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KENNETH TOMPKINS BAINBRIDGE
July 27, 1904-July 14, 1996
BY ROBERT V. POUND AND NORMAN F. RAMSEY
KENNETH TOMPKINS BAINB~DGE was recognized early in his
scientific career for his design en c! applications of mass
spectrographs as research tools for nuclear mass measure-
ments. His precise measurements of mass differences be-
tween nuclear isotopes, when comparer! to the energies of
clecay racliations, allowed! him to confirm the mass-energy
equivalency of A. Einstein. In collaboration with the late l.
Curry Streeti he clesignec! en c! built the cyclotron at Harvarc!
University that was sent to Los Alamos, New Mexico, cluring
Woric! War II. Bainbricige participates! in the formation of
the wartime Racliation Laboratory at MIT, where he spent
more than two en c! one-half years cleveloping microwave
racier, particularly high-powerec! systems. In the spring of
1943 he transferred to the nuclear weapons project at Los
Alamos, where he oversaw the test explosion of the first
nuclear bomb at Alamogorclo. Returning to Harvarc! after
.
a
the war, he renewer! his work with mass spectrographs, be-
gan the construction of a new cyclotron, en c! was able to
measure changes in the clecay rates of some radioactive
nuclei resulting from differing molecular boncling en c! from
physical compression.
19
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20
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
FAMILY BACKGROUND
Kenneth Bainbricige was born on July 27, ~ 904, in
Cooperstown, New York, the seconc! of three brothers. He
grew up in New York City, attending the Horace Mann School
en c! the Horace Mann High School. He attributer! his early
interest in technology to the influence of two uncles who
were engineers. His Uncle George worker! on switching en c!
safety crevices for the New York subway en c! conceivec! a
form of safety braking, but he was beaten out by
Westinghouse, which hac! clevelopec! a better system. The
Bainbricige family five c! on Riverside Drive near 15Sth Street
en c! the Hucison River, where just after WorIc! War I return-
ing naval vessels clockocI. As a high schooler, Ken became
interested in radio, on the famiTy's rooftop he put an an-
tenna that came to the attention of ship raclio operators,
who wouIc! knock on his floor to investigate. These contacts
enablec! him to acquire rare 5-watt vacuum tubes from his
callers for a couple of clolIars. With those tubes he was able
to set up a racliotelephone, obtainer! a raclio amateur li-
cense, en c! operates! a "ham" station with call letters 2WN
(this was before the national prefix letter "W" was usecI.)
COLLEGE YEARS
Ken gave up his activities in raclio en c! schoolboy chemis-
try, when in 1921 he enterer! MIT to study electrical engi-
neering in a cooperative program with the General Electric
Company. In that five-year program he was able to receive
both an S.B. en c! an S.M. degree en c! to work summers at
one of the General Electric facilities. In Ken's case this was
at first in Lynn, Massachusetts, en c! then mostly at the Re-
search Laboratories in Schenectady, New York. After comple-
tion, a natural consequence of his participation in the co-
operative program with GE wouIc! have been for him to
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KENNETH TOMPKINS BAINBRIDGE
21
continue as an engineer at General Electric. As an out-
growth of his work there, Ken obtainer! patents on photo-
cathocle materials for photocelIs2 en c! on amplification of
photocurrents by secondary emission cathocles3. His work
at the GE laboratories hacI, however, brought him to realize
that his strong interest was in physics, en c! his colleagues
there acivisec! him to Took to Princeton University for graduate
work. Among those Divisors was Karl T. Compton, who servec!
as a consultant to GE en c! was then heat! of the physics
department at Princeton.
With Tom Killian, his frienc! from his years at MIT, Ken
applier! to Princeton, en c! they were acimittec! in 1926. He
clescribec! the two young men's interview with Dean West
soon after their arrival, en c! creclitec! West with saying, "You're
nice boys, but it's too bac! you never went to college." After
repeating that story, Ken usually inclicatec! that, with his
immersion into the collegiate Princeton atmosphere, he hac!
soon somewhat macle up for that lack in his background. As
a graduate student in physics at Princeton, he became in-
terestec! primarily in the cleveloping study of nuclei, which
hac! not yet become well coverer! in formal course work.
