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INDEX
A
α1-antitrypsin
definition, 528
See also Acute-phase proteins;
Proteins
Abbott Laboratories. See Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories (ROSS)
Acetylcholine (ACH), 72, 461
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS/HIV), 37, 39, 398, 449-450, 543-544, 545, 547
exercise effects on, 375
exercise practical recommendations for, 375-376
sports, close-contact, transmission of, findings, 374-375
vitamin A deficiency and, 282, 283, 284
vitamin C and E supplementation effects on, 263, 290, 294-295
wasting syndrome of, exercise effects on, 375
See also AIDS-related complex (ARC);
Diseases and disorders;
Emerging infections;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Acquired immunity. See Antigen-specific immunity
ACTH. See Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Activation phase, 517-519, 521
definition, 527
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Active nonspecific defense mechanisms, 512-513
See also Host defense mechanisms;
Nonspecific immunity
Acute-phase proteins, 43, 515
See also α1-antitrypsin;
C-reactive protein (CRP);
Haptoglobin;
Orosomucoid;
Proteins
Acute-phase reactions, 3, 6, 11, 13-14, 126, 132-133, 133-134, 514-515
See also Immunity;
Nonspecific immunity
Acute-phase response, 13, 133, 361, 391-392
See also Liver
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Adaptive immunity. See Antigen-specific immunity
ADH. See Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Adipogenesis inhibitory factor. See Interleukin-11 (IL-11)
Adrenal gland. See Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA); Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system
Adrenalectomy (ADX), 424
glucocorticoid treatment in animals after, 418-419
interleukin-1 lethality in animals after, 416-418, 419
See also Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA);
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system;
Surgical procedures
Adrenocorticosteroid (CS), 411, 415, 416-417, 418, 419, 421, 422
See also Glucocorticoids;
Hormones
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), 71, 72, 74, 189-190, 394, 410-411, 412, 414, 415, 452, 454, 463, 470
See also Hormones
Adrenoglucocorticoid regulation, 189-190
See also Immune function
Adults
Vitamin A doses and toxicity, considerations for, 281-282, 284-285
See also Demographics
Africa
Ebola outbreak, 37, 543
measles unusual manifestations, 547
sub-Saharan, Vitamin A deficiency in, 281, 282
Age and aging, 68
bereavement and elderly subjects, immunological response to, 211
exercise and age-related immunity, studies review, 212, 376-377
immune response and, summary, 290
nutritional supplementation to boost immunity, 214
vitamin C supplementation effects on immune response, clinical trials, 263, 292-293
vitamin E supplementation effects on immune response, clinical trials, 263, 291-292
See also Demographics
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 43-44, 102, 537, 538, 539
See also Department of Health and Human Services
Agriculture Department, U.S. See U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
AIDS/HIV. See Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS/HIV)
AIDS-related complex (ARC), 375
See also Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS/HIV);
Diseases and disorders
Air Force. See U.S. Air Force (USAF)
Airplanes
flight over several time zones, biologic rhythms effects of, 451, 464-465
ALA. See α-linolenic acid (ALA)
Alcohol use and abuse
immune function role of, 66-67
α-linolenic acid (ALA), 305, 306, 308-309, 310, 311
See also Saturated fatty acids
Allergen
definition, 527
Allergy, 524
definition, 527
time-dependent changes in, 460-462
See also Anaphylactic reaction;
Antigen-specific immunity;
Arthus reactions;
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH);
Diseases and disorders;
Histamine;
Hypersensitivity, immediate;
Hypersensitivity reactions
Allograft. See Surgical procedures
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Altitude, high
immune function effects of exposure, 80
See also High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE);
Stress and stressors
American Heart Association, 264
Amino acids (AAs), 14, 42
branch chain amino acid (BCAA), 42, 43
coxsackievirus viral evolution and selenium deficiency, changes in, 349
doses and toxicity of, 110
immune function role of, 49-51, 105, 110
military personnel supplementation, conclusions, 128
military situations, special concerns in, 110
See also Arginine;
Glutamine;
Nutrients;
Proteins
Anaphylactic reaction
definition, 527
See also Allergy
Anaphylatoxin (C3a), 209
definition, 528
See also Complement system
Anemia, 10
iron deficiency, supplementation for, impact on infectious disease risk, 264, 328
military personnel deployment and, recommendations, 130
military recruits screening for and iron supplementation, 328-329
military women in basic combat training, iron status of, 62-63
military women recruits, prevalence of, 150
See also Diseases and disorders;
Iron, dietary
Anergy, 237
See also Immune response (IR)
Animals
adrenalectomized animals, glucocorticoid treatment of, 418-419
adrenalectomized animals, interleukin-1 lethality to, 416-418
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, abnormal, conditions lethal to animals, 417
mice as natural hosts of emerging infections, 546, 547-548
monkeys, Ebola-Reston outbreak in, 38, 543
Anthrax, 6
See also Biological warfare
Antibiotics
resistant organisms, disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
See also Drugs
Antibodies, 233, 337, 538
definition, 528
functions of, 522-523
inflammatory reactions, participation of, 522-523
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Fragment-antibody (Fab);
Fc (crystalline fragment);
Immunity;
Immunoglobulin;
Immunoglobulin A (IgA);
Immunoglobulin D (IgD);
Immunoglobulin E (IgE);
Immunoglobulin G (IgG);
Immunoglobulin M (IgM);
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). See Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 520
Antigens, 209
definition, 528
See also Immune response (IR)
Antigen-specific immunity, 238, 512, 520, 522-524
response phases, 517-519, 521
See also Activation phase;
Allergy;
Antibodies;
Antigens;
B-cells;
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI);
Cognitive phase;
Discrimination of self from nonself;
Diversity;
Effector phase;
Humoral immunity (HI);
Hypersensitivity reactions;
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immunity;
Memory;
Self-limitation;
Specificity;
T-cells
Antioxidants, 4, 14, 117
delayed-type hypersensitivity response to tetanus toxoid using beverage supplement, SFAS study, 178, 179
peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation using supplementation, SFAS study, 178, 179
See also β-carotene;
Vitamin C;
Vitamin E
Apodemis aggrarious, 546
Arachidonic acid (AA), 305, 306, 307-308, 312
See also Saturated fatty acids
ARC. See AIDS-related complex (ARC)
Arginine, 4, 7-8, 14, 42, 51, 111, 127
doses and toxicity, 111
See also Amino acids (AAs);
Nutrients
Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 410-411, 412, 413-414, 415
See also Vasopressin (VP)
Army, U.S.
See U.S. Army
Arthus reactions
definition, 528
See also Allergy;
Hypersensitivity reactions
Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C
Asia
Southeast, Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281
southern, Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281
Asthma
allergic, children with, circadian rhythms in, 462
allergic, time-dependent changes in, 455, 456, 460-462
bronchial, biologic rhythms role in, 449, 461
vitamin C and E supplementation effects on lung function in, studies review, 263, 295-296
See also Diseases and disorders;
Respiratory diseases and disorders
Athletes and athletics, 68
exercise, practical guidelines for, 377-379
immune response, infection, and exercise relationship, studies of, 365-370
infection, effects on physical performance, studies of, 373-374
marathon runners immune function effects of exertion, study findings, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372
nutrient supplements and exercise, review of studies, 378-379
sports, close-contact, and transmission of HIV, findings, 374-375
upper respiratory tract infection susceptibility and exercise, studies of, 371-373
ATSDR.
See Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Autoimmune disease
definition, 528
linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA) management of, clinical trials findings, 310-311
See also Diseases and disorders;
Immune function
AVP.
See Arginine vasopressin (AVP)
B
Bacillus Calmette-Guirin (BCG) vaccination, 241, 459
See also Vaccines and vaccination
Bacteria.
See Microbes; Microbial virulence
Bangkok, Thailand
infectious disease risk in, 545
Basophil, 443
definition, 528
See also White blood cells (WBC)
β-carotene, 7, 14, 109, 127, 134
See also Antioxidants
B-cell growth factors, 224-225
See also Cytokines;
Interleukin-4 (IL-4);
Interleukin-6 (IL-6);
Interleukin-14 (IL-14)
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B-cell growth factor-2. See Interleukin-5 (IL-5)
B-cells, 171, 361, 422
biologic rhythms and, 445, 450-451, 464, 466, 467, 470
definition, 528
overview of, 521-522
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
B-cell growth factors;
Lymphocytes
B-cell stimulatory factor-2. See Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
BCG. See Bacillus Calmette-Guirin (BCG) vaccination
Bereavement
elderly persons and, immunologic responses to, 210, 211
See also Emotional stress;
Mortality
Beverages
antioxidant supplementation using, Special Forces Assessment and Selection study, 178, 179
See also Food
Bifidobacterium bifidum, 320
Biochemistry, 25
cytokines nature, 222
glutamine, physiologic biochemistry of, 266-268
Biologic rhythms. See Chronobiology; Chronopharmacology; Chronotherapeutics; Circadian rhythms; Circannual rhythms; Circaseptan rhythms
Biological warfare
military immunization against, 6
military personnel threat from biologic agent, 140
See also Anthrax
Biotechnology, 6
military personnel use of products to sustain immune function, risks and benefits, 106
Blood
collection of, blood lymphoid cell measurement in whole-blood cultures, experimental methods, 251
cytokines and markers in, development and field testing, future research, 133-134
donors of, blood lymphoid cell measurement in whole-blood cultures, experimental methods, 250
volume of, and lymphocyte proliferation in whole-blood cultures, experimental methods, 251, 253
See also Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs);
Phagocytes;
Plasma cells;
Platelets;
Serum;
White blood cells (WBC);
Whole-blood cultures
Blood diseases and disorders. See Anemia, iron deficiency; Blood
B-lymphocytes. See B-cells
Board on Military Supplies, viii
See also National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
Body composition. See Body weight (BW); Lean body mass
Body fat, 24
Ranger I study, percent change in, 168
Ranger II study, percent change in, 172
Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course study, percent change during, 176
Body mass. See Lean body mass
Body temperature
immune response factors, 210-211
Body weight (BW), 28, 147
Ranger I and II studies, percent change in, 168
Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course studies, loss during, 175
Bone marrow
biologic rhythms and white blood cell numbers/functions, 440, 441, 446, 447, 450, 451
transplants, glutamine supplementation effects on patients, 263, 269-270
See also Blood
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Bosnia
military personnel psychological stress effects on, 142
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 39, 545
See also Diseases and disorders;
Emerging infections;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Breast cancer
menstrual cycle effects on surgery survival rates, 466
See also Cancer;
Diseases and disorders
Breastfeeding
Vitamin A deficiency risks for lactating women, 263, 280-281, 282
See also Infants;
Women
BSE. See Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
β-thalassemia, 325-326
See also Diseases and disorders
Burma
malaria in World War II troops, 23, 140
Burns
glutamine supplementation, effects on, 263, 268-269
See also Diseases and disorders;
Injuries
Business. See Commerce
C
C3a. See Anaphylatoxin (C3a)
Cachexin. See Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Cairo, Egypt
infectious disease risk in, 545
Calciferols. See Vitamin D
Calories
deficiency reduction effects, Norwegian Ranger Training Course, 188
intake during Ranger I and II training studies, 167
Cancer
vitamin C and E supplementation effects on, study findings, 263, 290, 293
See also Breast cancer;
Diseases and disorders
Carbohydrates, 5, 42
exercise and Gatorade use, findings, 378-379
metabolism of, acute-phase reaction effects on, 361
Cardiomyopathy. See Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); Keshan disease (KD)
Carotenoids, 51-52
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Catabolism, 2, 3, 18, 20, 36, 49, 105, 361, 391
See also Metabolism
Catecholamines, 70
Norwegian Ranger Training Course, changes during, 189
See also Hormones;
Immune function;
Neuropeptide function
Cathepsin
definition, 528
CD4+ cells, 104, 208, 445, 468
definition, 528
See also Helper cells;
T-cells
CD8+ cells, 104, 445, 468
definition, 528
See also Suppressor cells;
T-cells
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI), 3, 4, 108, 111, 113, 233, 291, 292, 337, 339, 516
allograft rejection and biologic rhythms in, 459-460
assessment methodologies, review of, 229-244
assessment methods, advantages/disadvantages of, 47-48
biologic rhythms in, 439, 459-460
B vitamins and, 54-55
definition, 4, 528
field assessment methods, 12-13
nutrients role in, 263
overview of, 517, 518, 519-520
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See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Humoral immunity (HI);
