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OCR for page 375
Index
A
Acid rain, 2, 98
Africa, see West Africa
Age
factors in forest management programs,
280-284
harvesting and, 36
size as indicator of, 32-33
structure and life expectancy variations,
33-34
Age classes
of forests, 282-295, 297-298
of halibut, 141
influence of numbers of, on stability,
33-34
Aggregations
influence on harvestability, 32
influence on stability of fish populations,
33
Agricultural techniques to reclaim derelict
land in Great Britain, 252-254
Algae, as indicators of eutrophication, 49,
83, 303-304, 306, 308, 310, 312,
315
Analog studies of environmental problems,
75-76
in California red scale control, 180
in caribou protection, 76, 221
in Lake Washington eutrophication
control, 76
in land reclamation projects, 264-265
Annual surplus production (ASP), in
assessment of fishery stock
abundance, 145
375
Anophelesfunestus, 195
Anopheles gambiae s.l., 195, 201, 202
Anopheles gambiae s.s., 202
Anopheles species, 190-204
Anticoagulants, in vampire bat control, 35,
155-158
Aphytis africanus, 177
Aphytis chrysomphali, 170, 186
Aphytis linganensis, 170, 171-172, 175,
179, 180, 181, 186, 187, 188
Aphytis melinus, 170, 171 ~ 172, 174, 177-
178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 186, 187,
188
Aphytis species, in California red scale
control, 166-167, 170, 171-172,
174-182, 186-188
Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus
hippoglossus), 149
Atomic Energy Commission, U.S., studies
of radiation effects, 79, 112, 331-344
B
Banked specimens, for preservation of
records, 85-86
Baseline studies, value of, 111, 113
Bats, see Vampire bat control
Bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis), 5
Behavior, of individuals, 26-28
Biological introductions, see Introduced
species
Biological magnification 6
Biological monitoring, 3, 4, 81-87, 113
114. See also Monitoring studies
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376
Birds
and biological monitoring, 84-85, 86
87
effects of DDT on, 4, 361-370
effects of spatial isolation on, 32
as invaders, 57
population movements of, 31-32
species diversity among, 51
spotted owl conservation, 227-247
see also specific birds
Black spruce (Picea mariana), 284, 289
Blackcod (Anoplopoma fimbria), 146
Blowflies, 5
Blue-green algae, see Cyanobacteria
Budworms (Choristoneura fumiferana)
DDT in control of, 360, 365
and forest yields, 280, 287, 296
Butterflies, and biological monitoring, 46,
85
C
Caddis flies, and DDT, 362
California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii),
see California red scale control
California red scale control, 13, 14, 165-
189
analog studies in, 180
boundaries established in, 170-171
committee comment on, 186- 189
ecological knowledge and theories in,
178- 183
ecosystem components in, 169
as environmental problem, 167-168
future research plans in, 177-178
introduction of, 166
monitoring in, 170, 176-177
optimal-foraging theory in, 182
predators and parasites in, 166-167,
182-183
problems with pesticides in, 167
project as experiment, 180-181
role of Aphytis species in, 166- 167,
170, 171-172, 174-182, 186-188
sex-allocation theory in, 179
Calluna species, and reclamation of
derelict lands in Great Britain, 250,
256, 261, 265, 268
Carbon dioxide, 2, 5
buildup in atmosphere, 98
fixed, 39
INDEX
Caribou protection, 11, 12, 13, 14, 106,
114, 205-226
analog studies of, 76, 221
behavior studies in, 213, 217, 218, 219
boundaries established in, 216-217
committee comment on, 225-226
conclusions from studies in, 214-215
cumulative effects in, 219
ecosystem components in, 215-216
and effects of development, 210
environmental problems in, 208-212
expert judgments in, 221-222
hypothesis-testing in, 218-219
migration routes in, 208-210, 211, 214,
219
models used in, 221
monitoring in, 217, 218, 219
pilot studies in, 78, 221
population characteristics in, 212-213,
214
and project as experiment, 221-222
and role of ecological knowledge, 212-
215, 220, 222-224
sensitivity criteria in, 213-214, 215,
218, 219, 221-222
significance of impacts in, 216
study strategy in, 217-218
Case studies, see Ecological case studies
Catch per unit of effort (CPUE), as index
of fish abundance and biomass, 139-
141, 143, 144, 145, 146
Cattle
effect of vampire bats upon, see
Vampire bat control
iodine-131 concentrations in milk of,
334
milk containing DDT, 369
sex ratios and increased productivity in,
34
Cesium-134, in radiation study, 337
Cesium-137, in reindeer, 334
Chaoborus, in Southern Indian Lake, 329
Chesapeake Bay, degradation of, 97
Chlorophacinone, in vampire bat control,
155, 156-157
Chromosomes, and nuclear radiation, 337,
338
Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), 149
Churchill River, and Southern Indian Lake,
318-321