Ken's initial attraction to mass spectroscopy was exciter!
by his desire to search for the then uncletectec! element 87
of the periodic table, an element that shouIc! behave chemi-
cally as a heavy alkali, en c! which he therefore wouic! call
eka-cesium. He searcher! for it mainly in materials extractec!
from ores that were rich in the lighter alkalis lithium, so-
clium, potassium, rubidium, en c! cesium without success.
Element-87 turns out to exist naturally only as short-livec!
isotopes resulting from the clecay of actinium, the longest-
livec! having a half-life of 22 minutes. It was finally fount! in
1939 by Marguerite Percy at the Curie Laboratory of the
Radium Institute of Paris, en c! hence has become known as
"francium. "
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22
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
THE YEARS BEFORE WORLD WAR II
After completing his Ph.D. program at Princeton, Ken
Bainbricige spent four years, first as a National Research
Council fellow en c! then as a Barto! Research Foundation
fellow, at the Franklin Institute's Barto! Research Founcia-
tion. The "Bartol" was then locater! on the campus of
Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, en c! was clirectec! by
the eccentric Englishman, W. F. G. Swann, who was espe-
cially interested! in research on cosmic rays en c! nuclear
physics. (I use the term "eccentric" in recalling his frequent
participation in the meetings of the American Physical So-
ciety with comments from the front row seats. He often
carrier! his cello along en c! his Tong white hair, perhaps
even then less remarkable for a musician, was quite uncon-
ventional at that time for a physicist.) It was there that Ken
continues! to clevelop his mass spectrographs en c! to uncler-
take precise nuclear mass measurements, which he user! to
confirm the mass-energy equivalence, E = Mc2.
In September 1931 Ken en c! Margaret ("Peg") Pitkin, then
a member of the Swarthmore teaching faculty, were mar-
riecI. In the summer of 1933 they traveler! to Cambridge,
EnglancI, where, as a John Simon Guggenheim fellow, Ken
joiner! Lorc! Ernest Rutherforcl's Cavenclish Laboratory, then
a worIc! leacler in experimental nuclear physics. Ken cle-
scribec! (1975) his first encounter there with the iclea of a
nuclear chain reaction when Rutherforc! stopper! him in
passing in a corridor to ridicule as obviously impractical a
suggestion just macle to him by a visitor, Leo SzilarcI, for
such a process based on protons. Szilard went on to envis-
age a much more practical process involving neutrons, which,
of course, only became reality after neutron-induced ura-
nium fission was discovered. At Cambridge Ken continued
to pursue mass spectroscopy and began a continuing close
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KENNETH TOMPKINS BAINBRIDGE
23
friendship with John D. Cockroft (later to become Sir John).
Martin K. Bainbridge, the first child of Ken and Peg was
born in Cambridge, England, in 1933.
In September of 1934 Ken returned to the United States
and began his long association with the physics department
at Harvard University. He built and employed the improved
mass spectrograph he had designed during his sojourn at
the Cavendish Laboratory. With the collaboration of I. Curry
Street he also undertook to build a cyclotron. He was grate-
fuT to E. O. Lawrence of the University of California at
Berkeley for assisting them in the design by sending details
of his new 37-inch cyclotron. It was a lifelong characteristic
of Ken's style that he thoroughly documented all of his
projects and, to emphasize that point, he said (1975), "In
the event the cyclotron was ever mislaid, stolen, or bor-
rowed, I knew I could identify it and later did at Los
Alamos." The operational cyclotron was requisitioned in 1943
by the U. S. Army, dismantled, and rebuilt at the weapons
laboratory. It remained there after the war, never to return
to Harvard.
Bainbridge's interest in mass spectroscopy of nuclei led
him to modify the naturally occurring abundances of nuclear
isotopes, and he proposed a method using gaseous
counterflow in a Holwock molecular vacuum pump. With
the discovery of uranium fission he recognized the impor-
tance of enrichment Of MU and enlisted colleagues from
the Harvard chemistry department George B. Kistiakowsky
and E. Bright Wilson in pursuing such a project. A trial
experiment with argon gas confirmed their expectations,
but when they sought to gain the interest of officials in
Washington in 1940, they were told to forget it, that ciassi-
fied work was going on, and "the situation kwas] well in
hand."
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24
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
THE WAR YEARS
As Europe became embroilec! in WorIc! War II en c! with
the resulting recognition of a new! for increaser! military
preparations in the Uniter! States, an exchange of military
technical secrets with the beleaguered! British was uncler-
taken. This was the subject of the Tizarc! Mission from Brit-
ain in September of 1940. A major element of the exchange
turner! out to be a demonstration by the British of the
newly developed puIsed-cavity magnetron, which produced
many kilowatts of peak power at a microwave frequency
near the 10-cm wavelength. The members of the microwave
subcommittee, chairec! by Alfrec! Loomis of the National
Defense Research Committee, were so exciter! by the clem-
onstratec! performance that they undertook almost over-
night to establish a special laboratory to develop microwave
"radar" around it. Kenneth Bainbridge was the first scien-
tist not aIreacly involves! with the committee to be recruiter!
(by E. O. Lawrence) to the laboratory, which became the
Racliation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology. On a leave of absence from Harvard, he spent more
than two en c! one-half years on that project, cluring a part
of which, in the spring of 1941, he participates! in a mission
to Britain.
In wartime activities that involved close collaboration with
parallel projects in Britain, Ken's friendship with British
physicists, especially with Cockroft, who hac! been a scien-
tist member of the Tizard Mission, was an asset. On his visit
he gainer! information about not only the racier program
but also learner! of British progress towarc! releasing nuclear
energy while attending a meeting of the Maul! Committee,
which was overseeing that effort in Britain. Ken's particular
project at the Racliation Laboratory was the push towarc!
higher-powered radars, especially for the Navy. He found
the Navy at that time the most technically oriented! of the
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KENNETH TOMPKINS BAINBRIDGE
25
U. S. military services en c! the least hanclicappec! by proto-
cols relater! to military rank. This experience was reflected!
in his concern about the organization of Los Alamos, where
he was recruitec! in May of 1943, which operates! uncler the
Manhattan District of the U. S. Army en c! General Leslie R.
Groves. The Bainbricige's two daughters loan (Bainbricige)
Safforc! en c! Margaret Tomkins (Bainbricige) Robinson were
born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, well before the family
mover! to Los Alamos.
At Los Alamos early in 1944, at the request of George
Kistiakowsky en c! Director I. Robert Oppenheimer, Ken un-
clertook the oversight of the design of high explosive as-
semblies en c! preparations for a full-scare test of a nuclear
bomb. In articles in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (1975),
he lucicIly clescribec! the search for an appropriate site, the
preparations, en c! the successful carrying out of the test
early in the morning of July 16, 1945. He titles! the seconc!
of those stories "A Foul en c! Awesome Display." His remark
to l. Robert Oppenheimer immecliately after the event
"Now we are all sons of bitches" marked the beginning of
his cleclication to encling the testing of nuclear weapons
en c! to efforts to maintain civilian control of future clevel-
opments in that fielcI.
RETURN TO ACADEMIC LIFE
In the fall of 1945 Ken was at last free to return to aca-
clemic science at Harvard. He undertook then to built! a
large mass spectrograph, clesignec! for high resolution of
masses en c! to replace the prewar cyclotron with a much
more powerful one utilizing the then newly inventec! con-
cept of synchronous acceleration. The relativistic increase
of effective mass as the protons gainer! energy was compen-
sated by sweeping the radio frequency down appropriately
cluring an acceleration cycle. The latter project was hanclec!
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26
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
over to Robert R. Wilson, who hac! joiner! the physics cle-
partment at Harvarc! after the enc! of the war. Wilson, how-
ever, was recruitec! to heat! the large nuclear physics group
at Cornell after residence at Harvarc! for just one semester.
Norman F. Ramsey was then recruitec! to the Harvarc! cle-
partment en c! assumer! responsibility for managing the con-
struction of the new cyclotron. Its design hac! been com-
pleted before discovery of the pi meson as the particle
mediating nuclear forces. The energy of the new synchrocy-
clotron turner! out to be just less than requires! for plan
procluction. For about a clozen years the new Harvarc! cy-
clotron was employoc! for many scattering experiments en c!
other studies of nucleon-nucleon forces en c! of nuclear struc-
ture. The operating life of the cyclotron was greatly ex-
tenclec! when it became a facility for research on the use
and clinical applications of the highly focused proton beam
in collaborative projects with staff members from the Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital. It will be shut clown finally in
the late 199Os, when its role will be taken over by an even
more powerful cleclicatec! machine at the hospital, enabling
further expansion of the important clinical applications
clevelopec! using the physics cyclotron.
Ken clevotec! much of his energy just after the war to
designing for the Harvarc! physics department an acivancec!
laboratory in nuclear physics intenclec! as a course of study
for graduate students. Because of the many new students
underwritten by the GI Bill, the number of graduate stu-
clents in physics was far greater than hac! been the norm
before the war. Nuclear physics had gained new visibility
en c! popularity from its contributions to winning the war.
Students gainer! their first experience in activities prepar-
ing them for research in experimental physics in Ken's me-
ticulously clesignec! en c! clocumentec! laboratory. The ex-
periments ranger! from a replica of l. l. Thompson's positive
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KENNETH TOMPKINS BAINBRIDGE
27
ray apparatus (a precursor of mass spectrographs) through
a bent crystal X-ray spectrograph, a IS0° beta-ray spectrograph
using the then new technique of NMR for fielc! calibration,
to analysis of tracks in photographic emulsions to identify
muons. As a part of Ken's clislike of the clevelopment en c!
testing of nuclear weapons, he set up a facility associates!
with his laboratory of nuclear physics to collect en c! mea-
sure radioactive fallout. In his own research he built bal-
ancec! ionization chambers with which he was able to cleter-
mine changes in lifetimes of several Tong-livec! isomers, which
clecay by internal electron conversion when their atoms are
clifferently bonclec! chemically or are subjectec! to physical
compression. In aciclition to constructing his large mass spec-
trograph to make precise measurements of mass differences
among pairs, he built an elegant clouble-focusing electron
spectrograph. In the years before his retirement in 1975,
Ken clevotec! much of his time to improving the graduate
student acivancec! laboratory en c! to cleveloping a similar
version for acivancec! unclergracluates. Among his other con-
tributions to teaching were lecture courses on nuclear physics,
mainly for graduate students.
From 1950 to 1954 Ken server! as chairman of the physics
department at Harvard. This was a time market! by the
vicious attacks on certain members of academia, en c! espe-
cially at Harvard, by the House Un-American Activities Com-
mittee en c! a committee of the Senate clominatec! by Sena-
tor Joseph McCarthy. Ken gave generously of his time en c!
energy overseeing the relationship between the university
administration en c! one of our colleagues who became a
prime target of these attacks.
Two legacies of Ken's years as chairman were a renova-
tion of a part of the then seventy-year-oIc! Jefferson Physical
Laboratory en c! the establishment of the Morris Loeb Lec-
tures in Physics. Both were enabler! by use of a part of a
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28
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
newly available endowment funcI, which hac! been hell! in
trust for many years. Thus the Morris Loeb endowment was
sharer! between the chemistry en c! physics departments. A
characteristic of Ken's style of work in his cleveloping of
instruments, lecturing in courses, research, en c! aciministra-
tive activities was a meticulous documentation en c! keeping
of records, habits of enormous help to his successors in all
those projects.
In the late 1950s Ken was one of the first members of the
Harvarc! faculty to participate in a new academic exchange
program with the Soviet Union. Harvarcl's sister university
was clesignatec! to be the University of Leningrad. Almost
concurrent with his arrival in Leningrac! there occurrec!
the incident of the crash of the RB72 reconnaissance plane
somewhere off Murmansk, which threw a clifficult shallow
over his relationship with his Soviet hosts, but the tension
relaxer! cluring the course of his stay.
In June 1975 in his last year before his retirement,
Bainbricige was enTistec! to serve on a joint Iran-Harvarc!
planning commission to design Reza Shah Kabir University
for Iran. Ken en c! his Harvarc! colleagues macle visits to
Iran, however this project was short liver! because of the
political upheaval en c! expulsion of the Shah from Iran.