Immune response (IR);
Immunity;
T-cells
Center for Environmental Health Research (CEHR), 143
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 44, 114, 146
Central America
Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281
Central nervous system (CNS), 34, 42, 114
endocrine and immune systems and, bidirectional communication among, 409-411
endocrine and immune systems and, effects of cytokines biologic rhythms, 452-453
glutamine physiologic biochemistry and brain, 266
See also Neuroendocrine function
Chemotactic agents, 224, 225
See also Cytokines;
Interleukin-8 (IL-8);
Macrophages
Chemotaxis
definition, 529
See also Phagocytes
Children
asthmatic, circadian rhythms in, 462
dengue hemorrhagic fever in, studies review, 546-547
Menkes disease and copper deficiency in, 65, 339
Vitamin A deficiency and, 263, 280-281, 283-284
See also Demographics
China
field immunology studies data, 146
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in, 546
malaria in World War II troops, 23, 140
selenium deficiency and Keshan (KD) disease, 65-66, 127, 341, 548
See also Manchuria
Chronobiology
allergy, cutaneous, time-dependent changes in, 460-462
allograft rejection and, 459-460, 475
asthma, allergic, time-dependent changes in, 460-462
cell-mediated immunity, and, 439, 459-460
cytokines and their inhibitors and, rhythms in, 76-77, 362, 452-454
environmental stimuli response, effects of, 438
exercise, modification of immune system rhythms, 362, 438, 467-468
food uptake, time of, effects on immune system rhythms, 362, 468-469
genetically fixed biologic rhythms, 362, 437, 438, 440, 450
humoral immune response and, 77, 362, 439, 454-456
immune system and, 75-79, 362, 437-476
light-dark changes, effects on, 362, 438, 440, 459, 473
menstrual cycle, changes in immune system-related variables during, 465-466
neuroendocrine-immune system interactions, role of, 438, 440, 462, 470-475
seasonal changes in immune response, 362, 440, 466-467
shift workers, biologic rhythms and, 451, 455, 464-465, 469
sleep rhythms and immunity, 362, 451, 462-465, 474-475
temperature changes and immune response, 362, 440
vaccination, effects on, 362, 456-459
white blood cells number and function, rhythms in, 76, 362, 441-452
See also Chronopharmacology;
Chronotherapeutics;
Circadian
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rhythms;
Circannual rhythms;
Circaseptan rhythms
Chronopharmacology
biologic rhythms in immune function, implications for, 78-79, 475-476
See also Chronobiology
Chronotherapeutics
biologic rhythms in immune function, implications for, 78-79, 462, 475-476
See also Chronobiology
Circadian rhythms, 75-79, 439, 441, 442, 443, 444, 453, 454-459, 460-465, 467-469, 470-476
rheumatoid arthritis, urinary neopterin excretion of, and, 447-448
See also Chronobiology;
Circaseptan rhythms
Circannual rhythms, 75-76, 77, 440-441, 451, 456, 466-467, 476
See also Chronobiology
Circaseptan rhythms, 75, 77, 440, 456, 459-460, 476
See also Chronobiology;
Circadian rhythms
Circumventricular organs (CVOs), 74
Civil War
Vitamin A deficiency in Union and Confederate Armies, 282
Civilian research, 14, 23, 27, 134
See also Research
CMNR. See Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR)
CNS. See Central nervous system (CNS)
Cobalamine. See Vitamin B12
Cognitive phase, 517-518, 521
definition, 529
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Colony stimulating factors
definition, 529
See also Cytokines;
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF);
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF);
Macrophage/monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF)
Columbia, Maryland, 308
Combat
environmental factors during, immune function effects of, 101
training, physiological and immunological impact of, research objectives, 164
See also Military operations;
Military personnel
Commerce
international, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545, 546
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR), vii, 1, 2, 6, 14, 17, 20, 21, 30, 33, 62, 63, 81, 82, 99, 100, 104, 106, 117, 119, 120, 144, 146, 171, 362, 497-498, 499, 502, 503, 504, 506
conclusions, 6-8, 125-129
history of, summary, viii
recommendations, 8-13, 129-133
report organization, ix
research, future recommendations for, 13-14, 133-134
tasks and procedures review, viii-ix
See also Food and Nutrition Board (FNB);
Institute of Medicine (IOM);
National Academy of Sciences (NAS);
Not Eating Enough
Complement system, 516-517, 523, 539
definition, 529
vitamin C supplementation effects on marathon runners, study findings, 378
See also Anaphylatoxin (C3a);
Immunity;
Nonspecific immunity;
Proteins;
Ultramarathon
Concanavalin A (ConA), 464
definition, 529
Conclusions, 6-7, 18
amino acids supplements and immune function, military operations, 128
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cytokines (recombinant) use by military, and immune function, 126
energy total intake and immune function, military operations, 126-127
field studies of immune function by military, 126
glutamine and immune function, military operations, 128-129
health (general) status and immune function, military implications, 126
iron excess and deficiency and immune status, military operations, 128
military personnel deployment and nutritional status, 127
nutritional supplements and immune function, military implications, 7-8, 128-129
nutritional supplements, excess use by military, safety problems, 128
nutrition and immune function, military implications, 7, 125-129
pharmacologic agents use by military, and immune function, 126
polyunsaturated fatty acids supplements and immune function, military operations, 128
stressors encountered by military and immune function, 126
vaccination (prophylactic) use by military, and immune function, 126
vitamins A, C, and E supplements and immune function, military operations, 128
Copper
doses and toxicity, 113
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 41, 42, 64-65, 113, 115, 127, 339-340
military situations, special concerns in, 113
zinc interactions with, 340
See also Minerals;
Nutrients
Corticosterone (CORT), 414, 415, 418-419, 420, 421
See also Hormones
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 70-71, 72, 74, 75, 392, 394, 395, 396, 410-411, 412-414, 415, 421, 423
See also Hormones
Cortisol, 364-365, 456-457, 470
See also Glucocorticoids;
Hormones
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 322
Coxsackievirus B (CVB), 341-351
C-reactive protein (CRP), 11-13, 47, 48, 104, 120, 132-133, 391, 537
definition, 529
See also Acute-phase proteins;
Proteins
CRH. See Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
CRP. See C-reactive protein (CRP)
