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NOTICE: This volume was produced as part of a project approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. It is a result of work done by the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP) as augmented, which has authorized its release to the public. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by COSEPUP and the Report Review Committee.
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Under the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a working mandate that calls on it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of NAS.
The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) was established in 1964, under the charter of NAS, as a parallel organization of distinguished engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of members, sharing with NAS its responsibilities for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of NAE.
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Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy
PHILLIP A. GRIFFITHS (Chair), Director,
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ
BRUCE M. ALBERTS,* President,
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC
ENRIQUETA C. BOND, President,
The Burroughs Welcome Fund, Durham, NC
PETER DIAMOND, Professor of Economics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
GERALD DINNEEN,* Retired Vice President,
Science and Technology, Honeywell, Inc., Edina, MN
MILDRED S. DRESSELHAUS, Institute Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
JAMES J. DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering,
Millennium Project, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
MARYE ANNE FOX, Chancellor,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
RALPH E. GOMORY, President,
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, New York, NY
RUBY P. HEARN, Senior Vice President,
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ
BRIGID L.M. HOGAN, Investigator,
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
Hortense B. Ingram Professor,
Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
PHILIP W. MAJERUS, Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biophysics and Director,
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
SAMUEL PRESTON, Dean and Frederick J. Warren Professor of Demography,
School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
KENNETH I. SHINE,* President,
Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC
MORRIS TANENBAUM, Retired Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer,
AT&T, Short Hills. NJ
IRVING L. WEISSMAN, Karele and Avice Beekhuis Professor of Cancer Biology,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
WILLIAM JULIUS WILSON, Malcolm Wiener Professor,
Center for Social Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
WILLIAM A. WULF,* President,
National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC
RICHARD E. BISSELL, Executive Director
DEBORAH D. STINE, Associate Director
ANNE-MARIE MAZZA, Senior Program Officer and Study Director
PETER HENDERSON, Program Officer
BRETT E. WILLETTE, Research Associate
MARION RAMSEY, Administrative Associate
NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Editor
COSEPUP Guidance Group
JAMES J. DUDERSTADT, (chair) President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering,
Millennium Project, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
PETER DIAMOND, Professor of Economics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
MILDRED S. DRESSELHAUS, Institute Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
MARYE ANNE FOX, Chancellor,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
PHILLIP A. GRIFFITHS, Director,
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ
ANITA JONES, University Professor of Computer Science,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
H. GUYFORD STEVER, Science Consultant,
Gaithersburg, MD
ANNE-MARIE MAZZA, Study Director
PETER HENDERSON, Program Officer
BRETT E. WILLETTE, Research Associate
NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Editor
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Preface
In 1995, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS)-National Academy of Engineering (NAE)-Institute of Medicine (IOM)-National Research Council (NRC) issued a report titled Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology. The report recommended development of a federal science and technology (FS&T) budget that Would reflect the federal investment in the creation of new knowledge and technologies and exclude such activities as testing and evaluation of new weapons systems. An NAS panel later issued a series of reports that assessed the FS&T budget.
In 1998, the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP), a joint committee of NAS, NAE, and IOM, issued its first assessment of the FS&T budget. To avoid duplicate quantitative analysis of the budget with COSEPUP, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), in cooperation with the Academies, agreed in 1998 to add a quantitative analysis of the FS&T budget to its annual assessment.
COSEPUP's assessment of the FS&T budget is now a part of the annual AAAS R&D report. This year's assessment is chapter 6 of AAAS's Intersociety Working Group report, AAAS Report XXIV: Research and Development FY 2000. The AAAS report provides a one-stop assessment of the research budget and is useful to those interested in our nation's investment in research.
This report has been reviewed by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purposes of the independent review are to provide candid and critical comments that will assist COSEPUP in making its report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report
meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: Jack Gibbons, Mary Good, Christopher Hill, Stephen Kohashi, Kei Koizumi, John Mayo, Al Teich, and the report review coordinator, Gerry Dinneen.
The production of this report was the result of the hard work of the committee as a whole and of the extra efforts of the Guidance Group chaired by James Duderstadt. The project was aided by the invaluable help of COSEPUP professional staff—Anne-Marie Mazza, study director; Peter Henderson, program officer; Brett Willette, research associate; and editor Norman Grossblatt.
PHILLIP A. GRIFFITHS, Chair
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy