Officer

Susan G. Campbell, Administrative Assistant

Mary G. Gordon, Information Officer

Larissa M. Markarian, Senior Project Assistant (through October 16, 1998)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
×

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications

PETER M. BANKS,

Environmental Research Institute of Michigan,

Co-Chair

W. CARL LINEBERGER,

University of Colorado,

Co-Chair

WILLIAM BROWDER,

Princeton University

LAWRENCE D. BROWN,

University of Pennsylvania

MARSHALL H. COHEN,

California Institute of Technology

RONALD G. DOUGLAS,

Texas A&M University

JOHN E. ESTES,

University of California at Santa Barbara

JERRY P. GOLLUB,

Haverford College

MARTHA P. HAYNES,

Cornell University

JOHN L. HENNESSY,

Stanford University

CAROL M. JANTZEN,

Westinghouse Savannah River Company

PAUL G. KAMINSKI,

Technovation, Inc.

KENNETH H. KELLER,

University of Minnesota

MARGARET G. KIVELSON,

University of California at Los Angeles

DANIEL KLEPPNER,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

JOHN KREICK,

Sanders, a Lockheed Martin Company

MARSHA I. LESTER,

University of Pennsylvania

M. ELISABETH PATÉ-CORNELL,

Stanford University

NICHOLAS P. SAMIOS,

Brookhaven National Laboratory

CHANG-LIN TIEN,

University of California at Berkeley

NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
×

Preface

One of the core objectives of the President's national security strategy is to "enhance our [the nation's] security with effective diplomacy and with military forces that are ready to fight and win."1 The Navy and Marine Corps play an essential role in the implementation of the strategy, which requires that U.S. interests be both promoted and protected worldwide. The challenge for the Navy and Marine Corps is not only to maintain the ready capability to support the national security strategy through deterrence, crisis management, and conflict resolution, but also to do so in a constrained budgetary environment in concert with the other military services.

Through their evolving strategies of Forward From the Sea2 and Operational Maneuver From the Sea,3 the Navy and Marine Corps have recognized that in any future conflict the team will likely be the first on the scene, that the situation must be contained until heavier forces and other military services arrive, that their mission calls for projecting forces inland from the littoral, that the conflict must be resolved rapidly with minimum casualties, and that forces withdrawn should be reconstituted for redeployment. As described, the mission calls for

1  

The White House. 1997. A National Security Strategy for a New Century, U.S. Government Printing Office, May. Available online at <http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/Strategy/>.

2  

Department of the Navy. 1994. "Forward . . . From the Sea, Continuing the Preparation of the Naval Services for the 21st Century," U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., September 19.

3  

Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. 1996. "Operational Maneuver From the Sea," U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., January 4.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
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those units making the transition from sea to land to be lighter, more maneuverable, and more widely dispersed, and that, in addition to fire support, the sea based forces be prepared to provide logistical support to rapidly moving inland forces on an efficient "on call" basis. Always recognized as the critical element in any military campaign (tacticians worry about battles; strategists worry about logistics), although often neglected, logistics must now evolve to accommodate the new strategy of the Navy and Marine Corps operating within a joint environment.

At the request of the Chief of Naval Operations (see Appendix A for a copy of the letter from Admiral Jay L. Johnson, USN), the National Research Council (NRC) conducted a study to determine the technological requirements, operational changes, and combat service support structure necessary to land and support forces ashore under the newly evolving Navy and Marine Corps doctrine. The Committee on Naval Expeditionary Logistics, operating under the auspices of the NRC's Naval Studies Board, was appointed to (1) evaluate the packaging, sealift, and distribution network and identify critical nodes and operations that affect timely insertion of fuels, ammunition, water, medical supplies, food, vehicles, and maintenance parts and tool blocks; (2) determine specific changes required to relieve these critical nodes and support forces ashore, from assault through follow-on echelonment; and (3) present implementable changes to existing support systems, and suggest the development of innovative new systems and technologies to land and sustain dispersed units from the shoreline to 200 miles inland.4

In the course of its study, the committee soon learned that development of OMFTS is not yet at a stage to allow, directly, detailed answers to many of these questions. As a result, the committee addressed the questions in terms of the major logistics functions of force deployment, force sustainment, and force medical support, and the fundamental logistics issues related to each of these functions.

The study began in late 1997 and lasted for approximately 8 months. During that time, the committee held the following meetings and visited the following military bases:

  • December 10–11, 1997, in Washington, D.C. Organizational meeting. Navy and Marine Corps briefings.
  • January 21–22, 1998, in Washington, D.C. Navy and Marine Corps briefings.
  • March 11–12, 1998, in Oceanside, California. Site visit to learn more about logistics initiatives underway at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton.

4  

Points (1), (2), and (3) are addressed in the report, although not necessarily in the order stated.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
×
  • March 13, 1998, in Port Hueneme, California. Subcommittee site visit to Naval Surface Warfare Center for tour and demonstration of underway replenishment.
  • April 15–16, 1998, in Washington, D.C.
  • April 22–23, 1998, in Jacksonville, North Carolina. Subcommittee site visit to observe medical field exercises at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune.
  • May 13–14, 1998, in Washington, D.C. Army, Navy, Marine Corps briefings.
  • June 17–18, 1998, in Washington, D.C.
  • August 5, 1998, in Washington, D.C.

The resulting report represents the committee's consensus view on the issues posed in the charge.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's (NRC's) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The contents of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:

LtGen James A. Brabham, USMC (retired), Riverview, Florida,

Carol M. Jantzen, Westinghouse Savannah River Company,

John Neerhout, Jr., Union Railways Limited,

Daniel Savitsky, Stevens Institute of Technology (retired),

James G. Wenzel, Marine Development Associates, Incorporated, and

Richard S. Wilbur, Institute for Clinical Information.

Although the individuals listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Naval Expeditionary Logistics: Enabling Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6410.
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At the request of the Chief of Naval Operations, the National Research Council (NRC) conducted a study to determine the technological requirements, operational changes, and combat service support structure necessary to land and support forces ashore under the newly evolving Navy and Marine Corps doctrine. The Committee on Naval Expeditionary Logistics, operating under the auspices of the NRC's Naval Studies Board, was appointed to (1) evaluate the packaging, sealift, and distribution network and identify critical nodes and operations that affect timely insertion of fuels, ammunition, water, medical supplies, food, vehicles, and maintenance parts and tool blocks; (2) determine specific changes required to relieve these critical nodes and support forces ashore, from assault through follow-on echelonment; and (3) present implementable changes to existing support systems, and suggest the development of innovative new systems and technologies to land and sustain dispersed units from the shoreline to 200 miles inland.

In the course of its study, the committee soon learned that development of OMFTS is not yet at a stage to allow, directly, detailed answers to many of these questions. As a result, the committee addressed the questions in terms of the major logistics functions of force deployment, force sustainment, and force medical support, and the fundamental logistics issues related to each of these functions.

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