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Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients (1998)

Chapter: Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
×

Appendix A
Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
×

TABLE A. Recommended Intakes For Individuals

Life Stage

Calcium

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Vitamin D

Fluoride

Thiamin

Group

(mg/d)

(mg/d)

(mg/d)

(μ)g/d)a,b

(mg/d)

(mg/d)

Infants

0–6 mo

210*

100*

30*

5*

0.01*

0.2*

7–12 mo

270*

275*

75*

5*

0.5*

0.3*

Children

1–3 y

500*

460

80

5*

0.7*

0.5

4–8 y

800*

500

130

5*

1*

0.6

Males

9–13 y

1,300*

1,250

240

5*

2*

0.9

14–18 y

1,300*

1,250

410

5*

3*

1.2

19–30 y

1,000*

700

400

5*

4*

1.2

31–50 y

1,000*

700

420

5*

4*

1.2

51–70 y

1,200*

700

420

10*

4*

1.2

> 70 y

1,200*

700

420

15*

4*

1.2

Females

9–13 y

1,300*

1,250

240

5*

2*

0.9

14–18 y

1,300*

1,250

360

5*

3*

1.0

19–30 y

1,000*

700

310

5*

3*

1.1

31–50 y

1,000*

700

320

5*

3*

1.1

51–70 y

1,200*

700

320

10*

3*

1.1

> 70 y

1,200*

700

320

15*

3*

1.1

Pregnancy

≤ 18 y

1,300*

1,250

400

5*

3*

1.4

19–30 y

1,000*

700

350

5*

3*

1.4

31–50 y

1,000*

700

360

5*

3*

1.4

Lactation

≤ 18 y

1,300*

1,250

360

5*

3*

1.5

19–30 y

1,000*

700

310

5*

3*

1.5

31–50 y

1000

700

320

5*

3*

1.5

NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the Al is the mean intake. The Al for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.

a As cholecalciferol. 1 (μ)g cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.

b In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight.

c As niacin equivalents (NE). I mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).

d As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = I (μ)g food folate = 0.6 (μ)g of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 (μ)g of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.

e Although AIs have been set for choline, there are too few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
×

Life Stage

Riboflavin

Niacin

Vitamin B6

Folate

Vitamin

Pantothenic

Biotin

Choline

Group

(mg/d)

(mg/d)c

(mg/d)

(μ)g/d)d

B12(μ)g/d)

Acid (mg/d)

(μ)g/d)

(mg/d)e

Infants

0–6 mo

0.3*

2*

0.1*

65*

0.4*

1.7*

5*

125*

7–12 mo

0.4*

4*

0.3*

80*

0.5*

1.8*

6*

150*

Children

1–3 y

0.5

6

0.5

150

0.9

2*

8*

200*

4–8 y

0.6

8

0.6

200

1.2

3*

12*

250*

Males

9–13 y

0.9

12

1.0

300

1.8

4*

20*

375*

14–18 y

1.3

16

1.3

400

2.4

5*

25*

550*

19–30 y

1.3

16

1.3

400

2.4

5*

30*

550*

31–50 y

1.3

16

1.3

400

2.4

5*

30*

550*

51–70 y

1.3

16

1.7

400

2.4f

5*

30*

550*

> 70 y

1.3

16

1.7

400

2.4f

5*

30*

550*

Females

9–13 y

0.9

12

1.0

300

1.8

4*

20*

375*

14–18 y

1.0

14

1.2

400g

2.4

5*

25*

400*

19–30 y

1.1

14

1.3

400g

2.4

5*

30*

425*

31–50 y

1.1

14

1.3

400g

2.4

5*

30*

425*

51–70 y

1.1

14

1.5

400

2.4f

5*

30*

425*

> 70 y

1.1

14

1.5

400

2.4f

5*

30*

425*

Pregnancy

≤ 18 y

1.4

18

1.9

600h

2.6

6*

30*

450*

19–30 y

1.4

18

1.9

600h

2.6

6*

30*

450*

31–50 y

1.4

18

1.9

600h

2.6

6*

30*

450*

Lactation

≤ 18 y

1.6

17

2.0

500

2.8

7*

35*

550*

19–30 y

1.6

17

2.0

500

2.8

7*

35*

550*

31–50 y

1.6

17

2.0

500

2.8

7*

35*

550*

f Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.

g In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.

h It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 μg from supplements or fortified foods until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
×
Page 27
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
×
Page 28
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
×
Page 29
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
×
Page 30
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The model for risk assessment of nutrients used to develop tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) is one of the key elements of the developing framework for Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). DRIs are dietary reference values for the intake of nutrients and food components by Americans and Canadians. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences recently released two reports in the series (IOM, 1997, 1998). The overall project is a comprehensive effort undertaken by the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI Committee) of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences in the United States, with active involvement of Health Canada. The DRI project is the result of significant discussion from 1991 to 1996 by the FNB regarding how to approach the growing concern that one set of quantitative estimates of recommended intakes, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), was scientifically inappropriate to be used as the basis for many of the uses to which it had come to be applied.

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