Citrus crops, and control of California red
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INDEX
scale, 165- 189
Civic activities, and eutrophication control,
see Lake Washington eutrophication
control
Clearcut logging, see Forest clearcutting
C02, see Carbon dioxide
Cohort analysis, in assessment of fishery
stock abundance, 144- 145
Communicable Disease Center (CDC), 154
Community ecology, see Ecological
communities
Community structure, 3, 5-6, 7, 47-60,
68-69, 73, 92, 255-264, 267-268,
272-274
effects of radiation on, 337-338
knowledge of, required to predict fate of
DDT, 372
in Lake Washington, 309-310, 312-313
in Southern Indian Lake, 320, 323-324,
328-329
Competitive interactions, 42-45, 52-53
Complex life histories, 25-26, 72
Complex linkages, among species, 4
Construction projects, mitigation effects of,
12, 205-226, 248-274, 317-330
Contaminants, see DDT; Pesticides;
Pollutants; Radionuclides; Toxic
Substances
Control methods, for reducing vampire bat
populations, 154-158
Corridors, between habitats, 6, 32, 233
Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 349
"C-S-R" strategy, in analyzing community
composition, 258, 259
Cucurbitaceae, 35, 46
Cumulative effects, 3, 93-103
in caribou protection program, 219-220
of chemicals, 63-64
definition of environmental, 96-97
difficulties in predicting and controlling,
97-98
in forest management program, 285,
299-300
in halibut fishery management, 143
kinds of, 94-96
management of, 97, 100-103
nibbling and, 96-97
nutrient fluxes and, 64-65
predictions of, 100- 101
productivity and, 49
377
recommendations concerning, 102- 103
scales and rates of critical processes in,
98-100
species as indicators of, 49
synergisms in, 96
temporal and spatial factors in, 3, 8-9,
16-17, 68-74, 96, 99, 110
Cyanobacteria, as indicators of
eutrophication, 83, 303-304, 308,
310, 312, 315
Cycling index of nutrient fluxes, 66-67
D
Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus), and
reclamation of derelict lands in Great
Britain, 265
Daphnia species, in Lake Washington,
309, 310, 312
DDT effects, 4, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 29, 64,
65, 77, 78, 85, 88, 109, 358-374
in birds, 4, 361-370
boundaries for study of, 365-366
in budworm control, 360, 365
committee comment on, 371-374
complex interactions in, 99-100
delayed mortality in, 363
development of resistance to, 35, 360
ecosystem components in, 363
and eggshell thinning, 363, 364, 366,
369-370
in elm bark beetle control, 361, 364,
365, 369
environmental problems and, 106, 360
363
expert judgment in, 369-370
in fish, 360, 361, 363, 365, 367-368
in food chain, 99-100, 361, 363, 364
365, 368, 369
in forest insect control, 364, 371
key issues in, 363-364
in malaria control, 191, 192, 359
in milk, 369
monitoring of, 114, 366-367
pilot-scale experiments in, 78-79
and recolonization of treated areas, 364
365, 368, 372
and reproductive performance, 64
and role of ecological knowledge, 365
368
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378
susceptibility of species to, 362
toxicity of metabolites, 364, 372, 373
in typhus control, 359
worldwide spread of residue, 361-362,
366
Deer, 33, 36, 334
Deforestation, and extinction of species,
86. See also Forest clearcutting;
Spotted owl conservation
Delaware River Basin Commission project,
97, 102
Delay-difference population model, in
assessment of fishery stock
abundance, 144-145
Demographic stochasticity, and extinction
of small populations, 69
Density dependence, 5, 28
in forest management program, 280-284
in population regulation, 5, 28-29, 30
Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC),
153, 156, 159, 161, 163-164
Department of Agriculture, U.S., 372. See
also Forest Service
Department of Natural Resources (DNR),
New Brunswick, 297
Derelict lands in Great Britain, see
Reclamation of derelict lands in Great
Britain
Desmodus rotundas (vampire bat), 152,
153, 154
Diaemus youngii (vampire bat), 152, 153
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD),
361, 369
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE),
363, 369
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT),
see DOT effects
Differential harvesting by sex and size,
genetic consequences of, 36-37
Diphenadione, in vampire bat control, 155,
157-158, 160
Diphylla ecaudata (vampire bat), 153
Disasters and catastrophes, and extinction
of small populations, 70
Disease control, 10, 14, 25, 190-204
Diversification, in revegetation studies,
260-261. See also Sward
diversification
Diversity indexes, 49-50, 83
Dutch elm disease control program, 364
Dynamics of populations, 24-25, 28-35, Erosion
47-48
INDEX
E
Ecological case studies, 3-4, 12-15, 135-
374
Ecological communities, 3, 47-61
competition and, 52-53
factors affecting species diversity in, 50-
55
invadability of, 57-58