CVB. See Coxsackievirus B (CVB)
Cytokines, 3, 4, 6, 8-9, 23, 25, 32, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 74-75, 203, 409-410
action mode of, 222
action principles of, 222-223
biochemistry of, 222
biologic rhythms in cytokines and their inhibitors, 76-77, 362, 438, 452-454, 462, 475
circulating, assays of, overview and methodological issues, 540-542
classification of, 224-226
clinical use of, 227
definition, 221-222, 529
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, sample types and preparation for, 226
experimentation with, 223
field testing of appropriate markers in urine and blood, 13-14, 133-134
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, counter-regulation of, 362, 416-421
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune regulation by, 410-416
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immune function index, use as, military nutrition research ideas, 119-120
inflammation, systemic, neuroendocrine consequences, 392, 393, 397
measurement of, 39-40, 226
military use of drugs and, 126, 129
nature of, 222
pleiotropic principle of, 222-223
recombinant, military administration of and immune function, conclusions, 126
redundancy of, 223
synergistic principle of, 223
See also B-cell growth factors;
Chemotactic agents;
Colony stimulating factors;
Cytotoxic/cytostatic inducers and effectors;
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) ;
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF);
Hematopoietic growth and differentiation factors;
Immune function;
Inflammatory cytokines;
Inhibitory/regulatory factors;
Interferon-α (INF-α);
Interferon-gamma (INF-γ);
Interferons;
Interleukin-1 (IL-1);
Interleukin-2 (IL-2);
Interleukin-3 (IL-3);
Interleukin-4 (IL-4);
Interleukin-5 (IL-5);
Interleukin-6 (IL-6);
Interleukin-7 (IL-7);
Interleukin-8 (IL-8);
Interleukin-9 (IL-9);
Interleukin-10 (IL-10);
Interleukin-11 (IL-11);
Interleukin-12 (IL-12);
Interleukin-13 (IL-13);
Interleukin-14 (IL-14);
Interleukin-15 (IL-15);
Interleukins;
Lymphokines;
Macrophage/monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF);
Monokines;
Nonspecific immunity;
Proinflammatory cytokines;
Proteins;
T-cell growth factors;
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF);
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α);
Tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β)
Cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor. See Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
Cytolytic/cytotoxic reactions, 524
See also Hypersensitivity reactions
Cytotoxic/cytostatic inducers and effectors, 224, 225, 522
See also Cytokines;
Interleukin-12 (IL-12);
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α);
Tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β)
Cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor. See Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
Cytotoxic reactions. See Cytolytic/cytotoxic reactions
D
Death. See Mortality
Defense and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, 143
Defense Department. See Department of Defense (DoD)
Defense Women's Health Research Program (DWHRP94), 150
Defensins
definition, 529
See also Neutrophils;
Proteins
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 141, 470, 471
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), 148, 149, 177, 290, 291, 292, 307, 308, 309-310, 339, 524
antioxidant supplementation, response to tetanus toxoid, Special Forces Assessment and Selection study, 178, 179
cutaneous, use as nutritional status indicator, 209
definition, 529
skin testing, overview, 539
vitamin B and, 55
vitamin E and, 52, 53
See also Allergy;
Hypersensitivity reactions
Demographics
disease, infectious, introduction and dissemination factors, 544-545
See also Adults;
Age and aging;
Children;
Infants;
Mortality;
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Population density;
Population migration;
Urban areas;
Women
De novo studies/samples, 222, 240, 242, 267
Dengue, 38, 546
See also Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Dengue hemorrhagic fever, 38
children with, nutrition role, 38, 546-547
Thailand studies of, 547
See also Diseases and disorders;
Emerging infections;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 48, 61, 170, 254, 266, 269, 270, 293, 318, 319, 323, 324, 338-339, 340, 348, 350, 440, 441, 539
Department of Agriculture, U.S. See U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Department of Defense (DoD), viii, 6, 20
Department of Health and Human Services, 43-44, 102
See also Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Desert terrain
military training immunological/physiological effects of, 169, 170, 172, 173
See also Environment
Determinants. See Epitopes
Developing countries
Vitamin A deficiency in, 280-281
Dexamethasone, 418-419
DHA. See Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
DHEA. See Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Diarrheal diseases, 23, 39, 140
See also Diseases and disorders;
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Shigella
Dietary intervention. See Nutritional intervention
Dietary supplements. See Nutrients;Nutritional supplements
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), 341
See also Diseases and disorders
Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), 242
Diphtheria, 39
glutamine supplementation and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to, SFAS study, 177-178
Soviet Union, former, reemergence of, 545
See also Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Discrimination of self from nonself, 517
definition, 529
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Diseases and disorders
host defense (long-term) and, military nutrition research ideas, 120
immunology development of new concepts and assessment techniques, 36
Vitamin A deficiency relationship to, 281, 282
See also Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS/HIV);
AIDS-related complex (ARC);
Allergy;
Anemia;
Asthma;
Autoimmune disease;
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE);
Breast cancer;
Β-thalassemia;
Burns;
Cancer;
Dengue;
Dengue hemorrhagic fever;
Diarrheal diseases;
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM);
Diphtheria;
Ebola;
Ebola-Reston;
Emerging infections;
Eye diseases and disorders;
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and disorders;
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS);
Hemolytic uremic syndrome;
High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE);
Immunity;
Immunodeficiency disorder;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Inflammation;
Injuries;
Keshan dis-
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nutritional supplements use, military operations, 10-11, 131-132
