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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6469.
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References

Chmelik, M.S., R.J. Rasmussen, R.M.S. Schofield, G.E. Gieger, H.W. Lefevre, J.C. Overley, and C.J. Bell. 1997. Analysis of Blind Tests for Explosives in Luggage through Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy (FNTS). DOT/FAA/AR-97/61. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.


DOT (U.S. Department of Transportation). 1998. Aviation Security-Federal Aviation Administration. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Transportation. Available on the Internet: http://www.dot.gov/oig/audits/av1998134.html


Ebco Technologies. 1998. TR9D Cyclotron System. Richmond, British Columbia: Ebco Technologies, Inc.


FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). 1997a. CTX-5000 and X-ray Blind Testing at San Francisco International Airport. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.

FAA. 1997b. Interim Report on the CTX-5000 SP Airport Demonstration. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.

FAA. 1997c. Final Report on CTX-5000 SP Operational Testing at Atlanta. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.

FAA. 1996a. Certification Test and Evaluation Report for the InVision CTX-5000 SP Explosives-Detection System. DOT/FAA/AR-96/86 (classified document) . Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.

FAA. 1996b. The Composition and Handling of Passenger Aircraft Cargo. DOT/FAA/AR-96/83. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.

FAA. 1995. Technical Center baggage inspection system: airport operational demonstration project. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.

FAA. 1992. Proposed Criteria for Certification of Explosives Detection Systems as Defined under 14 CFR 108.20. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.

Fainberg, A. 1998. Strategic Planning for Aviation Security. Presentation to the Panel on Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security, July 21, 1998, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.


Gibson, B.C., P.K. Van Staagen, and T.G. Miller. 1997. Blind Test Preliminary Report. October 30, 1997.

Gozani, T. 1988. Nuclear detection technology, from plutonium through coal to explosives. American Nuclear Society Transactions 56(3): 38.


Hussein, E.M.A. 1992. Detection of explosive materials using nuclear radiation: a critical review. Pp. 130-137 in X-Ray Detector Physics and Applications, R.B. Hoover, ed. Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineering, vol. 1736. Bellingham, Wash.: The International Society for Optical Engineering .


Jones, C.G. 1990. Environmental assessment of the thermal neutron activation explosive detection system for concourse use at U.S. airports. NUREG-1396. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.


Lefevre, H.W. 1998. University of Oregon Archive: Blind tests of explosives detection in airline luggage; data analysis and results; candle analysis and other supporting software. Personal communication on CDROM (on file at the National Materials Advisory Board, August, 1998, National Research Council).

Lefevre, H.W., and J.C. Overley. 1998. Detection of Explosives through Fast Neutron Time-of-Flight Attenuation Measurements. Final Report for FAA Grant #94-G-020. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.


Micklich, B.J., C.L. Fink, L. Sagalovsky, F.L. Smith, and T.J. Yule. 1996. Feasibility of Explosives Detection Using Fast-Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy. Report No. DOT/FAA/CT-96/XX. Atlantic City International Airport, N.J.: FAA Technical Center.

Miller, T.G., and W.H. Makky. 1993. Application of Fast Neutron Spectroscopy/Radiography (FNS/R) to Airport Security. Pp. 184-196 in Neutrons, X-Rays, and Gamma Rays, J.M. Carpenter, D.B. Cline, R. Lanza, and D.F. Mildner, eds. Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineering, vol. 1737. Bellingham, Wash.: The International Society for Optical Engineering.


NRC (National Research Council). 1998. Configuration Management and Performance Verification of Explosives-Detection Systems . National Materials Advisory Board. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Available on the Internet: http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/enter2.cgi?0309061962.html

NRC. 1997. Second Interim Report of the Committee on Commercial Aviation Security. National Materials Advisory Board. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Available on the Internet: http:// www2.nas.edu/nmab/262e.html

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NRC. 1993. Detection of Explosives for Commercial Aviation Security. National Materials Advisory Board. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

NRC. In progress. Report of the Panel on Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security. National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.


Overley, J.C. 1998. Informal presentation to the Panel on Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security, Washington, D.C. June 27, 1998.

Overley, J.C. 1987. Element-sensitive computed tomography with fast neutrons. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B24/25: 1058-1062.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6469.
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Overley, J.C. 1985. Determination of H, C, N, O content of bulk materials from neutron attenuation measurements. International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 36: 185-192.

Overley, J.C., M.S. Chmelik, R.J. Rasmussen, G.E. Sieger, R.M.S. Schofield, and H.W. Lefevre. 1997. Results of Blind Tests for Explosives in Luggage Using Fast-Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy. Pp. 305-310 in Proceedings of the Second Explosives Detection Technology Symposium and Aviation Security Technology Conference, W.H. Makky, ed. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.

Tensor Technology, Inc. 1998a. Advanced Studies on the Multi-Dimensional Neutron Radiometer (MDNR) Airline Security System. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.

Tensor Technology, Inc. 1998b. Neutron Transmission Studies for Airline Security. Final Report for FAA Grant 94-G-033. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.


Van Staagan, P.K., and T.G. Miller. 1998. Personal communication. November 16, 1998.


White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security. 1996. Initial report to the President. September 9, 1996. Available on the Internet: http://www.aviationcommission.dot.gov/

White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security. 1997. Final report to the President. February 12, 1997. Available on the Internet: http://www.aviationcommission.dot.gov/

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6469.
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Page 40
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6469.
×
Page 41
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A major goal of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and now the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), is the development of technologies for detecting explosives and illegal drugs in freight cargo and passenger luggage. One such technology is pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA). This technology is based on detection of signature radiation (gamma rays) induced in material scanned by a beam of neutrons. While PFNA may have the potential to meet TSA goals, it has many limitations. Because of these issues, the government asked the National Research Council to evaluate the potential of PFNA for airport use and compare it with current and future x-ray technology. The results of this survey are presented in "Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis for Aviation Security."

A broad range of detection methods and test results are covered in this report. Tests conducted as of October 2000 showed that the PFNA system was unable to meet the stringent federal aviation requirements for explosive detection in air cargo containers. PFNA systems did, however, demonstrate some superior characteristics compared to existing x-ray systems in detecting explosives in cargo containers, though neither system performed entirely satisfactorily. Substantial improvements are needed in the PFNA detection algorithms to allow it to meet aviation detection standards for explosives in cargo and passenger baggage.

The PFNA system currently requires a long scan time (an average of 90 minutes per container in the prototype testing in October 2000), needs considerable radiation shielding, is significantly larger than current x-ray systems, and has high implementation costs. These factors are likely to limit installation at airports, even if the detection capability is improved. Nevertheless, because PFNA has the best potential of any known technology for detecting explosives in cargo and luggage, this book discusses how continued research to improve detection capabilities and system design can best be applied for the airport environment.

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