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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
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References

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Brookshire, D.S., S.E. Chang, H. Cochrane, R.A. Oslon, A. Rose, and J. Steenson. 1997. Direct and indirect economic losses from earthquake damage. Earthquake Spectra. 13(4).


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Changnon, S.A. 1996a. Impacts on transportation systems: stalled busses, blocked railroads, and closed highways. In The Great Flood of 1993, S. Changnon, ed. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
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Changnon, S., D. Changnon, E.R. Fosse, T. Hoganson, R.J. Roth, Sr., and J. Totsch,. 1997. Effects of recent weather extremes on the insurance industry: major implications for the atmospheric sciences . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78:425–435.

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Cochrane, H. 1997. Indirect economic losses. In Development of Standardized Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology. Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: National Institute for Building Sciences.

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Fatsis, S. 1992. Andrew reshapes S. Florida economy. The Miami Herald. September 8. Special section.

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Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 1998. Top Ten Major Disasters Ranked by FEMA Relief Costs. Fact Sheet. Office of Emergency Information and Public Affairs. Washington, D.C.: FEMA.

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Gordon, P. and H.W. Richardson. 1995. The Business Interruption Effects of the Northridge Earthquake, Research. Report No. LCRI–95–01R. Lusk Center Research Institute, School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Southern California. April.

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
×

Insurance Information Institute (III). 1998. The Fact Book 1999: Property/Casualty Facts. New York: III.


Kimbell, L., and N. Bolton. 1994. The impact of the Northridge Earthquake on the economies of California and Los Angeles. Paper presented to the Seismic Safety Commission of the State of California, Burbank.

Kiremidjian, A., S. King, N. Basoz, K. Law, M. Vucetic, M. Doroudian, V. Iskandar, R. Olson, J. Eidinger, K. Goettel, and G. Horner. 1997. Methodologies for Evaluating the Socio-Economic Consequences of Large Earthquakes. The John B. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University. Technical Report No. 126.

Kunreuther, H. and R.J. Roth, Sr., eds. 1998. Paying the Price: The Status and Role of Insurance Against Natural Disasters in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press.


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Larson, Erik. 1998. Waiting for Hurricane X. Time 152(10):63–66. McNair, J. 1992a. Andrew's awesome impact. The Miami Herald. September 10.


McNair, J. 1992b. Study details hurricane's toll on local business. The Miami Herald. September 18.


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Pielke, R.A., Jr. 1997. Trends in Extreme Weather Impacts in the United States. Stanford, Calif.: Electric Power Research Institute.


Rappaport, E. 1993. Preliminary Report Hurricane Andrew 16–28, 1992 (updated March 2, 1993). Miami, Fla.: National Hurricane Center.

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
×

Riebsame, W.E., S.A. Changnon, and T. Karl. 1991. Drought and Natural Resources Management in the United States: Impacts and Implications of the 1987–89 Drought. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

Rojahn, C., S. King, R. Scholl, A. Kiremidjian, L. Reaveley, and R. Wilson. 1997. Earthquake Damage and Loss Estimation Methodology and Data for Salt Lake County, Utah (ATC-36). Earthquake Spectra 13:(4)623–642.

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
×

West, C.T. 1996. Indirect economic impacts of natural disasters: policy implications of recent research and experience. Proceedings of Analyzing Economic Impacts and Recovery from Urban Earthquakes: Issues for Policy Makers. Conference presented by Earthquake Engineering Research Institute and Federal Emergency Management Agency, Pasadena, Calif.

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
×
Page 50
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
×
Page 51
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
×
Page 52
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
×
Page 53
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6425.
×
Page 54
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We in the United States have almost come to accept natural disasters as part of our nation's social fabric. News of property damage, economic and social disruption, and injuries follow earthquakes, fires, floods and hurricanes. Surprisingly, however, the total losses that follow these natural disasters are not consistently calculated. We have no formal system in either the public or private sector for compiling this information. The National Academies recommends what types of data should be assembled and tracked.

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