physical fitness maintenance by military personnel, 129
prophylatic medications and procedures use by military, 129
psychological stress of military personnel, minimizing methods, 130
research methodology for military, 11-13, 132-133
research protocols careful design, 133
vaccines, oral, for military, research efforts to create and evaluate, 129
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), 27, 52, 107, 108-114, 116, 164
Dietary Reference Intakes, 164
vitamin A recommendations, 281
vitamin C recommendations, 290
vitamin E recommendations, 290
See also Military Recommended Dietary Allowance (MRDA)
REM. See Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Reproductive system. See Menstrual cycle
Research
Army Special Operations Training physiological and immunological impact, objectives, 163-165
Army Special Operations Training physiological and immunological impact, results, 165-178
civilian research use by military, recommendations, 133, 134
immune function future research recommendations for military, 13-14, 18, 133-134
infection increased susceptibility, mechanisms of, Army-USDA cooperative research data, 146-148
iron status influence on infection risk, future recommendations, 134
military use of civilian research, recommendations, 133, 134
nutrients influence on immune status, future recommendations, 134
nutrition and immune function, military implications, new directions for, 503-506
nutritional intervention effects on immunosuppression, assessment model, 163-178
nutritional supplements, publicized findings of Army research, 150-152
protocols design, recommendations, 13, 133
Ranger training physiological/immunological impact, studies results, 165-174
Special Forces Assessment and Selection physiological/immunological impact, studies results, 174-178
women (physically active) and immune function, future recommendations, 134
See also Civilian research;
Field research;
Laboratories
Respiratory burst
definition, 536
See also Diseases and disorders;
Oxidative burst
Respiratory diseases and disorders
infant morbidity from, serum concentration relationship, 213-214
infection incidence, exercise, and immune responses, relationship, 211, 212
See also Asthma;
Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Upper respiratory infections (URI);
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)
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Reston, Virginia
Ebola-Reston outbreak in monkeys, 38, 543
Retinol
infant respiratory morbidity and serum concentration of, 213-214
See also Nutrients
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 347, 348
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 396, 454, 456, 472, 475
circadian rhythms in urinary neopterin excretion of patients with, 447-448
See also Diseases and disorders
Rhizopus, 327
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 319, 338-339, 341, 345, 347, 350, 396, 412, 413, 416, 422
"Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance," 117
Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories (ROSS), 165, 174
RT-PCR. See Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
Russia
infection, emerging, in, 37
S
SAA. See Serum amyloid antecedent (SAA)
Saccharomyces cervisiae, 320
Safety and regulatory considerations
nutrients or dietary supplements use to sustain immune function under field conditions, 107-118
Salmonella, 328
Salmonella typhimurium, 328
Scandinavia
infection, emerging, in, 37
Seasons
immune response to biologic rhythms, and, 362, 466-467
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), 36, 206, 215, 455, 370, 521, 522
definition, 532
See also Antibodies;
Immunoglobulin;
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Selenium
China, endemic juvenile cardiomyopathy (Keshan disease) and deficiency, 65-66, 548
deficiency, role in viral evolution, 547-548
doses and toxicity, 113-114
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 42, 65-66, 113-114, 115, 127, 340-351
military situations, special concerns in, 113-114
pathogen virulence, effect on, animal studies review, 264, 338, 341-351
See also Minerals;
Nutrients
Self-limitation, 517
definition, 536
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Serratia marcescens, 322
Serum
cytokines, circulating, assays, review of, 540
immune status assessment tests, overview of, 537, 538-539
See also Blood;
Opsonins
Serum amyloid antecedent (SAA), 391
Serum lipoproteins
high-density (HDL), 311
low-density (LDL), 311, 312
serum, and dietary fat, immune response effects of, 311
See also Proteins
Serum opsonized zymosan (SOZ), 187-188, 189
Serum thymulin activity
nutritional status, use as indicator of, 208, 209
Sex steroids
inflammation, systemic, neuroendocrine effects of, 398, 399
See also Hormones;
Testosterone
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Sexual orientation
homosexual/bisexual men (HIV positive), vitamins C and E supplementation effects, 294-295
Sheffield, England
vitamin A deprivation experiment during WWII, 282
See also England
Shigella, 140, 321
See also Diarrheal diseases;
Diseases and disorders
Shigella dysenteriae type, 322
Shipping
blood, whole, cultures use, holding and shipping effects on lymphocyte proliferation, experiment results, 256-257
Sick euthyroid syndrome, 397-398
See also Diseases and disorders
Siderophores
definition, 536
See also Proteins
Skin diseases and disorders. See Arthus reactions; Urticaria
Skin tests, 241, 242, 460-461, 539
See also Multi-test CMI;
Purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test
Sleep
biologic rhythms of, and immunity, 462-465
deprivation, effects on biologic rhythms, 464-465, 474-475
deprivation, effects on response to influenza virus, animal study, 465
deprivation, immune function and, military operations/training, 30, 32, 101, 142
deprivation, immune function effects of, 80
deprivation in military training, biologic rhythms and immune response, 362, 474-475
wakefulness and, patterns in, biologic rhythms in, 451, 464-465
See also Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep;
Stress and stressors
Smoking. See Tobacco use
Social activity
biologic rhythms and routine of, 362, 438
Soldier System Command (SSCOM), 22, 165
Soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R)
release of, in vitro measurement use of whole-blood cultures, experiments methods/results, 258-259
See also Interleukin-2 (IL-2);
Soluble receptors
Soluble receptors, 392, 411-412, 438, 453, 454, 540-542
See also Proteins;
Soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R)
Somalia
U.S. military personnel, infectious disease risk, 545
U.S. military personnel, stress factors for, 100, 142
Somatomedin C
growth hormone and, response, 399
South America
Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281