Ken's years in Los Alamos and Alamogordo, New Mexico,
proviclec! him an opportunity to inclulge in his Tong estab-
lished amateur interest in mineral crystallography, a source
of great pleasure. He hac! always enjoyoc! outings in the
mountains, even in New England, to collect specimens, and
New Mexico brought a much expanclec! dimension to that
interest.
In January 1967 Ken sufferer! a tragic Toss when his wife
Margaret (Pitkin) Bainbricige, the mother of his three chil-
dren, died suddenly at their home in Watertown, Massachu-
setts, from a blooc! clot associates! with a recently fractures!
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KENNETH TOMPKINS BAINBRIDGE
29
wrist. Ken, Peg, en c! their chiTciren hac! former! a great at-
tachment to the islanc! of Martha's Vineyard, where they
hac! spent many of their summers as tenants in a cottage in
Chilmark overlooking Chilmark Ponc! just below Abel's Hill.
They hac! finally been able to buy a piece of lane! there en c!
hac! just completec! their own summerhouse the year before
Peg's suciclen cleath. That beautifully situates! house was cle-
signec! en c! constructor! with the same careful attention to
cletail that exemplifiec! all of Ken's personal en c! profes-
sional activities. His daughters have clescribec! instructions
he left for the continues! upkeep of the house, especially its
extensive cleck, willing that a supply of the neeclec! materi-
als was storm! in the basement. Peg, their son Martin, en c!
finally Ken were all buries! in a plot in the small historic
cemetery on Abel's Hill overlooking their house below. I
(R.V.P.) am grateful to Ken for also introducing my wife
en c! me to the beauties of the islanc! as long ago as 1950,
where we, too, were able to spenc! several happy holiciays.
In October 1969 Ken marries! Helen Brinkley King, an
oIc! frienc! then serving as an editor for the William Mor-
row publishing house in New York City. She, as well as his
son Martin Keeler Bainbricige, precleceasec! him. He is sur-
vivec! by his two daughters loan Bainbricige Safforc! of
Evanston, Illinois, who is deputy Uniter! States attorney for
the northern district of Illinois, en c! Margaret Bainbricige
Robinson of Clevelanc! Heights, Ohio, who is clean of un-
clergracluate studies at Case Western Reserve University, en c!
five grancichiTciren.
CONCLUSION
Kenneth Bainbricige contributes! extensively to the clevel-
opment of the field! of nuclear physics cluring his many
active years. Especially notable were his several designs of
mass spectrographs en c! their many applications to the stucly
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30
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of nuclear isotopic masses en c! energy-mass equivalence. Other
important contributions to nuclear physics were his early
construction of cyclotrons en c! his discovery of the effect of
chemical states on nuclear clecay rates. During Woric! War
II, as the first recruit to the MIT Racliation Laboratory, he
macle major contributions to the microwave racier program
of the Allies en c! then mover! on to Los Alamos, where he
oversaw the preparations en c! carrying out of the first test
nuclear explosion. He was a strong acivocate of civilian con-
tro! of nuclear clevelopments en c! clevotec! time en c! energy
to efforts to restrict any first use of nuclear weapons by the
Uniter! States. Bainbricige, as a teacher, introclucec! many
students to the science of physics, especially nuclear phys-
ics, through his lecture courses en c! his acivancec! labora-
tory. He was a careful designer and painstaking keeper of
records. The work of his colleagues en c! his successors in
the enterprises he hac! clevelopec! gainer! enormously from
his pioneering contributions, detailed designs, and meticu-
Tous recorc! keeping. He was a mocle! of personal en c! scien-
tific integrity en c! a personal frienc! who is much missecI.
Kenneth Bainbricige was awarclec! the Levy Mecial of the
Franklin Institute in 1934. He was electec! a fellow of the
American Academy of Arts en c! Sciences in 1937 en c! a mem-
ber of the National Academy of Sciences in 1946. He was
the recipient of two letters of commendation from General
Leslie R. Groves for his work on the Manhattan Project and
the Presidential Certificate of Merit for his services as staff
member of the MIT Racliation Laboratory,
ESPECIALLY HELPFUL sources for this memoir were an interview of K. T.