keystone species, 5-6, 55-56
organization of, 55-56
patches and, 68-74
predation and, 52
preservation of, 11, 205-226, 227-274,
301-316, 345-357
productivity and, 53-54
spatial and temporal considerations in,
54, 68-74
species composition in, 48-50
stability and resilience of, 7, 56-57
substitutability in, 58
succession in, 58-60, 72, 260-261
see also Populations; Species
Ecological knowledge
applications of, 9- 12, 104- 115
defined, 1
types of, 4-9
uses, 2
Ecological methods, 2
Ecological theory, defined, 1
Ecotoxicology, 2
Effective population size, 37
defined, 234-236
of spotted owls, 230-242, 246
Eggshell thinning from DDT use, 363,
364, 366, 369-370
El Nino, 90
Elm bark beetle, DDT in control of, 361,
364, 365, 369
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 228
Energy flow, 3, 61-67
Environmental experiments, 3, 75-80
Environmental goals, identification of,
105-107
Environmental problem-solving, scientific
framework for, 104- 115
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.,
359, 360
Environmental stochasticity, and extinction
of small populations, 69-70
in clearcut logging, 348-350
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INDEX
in Southern Indian Lake project, 320,
321, 322-323
Errors of estimation, and uncertainty of
management projections, 90-91
Equilibrium, in population stability, 29-30
Eutrophication of lakes, 49, 53-54, 64-
66, 83, 98, 301-316. See also Lake
Washington eutrophication control
Evolution, 56-57
affecting problem-solvers, 9
of diet specialization, 40
of life-history parameters, 24
population size and, 37, 69-70, 230-
231, 246
of resistance, 10, 24, 35, 36, 42, 167,
360-361, 373
in response to management, 25, 36-37,
95, 107, 109
Extinction of species, 69-70, 72, 86, 137-
147, 205-226, 233-237, 365
F
Famophos, in vampire bat control, 155
Federal Committee on Pest Control, 367
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act of 1947, 371
Festuca species, 254, 255, 256, 258, 262
Fir (Abies balsamea), 286, 287
Fish
age classes and, 33-34
aggregations of, and harvesting, 32, 33,
89
effects of DDT on, 360, 361, 363, 365,
367-368
effects of habitat charges upon, 26
effects of population size upon, 29
food supply and, 109
population movements of, 31-32
population stability and, 7. 30
size and sex selectivity in harvesting,
34, 36
types of gear used in catching, 140-141,
144
see also Halibut fishery management;
Southern Indian Lake project; and
specific kinds offish
Fish and Wildlife Service (U.S.
Department of the Interior), 152
Fishery Conservation and Management Act
of 1976, 150
Fishing industry, see Halibut fishery
379
management; Southern Indian Lake
project
Flooding, in Southern Indian Lake, 322-
323
Florida Everglades, effects of
overconstruction in, 95
Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
U.S., 363, 364, 371-372
Food chains
DDT in, 99-100, 361, 363, 364-365,
368, 369
effects of nuclear radiation on, 334,
335-337, 338-339
pollutants in, 63, 64, 94
radionuclides in, 333-334
and Southern Indian Lake project, 320
328-329
toxic substances in, 93-94, 99-100
Foreign Assistance Act, 152
Forest clearcutting, 345-357
biomass removal in, 350-351, 352-353
committee comment on, 356-357
leaching and erosion in, 348-350
models used in, 353, 357
and nutrient budgets of ecosystems,
346-347, 352, 356-357
and nutrients remaining in soil, 351~352
replenishment of nutrients in, 352
sensitivity analysis of, 352-353, 357
Forest management program in New
Brunswick, 13, 14, 95, 106, 110,
275-300
baseline data in, 298-299
boundaries established in, 279-280
budworm population affecting, 280, 287,
296
committee comment on, 297-300
cumulative effects of, 285, 299-300
density-dependent and forest age factors
in, 280-284
ecosystem components in, 279
environmental problems in, 277-278
hypothesis-testing in, 284-285
models used in, 288-290
nomograms used in, 290-295, 299
performance indicators in, 278-279
role of ecological knowledge in, 286-
288
Forest Service (U.S. Department of
Agriculture), 228, 229
Forests, 7, 8, 29
clearcutting effects in, 13, 14, 345-357
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380
conservation of owl populations in, 227-
247
deforestation in tropical areas, 86
effects of budworms on, 280, 287, 296
factors affecting growth rates in, 33
insect pests in, 31
isolated populations in, 32
management program in, 13, 14, 95,
106, 110, 275-300
radiation studies in, 336, 337-338
Fragmentation, of habitats, 6, 95
Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, 318, 321,
325
G
Garki project for malaria control, 79, 112,
190-204
Generic studies of environmental problems,
76-78, 331-357
Genetic change, see Evolution
Genetic concerns, 24-25, 35-37
cumulative effects of repeated
interventions, 95
differential harvesting by sex and size,
36-37