South Pacific
Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281
Soviet Union
former, diphtheria reemergence in, 545
Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS), 21, 22, 23, 24-26, 28, 29, 30, 31-32, 147, 148, 149
body fat (percent) change during, studies, 176
body weight loss during, studies, 175
energy deficit relation to stress indices and T-lymphocyte proliferation, 147
energy expenditure and intake during, studies, 175
nutritional intervention effects on temporary immunosuppression, studies results, 174-178
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peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation during glutamine supplementation study, 177
peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation during, studies, 176
physiological and immunological impact of, studies results, 174-178
Special Forces Assessment Schools, 137
See also Military training;
U.S. Army Special Forces
Special Operations Training Program. See U.S. Army Special Operations Training Program
Specificity, 517
definition, 536
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
Immune response (IR)
Sports. See Athletes and athletics
Staphylococcus aureus, 55, 268
Streptococcal pneumonia, 166
Streptococcus, 177
Streptococcus mutans, 320
Streptomyces cerevisiae, 320
Stress and stressors
cytokines potential for assessing effects on immune function, 203
health and, 67-81
hormonal responses to, 69-70
immune function effects of combined stressors, 6, 81
immune function, health status, and, summary, 500-503
immune function sustainment under, military nutrition research areas, 119-121
military high-risk personnel, nutrition education programs for, recommendations, 130-131
military operational settings and immune function, 100-101
military operational stressors, immune suppression and inflammatory responses, 141-144
military operational stressors, models for studying, 144-146
military personnel and immune function, conclusions, 126
military personnel energy deficit relation to stress indices and T-lymphocyte proliferation, 147
See also Altitude, high;
Emotional stress;
Environmental pollution;
Exercise;
Humidity;
Oxidative stress;
Physical activity;
Psychological stress;
Sleep;
Temperature;
Tobacco use
Substance abuse. See Alcohol use and abuse
Suppressor cells
definition, 536
See also CD8+ cells;
T-cells
Surface immunity, 518
definition, 4
See also Immunity
Surgical procedures
allograft rejection, biologic rhythms in, 459-460
postoperative patients, glutamine supplementation effects on, 263, 269-270
transplants, kidney, biologic rhythms and, 460, 475
See also Adrenalectomy (ADX);
Hypophysectomy (HYPOX)
Swamp terrain
military training immunological/physiological effects of, 170
See also Environment
Sympathoadrenal responses
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, protective role in, 423-425
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
inflammation, systemic, and, 396-397
See also Vasopressin (VP)
T
T3. See Triiodothyronine (T3)
T4. See Thyroxine (T4)
T-cell growth factors, 224-225
See also Cytokines;
Interleukin-1α (IL-1α);
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β);
Interleukin-2 (IL-2);
Interleukin-4 (IL-4);
Interleukin-7 (IL-7);
Inter-
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leukin-9 (IL-9);
Interleukin-15 (IL-15)
T-cells, 422, 520-521
biologic rhythms and, 446, 447, 450-451, 453, 454, 456, 459, 466, 467, 468, 470
definition, 536
exercise, chronic, and function of, studies review, 361, 369-370
malnourished v. well-nourished subjects, proportion in, 208
proliferation, 170-171
proliferation and energy deficit, military personnel, 28, 147
See also Antigen-specific immunity;
CD4+ cells;
CD8+ cells;
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI);
Effector cells;
Helper cells;
Lymphocytes;
Suppressor cells;
T-cell growth factors
Technology
advances in, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
immune function assessment methods, technical issues, 102-103
See also Biotechnology
Temperature
blood, whole, cultures use, holding/shipping effects on lymphocyte proliferation, 256-257
extremes, military operations exposure to, immune function effects of, 79, 101
immune responses, factors influencing, 210-211
immune responses to, biologic rhythms and, 362, 440
See also Stress and stressors
Testosterone, 28, 147
Ranger I serum concentration changes during study, 169
Ranger II serum concentration changes during study, 172
See also Hormones;
Sex steroids
Tetanus toxoid
antioxidant supplementation and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to, SFAS study, 178, 179
glutamine supplementation and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to, SFAS study, 177-178
TGF-β. See Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)
Thailand
dengue hemorrhagic fever studies, summary, 547
field immunology studies data, 146
women with zinc deficiency, 45
See also Bangkok, Thailand
Thermoregulatory mechanisms, 2, 18, 20, 105
Thiamine. See Vitamin B1
Thromboxanes. See Eicosanoids
Thymosin
definition, 536
See also Hormones
Thyroid. See Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system; Sick euthyroid syndrome
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 71, 397, 469, 470, 474
See also Hormones
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 71, 397, 398, 470, 474
See also Hormones
Thyroxine (T4)
effects of systemic inflammation, 71
inflammatory disease and, 397, 398
Time zones
flight over several time zones, biologic rhythms effects of, 451, 464-465
T-lymphocytes. See T-cells
Tobacco use
immune function effects of, 81
See also Stress and stressors
Tocopherol equivalents (TE), 114
See also Vitamin E
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Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 113, 114, 266-267, 269
See also Nutrition
Trace minerals. See Copper; Iron, dietary; Minerals; Selenium; Zinc
Training. See Military training; Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS); U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT); U.S. Army Ranger Training Courses; U.S. Army Special Operations Training Program
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), 225, 392
See also Inhibitory/regulatory factors
Transplants. See Surgical procedures
Transportation. See Airplanes; Shipping
Trauma
physical, and immune responses, 210-211
thermal, and immune responses, 210-211
See also Diseases and disorders
Travel
international, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545, 546
TRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
inflammatory disease and, 397, 398
Ranger I serum concentration changes during study, 169
Ranger II serum concentration changes during study, 173
TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 39, 74, 306-307, 308, 309, 392, 453, 454, 463, 513
definition, 536
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation by, 410, 411, 415, 417
See also Cytokines;
Proinflammatory cytokines
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 392, 394, 397, 398, 410, 411
production of, in vitro measurement use of whole-blood cultures, experiments methods/results, 257-259
See also Cytokines;
Cytotoxic/cytostatic inducers and effectors;
Inflammatory cytokines
Tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β), 225
See also Cytokines;
Cytotoxic/cytostatic inducers and effectors
U
Uganda. See Kampala, Uganda
United Nations, 545
Korean War, troops in, and Korean hemorrhagic fever, 544
United States
Southwest, Four Corners Region, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in, 546
Vitamin A deficiency epidemiology, 281, 282
Unsaturated fatty acids, 305-306
See also Fatty acids
Upper respiratory infections (URI), 5, 37, 68
See also Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Respiratory diseases and disorders;
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)
exercise and risk of, J curve review, 371-373
exercise and risk of, public health recommendations, 373
exercise, heavy and moderate, and risk of, review of studies, 361, 371-373
military recruits and athletes risk of, practical guidelines, 377
See also Diseases and disorders;
Infectious diseases and disorders;
Respiratory diseases and disorders;
Urban areas
high population density, infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
See also Demographics
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Urine
cytokines and markers in, development and field testing, future research, 133-134
Urticaria
definitions, 536
See also Diseases and disorders
U.S. Air Force (USAF), 152
Academy, 367
U.S. Armed Forces, 175
U.S. Army, ix, 17, 20, 21, 29-33, 82, 99, 130, 137, 141, 497
Army Operational Medicine Program, 3, 22, 24-26, 139, 141
Assistant Surgeon General, viii
female recruits, iron deficiency and anemia prevalence in, 150
Human Dimensions Teams (HDT), 142
infection increased susceptibility mechansisms, USDA cooperative research data, 146-148
Natick Research Laboratory, 30
nutrition and immune function, interest in 22-29, 139-152
nutrition and sustainment of immune function in field, answers to questions, 100-121
nutrition supplements research, responsibility to publicize findings, 150-152
U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT), 20, 21, 24-26, 28, 31-32, 62, 116, 148
energy deficit relation to stress indices and T-lymphocyte proliferation, 147
See also Military training;
U.S. Army
U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command (USAMRMC), viii, 1, 14, 22, 62, 134, 166
Commander, vii
See also U.S. Army
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 23, 140, 499, 502
See also U.S. Army
U.S. Army Ranger Training Brigade (RTB), 29, 146, 164, 165, 166, 171, 173, 174
See also U.S. Army;
U.S. Army Ranger Training School
U.S. Army Ranger Training Courses, 9, 18, 22, 34, 80, 81, 119, 130, 137, 144-145, 146, 163
body fat percent change during studies, 168, 172
body weight percent change during studies, 168
caloric intake during studies, 167
energy balance during studies, 167
energy deficit relation to stress indices and T-lymphocyte proliferation, 147
energy expenditure during studies, 166
infection rates in, 149
Norwegian Ranger training program studies comparison, 34
nutritional intervention effects on temporary immunosuppression, studies results, 165-174
peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation change during studies, 170
physiological and immunological impact of, studies results, 165-174
Ranger I Course (RGR-I), 5-6, 21, 22, 24-26, 27, 28, 29-30, 31-32, 33, 110, 120, 147, 148, 149
Ranger II Course (RGR-II), 5-6, 20, 21, 22-23, 24-26, 27, 28, 30, 31-32, 33, 100, 147, 148, 149
testosterone changes during study, 169, 172
triiodothyronine changes during study, 169, 173
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U.S. Army Ranger Training School, 5, 140
See also U.S. Army;
U.S. Army Ranger Training Brigade (RTB);
U.S. Army Ranger Training Courses
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), vii, viii, ix, 1, 2, 5, 14, 20, 30, 62, 99, 134, 146, 165, 166, 171, 173, 174
See also Military Nutrition and Biochemical Division (MNBD);
Military Nutrition Division (MND);
U.S. Army
U.S. Army Special Forces, 2, 10
immune status, and nutritional impact on, ix, 17, 18, 20, 99, 125, 237
nutrition education programs, recommendations, 130-131
Vietnam War study, 144
See also Military personnel;
Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS);
U.S. Army
U.S. Army Special Operations Training Program, 3, 18, 22, 81, 177
nutritional intervention effects on temporary immunosuppression, assessment model, 163-178
physiological and immunological impact of, research objectives, 164-165
physiological and immunological impact of, research results, 165-178
See also Military training;
Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS);
U.S. Army;
U.S. Army Ranger Training Courses;
U.S. Army Special Forces
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 22, 151, 165
Human Studies Review Committee, 250
infection increased susceptibility mechanisms, Army cooperative research data, 146-148
See also Human Nutrition Research Center
U.S. Navy, 144
See also Military personnel
U.S. Navy Seals, 145
See also Military personnel
Utah. See Dugway Proving Ground, Utah
V
Vaccines and vaccination
antigen, novel, antibody response to, assessment methods, 538
biologic rhythms in response to, 362, 454, 456-459
hepatitis B antigen and, biologic rhythms and, 456
infants, biologic rhythms, effects on immunity gained, 457-458
influenza vaccination trials, and biologic rhythms, 457
military personnel intervention to sustain immune function, risks and benefits, 105-106
military use of, 6, 9, 126, 129
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) vaccine and biologic rhythms, 457
See also Bacillus Calmette-Guirin (BCG) vaccination;
Infectious diseases and disorders
Vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIP), 34
Norwegian Ranger Training Course, changes during, 188-189
See also Immune function;
Neuropeptide function
Vasopressin (VP)
neuroendocrine effects of systemic inflammation, 70-71, 72, 392, 394, 395, 396, 397
See also Arginine vasopressin (AVP);
Hormones;
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
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Vegetable oils
fatty acids and immune function and, 55, 57
Vibrio anguillarum, 322
Vibrio cholerae, 321-322
Vibrios, 320
Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus), 321-322, 327
Vietnam War, 144
Viral evolution
