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Appendix A
Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals
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TABLE A. Recommended Intakes For Individuals
Life Stage
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Vitamin D
Fluoride
Thiamin
Group
(mg/d)
(mg/d)
(mg/d)
(μ)g/d)a,b
(mg/d)
(mg/d)
Infants
0–6 mo
210*
100*
30*
5*
0.01*
0.2*
7–12 mo
270*
275*
75*
5*
0.5*
0.3*
Children
1–3 y
500*
460
80
5*
0.7*
0.5
4–8 y
800*
500
130
5*
1*
0.6
Males
9–13 y
1,300*
1,250
240
5*
2*
0.9
14–18 y
1,300*
1,250
410
5*
3*
1.2
19–30 y
1,000*
700
400
5*
4*
1.2
31–50 y
1,000*
700
420
5*
4*
1.2
51–70 y
1,200*
700
420
10*
4*
1.2
> 70 y
1,200*
700
420
15*
4*
1.2
Females
9–13 y
1,300*
1,250
240
5*
2*
0.9
14–18 y
1,300*
1,250
360
5*
3*
1.0
19–30 y
1,000*
700
310
5*
3*
1.1
31–50 y
1,000*
700
320
5*
3*
1.1
51–70 y
1,200*
700
320
10*
3*
1.1
> 70 y
1,200*
700
320
15*
3*
1.1
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y
1,300*
1,250
400
5*
3*
1.4
19–30 y
1,000*
700
350
5*
3*
1.4
31–50 y
1,000*
700
360
5*
3*
1.4
Lactation
≤ 18 y
1,300*
1,250
360
5*
3*
1.5
19–30 y
1,000*
700
310
5*
3*
1.5
31–50 y
1000
700
320
5*
3*
1.5
NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the Al is the mean intake. The Al for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
a As cholecalciferol. 1 (μ)g cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.
b In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.
c As niacin equivalents (NE). I mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
d As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = I (μ)g food folate = 0.6 (μ)g of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 (μ)g of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
e Although AIs have been set for choline, there are too few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.
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Life Stage
Riboflavin
Niacin
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin
Pantothenic
Biotin
Choline
Group
(mg/d)
(mg/d)c
(mg/d)
(μ)g/d)d
B12(μ)g/d)
Acid (mg/d)
(μ)g/d)
(mg/d)e
Infants
0–6 mo
0.3*
2*
0.1*
65*
0.4*
1.7*
5*
125*
7–12 mo
0.4*
4*
0.3*
80*
0.5*
1.8*
6*
150*
Children
1–3 y
0.5
6
0.5
150
0.9
2*
8*
200*
4–8 y
0.6
8
0.6
200
1.2
3*
12*
250*
Males
9–13 y
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
14–18 y
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
25*
550*
19–30 y
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
31–50 y
1.3
16
1.3
400
2.4
5*
30*
550*
51–70 y
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4f
5*
30*
550*
> 70 y
1.3
16
1.7
400
2.4f
5*
30*
550*
Females
9–13 y
0.9
12
1.0
300
1.8
4*
20*
375*
14–18 y
1.0
14
1.2
400g
2.4
5*
25*
400*
19–30 y
1.1
14
1.3
400g
2.4
5*
30*
425*
31–50 y
1.1
14
1.3
400g
2.4
5*
30*
425*
51–70 y
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4f
5*
30*
425*
> 70 y
1.1
14
1.5
400
2.4f
5*
30*
425*
Pregnancy
≤ 18 y
1.4
18
1.9
600h
2.6
6*
30*
450*
19–30 y
1.4
18
1.9
600h
2.6
6*
30*
450*
31–50 y
1.4
18
1.9
600h
2.6
6*
30*
450*
Lactation
≤ 18 y
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
19–30 y
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
31–50 y
1.6
17
2.0
500
2.8
7*
35*
550*
f Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.
g In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.
h It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
fortified foods