evolution of resistance to pesticides, 35-
36
in mosquito control, 202, 203-204
in owl populations, 230, 231, 234-237
in small populations, 37, 69, 73, 234,
235-236
Genetic stochasticity, and extinction of
small populations, 69
Grasslands
seminatural, approaches to recreating,
250, 254-256
urban, succession in, 260-261
see also Reclamation of derelict lands in
Great Britain
Great Britain, see Reclamation of derelict
lands in Great Britain
Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), 30, 228
Growth rates, 32-33
H
Habitats
disturbances in, and biological
monitoring, 86-87
INDEX
fragmentation of, 6, 95
isolated, 54
management of, 29
migratory patterns and, 31-32
old-growth forests as, 227-247
for owl populations, 26, 229-230, 232,
238-239, 241-242
patches, 54, 68-71, 99
population density and, 29
preservation of, 11, 205-274, 301-316,
345-357
recolonization of, in DDT-treated areas,
364-365, 368, 372
recolonization of, factors affecting, 99
selection of, 26-27
shape and orientation of patches in, 70
sizes of, 32
spatial considerations and, 71-72
species diversity and, 50-51, 54, 68-69
temporal considerations and, 73
Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), 149
Halibut fishery management, 13, 14, 29,
114, 137-147
boundaries in, 142
catchability of fish in, 140-141
committee comment on, 149-150
cumulative effects in, 143
detection of unreported catches in, 146-
147
growth rates in, 142
law of accumulated stock and, 144
life-history characteristics of, 33-34
migration patterns in, 141
monitoring in, 143
natural and fishing mortality estimates
in, 141, 144-145, 146
and project as experiment, 145-146
role of ecological knowledge in, 143,
146-147
stock assessment models for, 139-140,
144-145
stock-recruitment relationship in, 140,
145
Heather (Calluna vulgaris), 250
Heliconius butterflies, 46
Herring gull (Laws argentatus), 84-85
Honey bee (Apis mellifera), 45
Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, clearcut
logging in, 78, 347-348, 349-350
Hydroelectric development, and caribou
protection, 205-226
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INDEX
I
Impact assessment, 10- 11, 14
in caribou protection, 205-226
criticisms of, 105
development and use of models in, 108
109
and establishment of study boundaries,
109-110
identification of goals in, 105-107
in New Brunswick forest management,
277-279
scoping of problem in, 107-109
significance of effects in, 112
in Southern Indian Lake project, 318
326
testing of hypotheses in, 110-112
and value of monitoring, 111- 112, 113
114
see also Prediction of effects
Inbreeding, effects of, 37, 69, 234, 236
Indexes of ecosystem functioning, 66-67
Indexes of species diversity, 49-50
Indicator species, 3, 49, 81-87
Individuals, 3, 5, 23-37
behavior of, 26-28
habitat selection by, 26-27
population density affecting, 5
uniqueness of, 5
Insecticides, see Pesticides
Insects, 51, 58. See also California red
scale control; DDT effects; Malaria
control; and specific insects
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE),
Great Britain, 266
Integrated pest management (IPM), 361
Interactions among populations, see
Population interactions
International Institute for Applied Systems
Analysis (IIASA), Austria, 100
International Pacific Halibut Commission
(IPHC), 114, 137-147
Introduced species, 57-58
difficulty of eradicating, 189
difficulty of predicting effects of, 57-
58, 165, 182, 188
for pest control, 27, 165- 183
Invadability, 57-58
Iodine-131, in milk, 334
Ionizing radiation, 332-333, 337-338,
344. See also Nuclear radiation
effects; Radionuclides
381
J
June sucker (Chamistes liorus), 34
K
Kaolin wastes, revegetation of, 253
Key-factor analysis of life histories, 25-26
Keystone species, 5-6, 55-56
L
Labrador Hydro (Hydro), and caribou
protection, 205-226
Ladybird beetles, and DDT, 362
Lake Tahoe, changes in zooplankton
community, 309, 323
Lake Washington eutrophication control,
13, 14, 106, 110, 111, 114, 301-316,
328
analog studies of, 76
basis of predictions in, 112
and changes in zooplankton community,
309-310, 323
circulation of water in, 72
committee comment on, 312- 315
and cyanobacteria, 83, 303-304, 308,
310, 313, 315
effects of phosphorus in, 65, 308, 314
315
model used in, 306-307, 320
nutrient fluxes in, 64-65, 303-304
political involvement in, 305
predictions for, 306-307
and project as experiment, 312
public involvement in, 102, 305-306,
314
results of effluent diversion in, 307-309
scientific studies of, 303-304
sewage discharge in, 73, 95, 102, 302
303
zooplankton in, 309-310
Lake Zurich, eutrophication of, 303, 315
Lakes
eutrophication of, see Eutrophication of
lakes
phosphorus in, effects of, 65, 66, 308,
314-315
pollutants in, 64-65
turbidity of water in, 65, 96, 320, 328
329
variability in productivity of, 65-66
