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Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field (1999)
Institute of Medicine (IOM)

Page
533
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IL-8 (neutrophil-activating peptide, neutrophil chemotactic [or chemoattractant] factor).

A proinflammatory cytokine produced by numerous cell types that also causes chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

IL-9 (P40, mast-cell growth-enhancing factor, T-cell growth factor-3).

A lymphokine that stimulates growth and proliferation of T-cells and mast cells.

IL-10 (cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor).

A cytokine produced by various cells that inhibits T-cell production of INF-γ and the synthesis of monokines by macrophage or monocytes.

IL-11 (adipogenesis inhibitory factor).

A cytokine produced by marrow stromal cells that stimulates the hepatic synthesis of acute-phase glycoproteins.

IL-12 (NK-cell stimulating factor, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor).

A cytokine that induces INF-γ gene expression in lymphocytes.

IL-13 (P600).

A lymphokine that inhibits the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes and other cells.

IL-14 (high molecular weight B-cell growth factor).

A lymphokine that stimulates B-cell proliferation while inhibiting antibody production.

IL-15 (no prior common name).

A lymphokine that stimulates T-cell proliferation and NK-cell activation.

L

Lymphocyte repertoire.

The more than 109 distinct antigenic determinants (epitopes) that can be recognized by antigen-specific clones of human lymphocytes.

Lymphokine.

A cytokine secreted by a lymphocyte.

Lysozyme.

An enzyme present in tears and body secretions and fluids that helps in the destruction of bacterial cell walls.

M

Macrophages.

Large mononuclear tissue phagocytes that secrete cytokines when activated and interact with T-cells in processing and presenting antigens to B-cells. They are termed monocytes when bloodborne.

Major histocompatibility complex haplotypes.

Genetically controlled proteins on cell surfaces that indicate its specific tissue type. The cellular HLA (human leukocyte antigen) locus is expressed by at least four blocks of genes. A correct arrangement and recognition of MHC surface proteins is necessary for direct cell-to-cell contact between antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes and for

Page
533
Front Matter (R1-R14)
Executive Summary (1-16)
I Committee Summary, Responses to Questions, Conclusions, and Recommendations (17-18)
1 A Review of the Role of Nutrition in Immune Function (19-98)
2 Committee Responses to Questions (99-124)
3 Committee Conclusions and Recommendations (125-135)
II Stage Setting: The Military Situation (137-138)
4 Why is the Army Interested in Nutrition and Immune Function? (139-162)
5 Physiological and Immunological Impact of U.S. Army Special Operations Training: A Model for the Assessment of Nutritional Intervention Effects on Temporary Immunosuppression (163-184)
6 Immune Function Studies During the Ranger Training Course of the Norwegian Military Academy (185-202)
III Introduction to Immune Function (203-204)
7 Nutrition and Immune Responses: What Do We Know? (205-220)
8 Cytokines and Nutritional Status: Possible Correlations and Investigations (221-232)
IV Assessment (233-234)
9 Methodological Issues in Assessment of Human Immune Function (235-248)
10 Application of Whole-Blood Cultures to Field Study Measurements (249-262)
V Nutrition (263-264)
11 Glutamine (265-278)
12 Vitamin A and Immune Function (279-288)
13 Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and Immune Response: Recent Advances (289-304)
14 Fatty Acids and Immune Functions (305-316)
15 Iron Metabolism, Microbial Virulence, and Host Defenses (317-336)
16 Trace Minerals, Immune Function, and Viral Evolution (337-359)
VI Health and Stress (361-362)
17 Exercise, Infection, and Immunity: Practial Applications (363-390)
18 Neuroendocrine Consequences of Systemic Inflammation (391-408)
19 Inflammatory Stress and the Immune System (409-436)
20 Chronobiology of the Immune System (437-496)
21 Conclusion: Militarily Important Issues Identified in this Report (497-508)
Appendixes (509-510)
Appendix A: Overview of the Immune System and Other Host Defense Mechanisms (511-526)
Appendix B: Glossary of Immunological Terms (527-536)
Appendix C: Overview of Immune Assessment Tests (537-542)
Appendix D: Emerging Infections, Nutritional Status, and Immunity (543-552)
Appendix E: Workshop Agenda (553-558)
Appendix F: Biographical Sketches (559-574)
Appendix G: Acronyms and Abbreviations (575-580)
Appendix H: Nutrition and Immune Function: A Selected Bibliography (581-656)
Index (657-708)