Bainbridge by John Bryant published as "Rad Lab: Oral Histories
Documenting World War II Activities at the MIT Radiation Laboratory"
published by the IEEE in 1993 and the Bainbridge articles in the
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists cited in the bibliography (1975~.
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KENNETH TOMPKINS BAINBRIDGE
NOTES
31
1. K. T. Bainbridge and others. Jabez Curry Street 1906-1989. In
Biographical Memoirs, vol. 71, pp. 346-55. Washington, D. C.: Na-
tional Academy Press, 1997.
2. Photo-electric tubes, patent no. 1,901,577; method of prepar-
ing photo-electric tubes, patent no. 1,901,578 (British patent no.
303,476~.
3. A method of amplifying photo-electric currents by means of
secondary emission from an auxiliary cathode, patent no. 2,206,713.
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32
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1929
A search for element 87 by analysis of positive rays. Phys. Rev. 34:752-
62.
1930
Simple isotopic constitution of caesium. Phys. Rev. 36:1668.
1931
The isotopes of lithium, sodium, and potassium. 7. Franklin Inst.
212:317-39.
1932
A mass spectrograph. Phys. Rev. 40:130A.
1933
Comparison of the masses of He and Hi on a mass spectrograph.
Phys. Rev. 43:103-105.
The equivalence of mass and energy. Phys. Rev. 44:123.
Atomic masses and structure of atomic nuclei.7. Franklin Inst. 215:509-
34.
1936
With E. B. Jordan. Mass spectrum analysis.]. The mass spectrograph.
2. The existence of isobars of adjacent elements. Phys. Rev. 50:282
96.
1940
The Harvard cyclotron. Harv. Alumni Bull. May 17.
1941
With R. Sherr and H. H. Anderson, Transmutation of mercury by
fast neutrons. Phys. Rev. 60:473-79.
1951
With A. A. Bartlett. High resolution two-directional focussing beta-
ray spectrometer. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 22:517-23.
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KENNETH TOMPKINS BAINBRIDGE
1951
33
With M. Goldhaber and E. Wilson. Influence of the chemical state
on the lifetime of an isomer. Phys. Rev. 84:1260-61.
1953
With M. Goldhaber and E. D. Wilson. Influence of the chemical
state on the lifetime of a nuclear isomer, Tc99m. Phys. Rev.90:430-
39.
Charged particle dynamics and optics, relative isotopic abundances
of the elements, atomic masses. In Experimental Nuclear Physics,
vol. I, ed. E. Segre. New York: Wiley and Sons.
With J. J. Kraushaar and E. D. Wilson. Comparison of the values of
the disintegration constant of Be7 in Be, BeO, and BeF2. Phys.
Rev. 90:610-14.
1957
With T. L Collins. A large mass spectrograph. In Proceedings of the
Conference on Nuclear Masses and Their Determination, MAINZ, 1956.
Pergamon Press.
1960
With P. E. Moreland. The mass spectrometer at Harvard University.
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclidic Masses. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press.
1966
With A. C. Malliaris. Alteration of the decay constant of Tei25M by
chemical means. Phys. Rev.149:958-64.
1967
With J. W. Dewdney. Use of a lock-in amplifier for mass doublet
measurements by the coincidence method. In Proceedings of the
3rd International Conference on Atomic Masses, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Canada, 28 Aug. -1 Sept. 1967, pp. 758-76. Winnipeg: University of
Manitoba Press.
1969
With A. Olin. Influence of superconductivity on the half-life of nio-
bium-9Om. Phys. Rev. 179:450-52.
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34
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1971
With D P. Kerr The 235U-207Pb and 238U-208Pb mass differences.
Canad. J. Phys. 49:756-60.
With D. P. Kerr. The i4ND-~5NH mass differences. Canad. i. Phys.
49:1950-51.
1975
All in our time Prelude to Trinity. Bull. At. Sci. 31~4~:42-46.
All in our time Afoul and awesome display. Bull. At. Sci. 31~5~:40-
46.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
biographical memoirs