OCR for page 382
382
see also Lake Washington eutrophication
control; Southern Indian Lake project
Land management, see Reclamation of
derelict lands in Great Britain
Latin America, vampire bat control in, see
Vampire bat control
Leaching of nutrients, in clearcut logging,
348-350
Lichens, 83, 334
Life-history patterns, 23-24, 25-26, 33-
34, 83
Life span
and ability to survive poor conditions,
34
and apparent stability, 34, 56
pollution and, 83
and resistance to radiation, 339
of vampire bats, 154
Light penetration in water, effects of, 65
Limnocalanus macrurus, in Southern
Indian Lake, 323
Livestock industry, effect of vampire bats
upon, see Vampire bat control
Livestock Insects Investigation Laboratory
(U.S. Department of Agriculture), 154
Living organisms, role of, in biological
monitoring, 81-86
Lolium species, and reclamation of derelict
lands in Great Britain, 254, 255
Long fin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys), in
Lake Washington, 309
Longstone Edge reclamation project in
Great Britain, 248-273
Lotus corniculatus, and reclamation of
derelict lands in Great Britain, 268
M
Malaria control, 13, 14, 25, 26, 112, 190-
204
antimalarial drugs in, 194-195, 196
boundaries established in, 193-194
committee comment on, 203-204
DDT in, 191, 192, 359
and dynamics of infection, 197-198
environmental problems in, 192-193
and genetic mechanisms in mosquito
populations, 202, 203-204
insecticides in, 191, 192, 194, 196,
200-202
INDEX
models used in, 191, 197-200
objectives in, 193
role of ecological knowledge in, 195-
196
Management of ecological systems, 3, 88-
103
Manitoba, see Southern Indian Lake
project
Manitoba Hydro, 319, 322
Maryland Power Plant Siting Program, 76
Materials flow, 3, 61-67
Mating systems, 27, 34-35. See also
Genetic considerations
Mediterranean fruit flies (Dacus), 27
Mercury
in Southern Indian Lake, 65, 223, 329
toxic transformations of, 64
Metapopulations, 230
Migration
habitats affecting, 31-32
routes for caribou, 208-210, 211, 214,
219
Milk
DDT in, 369
iodine- 131 in, 334
Mining, and derelict lands in Great Britain,
249-250
Models
in California red scale control, 179-180
in caribou protection, 220-221
in forest clearcutting, 353, 357
development and use of, 108-109
in forest management program, 288-290
in halibut fishery management, 144-146
in Lake Washington eutrophication
control, 306-307, 320
in malaria control, 191, 197-200
in Southern Indian Lake project, 320
Mollusks, and biological monitoring, 83-
84
Monitoring studies, 81-87
advantages of living organisms in, 81-
82
baseline in, 111, 112, 113
in California red scale control, 170,
176- 177
in caribou protection, 217, 218, 219
choice of organisms for, 82-85
for DDT effects, 366-367
for detection of pollutants, 82-86
in halibut fishery management, 143
OCR for page 383
INDEX
for inventory of biological resources,
86-87
in land reclamation project, 254, 255
and specimen banking, 85-86
in spotted owl conservation, 242
usefulness of, 79, 111-112, 113-114
Moose (Alces aloes), 210
Mosquitoes, see Anopheles species; malaria
control
Moths, and biological monitoring, 85
Multiple-Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960,
229
Mutualistic interactions, 6, 45-46
Mysis relicta
in Lake Washington, 312
in Southern Indian Lake, 323
N
National Environmental Policy Act, 106
National Forest Management Act of 1976,
228
Natural variability, and uncertainty of
management projections, 89-90
Natural-history information, usefulness of,
16
Nature Conservancy Council (NCC), Great
Britain, 266
Neguvon, in vampire bat control, 154
Neomysis mercedis, in Lake Washington,
309
Netherlands, reclamation of derelict lands
in, 265, 266
New Brunswick forest management
program, see Forest management
program in New Brunswick
Newfoundland caribou, see Caribou
protection
Newfoundland Wildlife Division (NWD),
and caribou protection, 205-226
Nibbling, cumulative effects of, 96-97
Nitrogen, 63, 64, 351
Nomograms, in forest management
program, 290-295, 299
Nonlinear catch-age (catch at age) analysis,
in assessment of fishery stock
abundance, 145
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 366
North Pacific halibut, see Halibut fishery
management
383
Northern pike (Esox lucius), in Southern
Indian Lake, 322, 323
Nuclear radiation effects, 13, 14, 79, 331-
344
basis of predictions in, 112
chromosomes and, 337, 338
committee comment on, 343-344
environmental problems in, 333-335
in food chains, 334, 335-337, 338-339
at nuclear test sites, 333
and predictions of radionuclide
movements, 335-337
sensitivity of species in, 337-338
specific-activity concept in, 335
systems analysis approach in, 337
see also Ionizing radiation;
Radionuclides
Nutrients
fluxes in, 64-65, 66-67
interactions, 65-66
in lakes, 64-66, 303-304, 320-321
losses due to clearcut logging, 345-357