immune system role in, 547
infectious disease introduction/dissemination factor, 545
selenium and, animal studies review, 264, 338, 341-351, 547-548
See also Microbes;
Microbial virulence
Virginia. See Reston, Virginia
Virulence. See Microbial virulence
Virus. See Microbes; Microbial virulence; Viral evolution
Vitamin A, 263
adults, considerations for, 284-285
deficiency, adult, clinical manifestations, 280
deficiency, adult, epidemiology, 280-281
deficiency, adult, review of, 281-282
deficiency in children/infants, 263, 280-281, 283-284
doses and toxicity of, 109-110, 284-285
eye disorders in adults, clinical manifestations of deficiency, 280
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 8, 38, 41, 42, 51-52, 105, 107, 109-110, 114, 117, 127, 134, 279-285
immunodeficiency disorder (nutritionally acquired), characterization as, 263, 283-284
infants, deficiency risks for, summary, 263, 280-281
lactating women, deficiency risks for, 263, 280-281, 282
military situations, special concerns in, 109-110
military supplementation, conclusions, 128
pregnancy, deficiency risks for, 263, 280-281, 282
Recommended Dietary Allowance of, 281
women of childbearing age, risks to, 285
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin B1
doses and toxicity of, 108
immune function role of, 4, 38, 55, 108
military situations, special concerns in, 108
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin B2
immune function role of, 38
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin B6,
doses and toxicity of, 108
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 42, 54-55, 108, 127
military situations, special concerns in, 108
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin B12
doses and toxicity of, 108
immune function role of, 7, 42, 54-55, 108, 127
military situations, special concerns in, 108
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin C
aging effects of supplementation, clinical trials, 263, 292-293
AIDS/HIV effects of supplementation, animal and human study findings, 263, 290, 294-295
asthma and lung function effects of supplementation, 263, 295-296
cancer effects of supplementation, experimental/epidemiological study findings, 263, 290, 293
doses and toxicity of, 108-109
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exercise stress effects of supplementation, study findings, 263, 290, 296-297
immune function role of, 4, 7, 8, 14, 41, 42, 53-54, 105, 108-109, 117, 127, 134, 289-290
marathon runners, supplementation of, study findings, 378
military situations, special concerns in, 108-109
military supplementation, conclusions, 128
Recommended Dietary Allowance of, 290
See also Antioxidants;
Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin D
doses and toxicity of, 110
immune function role of, 107, 110, 114
military situations, special concerns in, 110
See also Nutrients;
Vitamins
Vitamin E
aging effects of supplementation, clinical trials, 263, 291-292
AIDS/HIV effects of supplementation, animal and human study findings, 263, 290, 294-295
asthma and lung function effects of supplementation, 263, 295-296
cancer effects of supplementation, experimental/epidemiological study findings, 263, 290, 293
deficiency in, role in viral evolution, 547-548
doses and toxicity of, 110
exercise stress effects of supplementation, study findings, 263, 290, 296-297
fatty acids and, 57
immune function role of, 4, 7, 8, 14, 52-53, 105, 110, 114, 117, 118, 127, 289-290
military situations, special concerns in, 110
military supplementation, 128
Recommended Dietary Allowance of, 290
See also Antioxidants;
Nutrients;
Tocopherol equivalents (TE);
Vitamins
Vitamins, 23, 51-55
See also Carotenoids;
Folate;
Nutrients;
Vitamin A;
Vitamin B1;
Vitamin B2;
Vitamin B6;
Vitamin B12;
Vitamin C;
Vitamin D;
Vitamin E
V. vulnificus. See Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus)
W
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 5, 166
Department of Medical Neurosciences, 141
Department of Respiratory Research, 144
Wasting syndrome
AIDS-related, exercise effects on, 375
Weather. See Humidity; Temperature
White blood cells (WBC), 25, 31, 108, 114, 225
biologic rhythms in number and function of, 76, 362, 441-452, 465
immune function assessment tests using, overview, 538, 540, 541
white cell counts, 11, 13
See also Basophil;
Blood;
Eosinophil;
Monocytes;
Neutrophils
WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO)
Whole-blood cultures
cytokine production assays, 43, 45, 257-259
immune function assessment tests using, overview, 538, 539-542
incubation duration of, measurement of lymphocyte proliferation in, methods, 253-254
lymphocyte proliferation in, experiments methods and results, 251-257
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lymphoid, blood, cells functional activity in vitro measurement, and field study applications, 233, 249-259
lymphoid, blood, cells functional activity in vitro measurement, methods/results, 250-259
shipping/holding of, effects on lymphocyte proliferation, experiment methods/results, 256-257
soluble interleukin receptors release in, experiments methods/results, 258-259
See also Blood
Women
asthma effects of vitamin C and E supplementation, study findings, 295
breast cancer surgery survival rates, effects of menstrual cycle on, 466
physical fitness/activity and immune function, civilian research, 14, 134
Vitamin A risks to women, 285
See also Breastfeeding;
Demographics;
Maternity;
Menstrual cycle
Women in military, 8, 10
Army recruits, iron deficiency and anemia prevalence in, 150
civilian research on immune function of physically fit/active women, military awareness of, 14, 134
immune function in, research areas, 120-121
iron deficiency implications for, 328
iron status of, 62-63
nutrition education programs, recommendations, 130-131
See also Military personnel;
Women
Work
schedule of, biologic rhythms effects of, 362, 438
shift workers, biologic rhythms and, 451, 455, 464-465, 469
Workshops, vii, viii, ix, 2, 18, 20, 21, 117, 137, 145-146, 362, 497
See also ''Effect of Prolonged Exhaustive Military Activities on Man"
World Health Organization (WHO), 36, 107
Expert Consultation, 116
World War II, 23, 140
Medical Research Council, 281
Vitamin A deprivation experiment during, 281-282
WRAIR. See Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR)
Y
Yersinia, 320, 322, 327
Yersinia enterocolitica, 62, 326-327
Yersinia pestis, 321-322
Z
Zinc
copper interactions with, summary, 340
dose-response curve to assess recommended intake, 209, 210
doses and toxicity of, 112-113
immune function role of, 3, 4, 7, 38, 41, 63-64, 112-113, 115, 127, 337-339
military situations, special concerns in, 112-113
See also Minerals;
Nutrients
Representative terms from entire chapter:
biologic rhythms