regeneration of, 66, 96
o
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 337
Old-growth forests, as habitat for owl
populations, 227-247
Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD), 366, 367
Oscillatoria rubescens, see Cyanobacteria
Owls, see Spotted owls
p
Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis),
see Halibut fishery management
Pacific Northwest, conservation of owl
populations in, see Spotted owl
conservation
Pacific Northwest, halibut fishery
management in, see Halibut fishery
management
Pacific sardines (Sardinops sagax), 149
Passion flower (Passiflora spp.), 46
Patches
and community composition, 68-71
distribution of, in space and time, 71-73
effects of shape, 70-71
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384
effects of size, 68-69, 99
Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 363,
368
Peak District National Park, Great Britain,
250
Peak Park Planning Board, 253, 267
Pest control, 10, 14, 165-189. See also
Pesticides; and specific pests
Pesticides
in California red scale control, 167, 169
evolution of resistance to, 10, 35-36,
73, 96
in integrated pest management, 361
in malaria control, 191, 192, 194, 196,
200-202
timing in applications of, 73
in vampire bat control, 154-158
see also DDT; Toxic substances; and
specific pesticides
pH factors affecting derelict lands in Great
Britain, 260, 263
Phosphorus, effects of, in water, 65, 66,
308, 314-315
Pilot-scale studies of environmental
problems, 78-79, 111
in caribou protection, 78, 221
of DDT effects, 78-79
in land reclamation projects, 78
in vampire bat control, 159
Plantation management in forest
development, see Forest management
program in New Brunswick
Plantation model, in forest development
program, 288, 289-290
Plants, 5
and biological monitoring, 83
competition among, 53-54, 258-259,
263-264
as invaders, 57
mutualistie interactions of, 45-46
natural defenses of, 41-42
and population interactions, 38-39
radiation studies in, 338
role of, in reclamation of derelict lands
in Great Britain, 248-273
species diversity, 51
and stability boundaries, 7
Plasmodiumfalciparum, 192, 193, 196,
200, 202
Plasmodium malariae, 192, 196, 202
Plasmodium ovate, 192, 196, 202
INDEX
Plasmodium species, 190-204
Plasmodium vivax, 192
Plowshare Program, 334
Pollutants, 11
in atmosphere, 98-99
biological effects of, 11, 63-64
and biological monitoring, 82-85
cumulative addition of, 95, 96, 98, 100,
102
effects on Lake Washington, 302-315
and eutrophication in Lake Washington,
301-315
in food chain, 63, 64, 94
in Lake Erie, 63-64
monitoring for effects of, 81-87, 113
114
monitoring of, 82-86
from nuclear radiation, 331-344
see also DDT; Pesticides; Radionuclides;
Toxic substances
Polyehlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 63, 114,
367
Polygynous mating systems, 34
Population biology, 23-37. See also
Populations
Population fragmentation, 6
Population interactions, 38-46
competitive, 42-45
indirect effects of, 46, 47-48, 88
mutualistic, 6, 45-46
patterns of succession, 59
predator-prey, 6, 40-42, 309-310, 324,
329
Populations
age structure of, 33-34
aggregations of, 32
behavior of, 26-28
biology of, 23-37
carrying capacity and, 28
control of, 27-28
density-dependent factors in, 5, 28-29,
30
dispersion patterns and migratory
behavior in, 31-32
dynamics of, 24-25, 28-35, 47-48
effects of habitat changes upon, 26
in forest development, 280-284
genetic and evolutionary changes in, 24-
25, 35-37
growth rates in, 32-33
harvesting practices affecting, 95
OCR for page 385
INDEX
isolated, 32
key factors in identifying, 25-26
life-history information and, 23-24, 25-
26
mating systems of, 27
maximal sustainable yield and, 29
predator introduction into, 26-27
regulation of, 28-29
sex ratios and sex biases in, 34-35
single, 23-37
size estimates of, 29, 30
social interactions among, 27-28
stability of, 29-31
see also Ecological communities;
Population interactions; Species
Power generation
and nuclear radiation effects, 331-344
and raising lake level for hydroelectric
project, 317-329
Predation, 52
Predator-prey theory, in California red
scale control, 182- 183
Predators
as control agents, 26-27, 41
dietary practices of, 40-41
in donor-controlled systems, 41
interactions with prey, 6, 40-42, 309-
310, 324, 329
keystone species of, 6, 55-56
natural resistance of plants to, 41-42
in predator-controlled systems, 41
Prediction of effects
for caribou herd, 218-219
for clearcut logging, 353
for cumulativeeffects, 10-11, 100-101,
112-114
for DDT effects, 358-374
for forestry development, 288-290
limitations of, 79
for nuclear radiation effects, 331-344
for Southern Indian Lake project, 317-
330
uncertainties in, see Uncertainty
see also Impact assessment
Preservation of ecological communities and
habitats, 11
Probabilistic thinking, 17
Productivity
and fluxes in energy and matter, 61-62
as index of perturbation, 63, 66-67
interactions, 65-66
385
of lakes, variability in, 65-66
and species richness, 53-54
Projects as experiments, 15- 16, 75-80,
87, 111
in California red scale control, 180-181
in caribou studies, 221-222
in halibut fishery management, 145-146
in Lake Washington eutrophication
control, 312
in Southern Indian Lake project, 318
in vampire bat control, 159
Propoxur, in malaria control, 194, 196
Puget Sound, Washington, toxic wastes in,
94, 302
R
Rabies, 152, 158
Radioecology studies, see Nuclear radiation
effects
Radionuclides
in environment, 331, 332, 335-338,
343-344
in food chain, 333-334, 343-344
see also Ionizing radiation; Nuclear
radiation effects
Random variation, and uncertainty of
management projections, 90
Randomness in ecological systems, 90
Reclamation of derelict lands in Great
Britain, 13, 14, 99, 248-273
agricultural techniques in, 252, 257, 267
analog studies in, 264-265
basis of predictions in, 112
committee comment on, 271-273
competition among species in, 263-264
as contribution to ecological knowledge,
267-269
environmental problems in, 250-254
and ethics of deliberate introductions,
254, 266
expert judgments in, 265-266
factors affecting growth rates in, 33
in kaolin wastes, 253
and laissez-faire attitudes, 251-252
low-productivity vegetation in, 253, 257
monitoring in, 254, 255
nutrient status affecting, 252, 256, 261,
263, 273
pilot-scale experiments in, 78
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386
role of ecological knowledge in, 256-
261, 267-268
seminatural grasslands in, 254-256
soil seed banks in, 259, 273
sources of ecological information in,
261-266
successions in, 260-261
sward diversification in, 253-259, 261,
263
theoretical concepts in, 264
yield and relative growth rate in, 254,
257
Recolonization, 72, 99, 364-365, 368,
372. See also Reclamation of derelict
lands in Great Britain
Recommendations, 15- 17
Red mites, nonsusceptibility to DDT, 362
Red scale control, see California red scale
control
Regulation of populations, 28-29
Reindeer, cesium-137 concentrations in,
334
Relative growth rate (RGR), 254, 257, 258
Renewable-resource management, 9-10,
14, 137-150, 275-300, 345-357
Reproductive potential (r), 28
harvesting species with low r, 30
Reproductive rate
change in, as indicator of stress, 83
and colonizing ability, 71
of mosquitoes, 197, 198, 201
of vampire bats, 154, 164
Resilience, of ecological communities, 56-
57
Resistance to pesticides, evolution of, 10,
35-36, 73, 96
Restoration projects, 12, 248-274
Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 33
Root rot, 169
S
Saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea), 34
Salmon, 25, 31, 34, 36, 362
San Joaquin Valley, control of California
red scale in, 168, 177, 186
Scales, temporal and spatial, 3, 8-9, 16-
17, 68-74, 96, 98-100, 110
Scoping, in environmental problem
solving, 107-109
INDEX
Sea birds, and biological monitoring, 84-
85
Seasonal changes, and natural variability,
89
Seattle, Washington, see Lake Washington
eutrophication control
Seed banks, soil, 259, 273
Seedling yellows (Tristeza), 169
Sensitivity analysis
of clearcut logging effects, 352-353,
357
and management plans, 92
of nuclear radiation effects, 337-338
Sewage discharge into Lake Washington,
73, 95, 102, 302-303
Sex biases, 34-35
Sex ratios, 34-35, 36, 37
Size
as indicator of age, 32-33
of habitats, 32
harvesting and, 36
Social behavior, and extinction of small
populations, 70
Social interactions, 27-28, 70
Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka),
34
Soil erosion, see Erosion
Soil seed banks, 259, 273
Southern Indian Lake project, 13, 14, 106,
111, 114, 317-330
analog studies of, 76
basis of predictions in, 112- 113
changes in zooplankton community,
323-324, 329
committee comment on, 328-329
compared to Siberian reservoirs, 321
effects on whitefish, 26, 318, 320, 322,
329
experimental nature of, 318
flow diversion in, 72
mercury release in, 96, 323, 329
models used in, 320
nutrient fluxes in, 64-65, 320-321
Redevelopment studies in, 319, 321
retrospective analysis of, 76, 321-326
shoreline erosion in, 320, 321, 322-323
temperature changes in, 323, 328
turbidity of water in, 65, 96, 320, 328-
329
Spatial factors, 3, 8-9, 16-17, 54, 68-74,
96, 99, 110
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INDEX
Species
and aggregate variables, 7-8
and biological magnification, 6
changes after DDT application, 362
complex linkages among, 4-5
complexity and uncertainty in the study
of, 8
composition of, 48-50, 53, 55, 56
and density dependence, 5
diversity, 49-56
effects of competition among, 52-53
effects of predation on, 52
effects of productivity on, 53-54
extinction of, 69-70, 72, 86, 233-237.
365
as indicator of pollution, 83
individuals, 3, 5, 23-37
influence of spatial and temporal scales
on, 3, 8-9, 16-17, 54, 68-74, 96,
99, 110
keystone, 5-6, 55-56
number in relationship to area, 68-69
population fragmentation among, 6
richness, 49, 53-54
stability boundaries, 7
see also Ecological communities;
Population interactions; Populations;
and specific species
Specimen banking, 85-86
Spotted owl conservation, 13, 14, 110,
227-247
committee comment on, 245-247
demographic factors in, 28, 32, 246
dispersal patterns in, 230, 232-233,
238-239
environmental problems in, 229-232
estimation of population in, 240
genetic factors in, 230, 231, 234-237
habitats in, 26, 229-230, 232, 238-239,
241-242
issues involved in, 231-232
management units in, 231
monitoring in, 242
planning process for, 237-242
and risk of extinction, 233-237, 246
role of ecological knowledge in, 232-
237, 242-243
Spotted owl management area (SOMA),
231, 242
Spruce (Picea species), 284, 287
Spruce budworms, see Budworms
387
Stability of populations, 7, 29-31, 56-57
Stand-level considerations, in forest
management, see Forest management
program in New Brunswick
Starfish (Pilaster), 46
Sterile male flies, used in screwworm
control, 27
Striped bass (Roccus saxatilis), 149
Strix occidentalis (spotted owl), see
Spotted owl conservation
Strontium-90, 336
Study boundaries, establishment of, 109-
110
Subarctic lake, raising the level of, see
Southern Indian Lake project
Subsoils, nutrient-deficient, in Great
Britain, 254-256, 260, 261, 262, 263
Substitutions, in ecological communities,
58
Successions, in ecological communities,
58-60, 72, 260-261
Sulfur, 63, 64
Sustainable Development of Biosphere
project, 100
Sward diversification, and reclamation of
derelict lands in Great Britain, 253-
259, 262, 263, 267
T
Taxonomic collections, lack of, 86
Temporal factors, 3, 8-9, 68-74. 96, 110
Tetrachlorodiphenylethane (TDE), 361
Thresholds in ecological systems, 7
Thrips (Scirothrips citri), 169
Timber yield, 275-306
Toxic substances, 11, 39
biological concentrations of, 63-64
and biological monitoring, 81-82
defensive chemicals as, 41-42
and derelict lands in Great Britain, 249,
250-251
dispersal of, 94
in food chain, 93-94, 99-100
interactions of, 96
in plants, 41-42
in vampire bat control, 154-158
see also DDT; Pesticides; Pollutants;
Radionuclides
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388
Tree lupine (Lupinus arborous), 253
Trees, see Forest clearcutting; Forest
management program in New
Brunswick; Forests
Triaenophorus crassus (parasitic cestode),
in Lake Washington, 318
Typhus, DOT in control of, 359
U
Uncertainty, 3, 88-92
and errors of estimation, 90-91
and lack of knowledge, 91
and natural variability, 89-90
preparation for, 17
and problem-solving, 8
and random variations, 90
sources of, 88-91
and use of monitoring studies, 79
Unit of Comparative Ecology, Sheffield
University, Great Britain, 263, 265-
266
United Nations, 366
Upper Salmon Hydroelectric Development,
and caribou protection, 205-226
U.S.-Canadian fishery agreements, 138-
139
V
Vampire bat control, 13, 14, 27-28, 151-
164
anticoagulants in, 35, 155-158
committee comment on, 163-164
effectiveness of, 160
environmental problems in, 153
as experiment, 159
methods for, 154- 158
pilot studies in, 159
reproduction potential of bats, 28
research studies in, 153- 154
role of ecological knowledge in, 158-
159
systemic treatment of cattle in, 154-155,
157-158
INDEX
topical treatment of bats in, 155-157,
158
training for procedures in, 159
vaccines in, 158
Vegetation, restoration of, see Reclamation
of derelict lands in Great Britain
W
Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), in Southern
Indian Lake, 322, 323
Wasps, see Aphytis species
Wastelands, reclamation of, see
Reclamation of derelict lands in Great
Britain
West Africa, experimental control of
malaria in, 190-204
Whales, 28, 32
Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), in
Southern Indian Lake, 318, 320, 322
Wilderness Act of 1964, 229
Wolves (Cants lupus), 32, 228
Wood supply, see Forest clearcutting;
Forest management program in New
Brunswick; Forests
Wood Supply and Forest Productivity
(WOSFOR) model, in forest
management program, 288-289, 290
Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus),
208
World Health Organization, 191, 360
y
Yield
of halibut, 137-138
maximal, 29, 91, 106, 137-138
of timber, 275-300
z
Zooplankton
in Lake Washington, 309-310
in Southern Indian Lake, 323-324, 329
Representative terms from entire chapter:
indian lake
