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PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN
THE DESIGN OF ENTRANCES TO PORTS AND HARBORS
Proceedings of a Symposium
August 13-15, 1980
Fort Belvoir, Virginia
Convened by the Panel on Harbor/Port Entrance Design
for the
Marine Board
Assembly of Engineering
National Research Council
National Academy Press
Washington, D.C. 1981
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The National Research Council was established by the National Academy
of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad c=~ununity of science and
technology with the Academy's purposes of Eurthering knowledge and of
advising the federal government, The Council operates in accordance
with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority
of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy
as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation, The
Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering
in the conduct of their services to the government, the public' and
the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The
National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were
established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences.
This report represents work supported by Grant No' N00014-80-G-0034
between the Office of Naval Research and the National Academy of
Sciences.
Limited copies are available from
Marine Board
Assembly of Engineering
National Research Counci 1
2101 Constitution Avenue ~ N,~.
Washington, D.C. 20418
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M=INE BOARD
of the
ASSEMBLY OF ENGINEERING
NATIONAL RESEARCH CCUNCIL
Members
Ronald L, Geer, Chairman
Senior Mechanical Engineering
Consultant
Shell 01~ Cop any
Houston, Texas
John E, Flipse, Yl ce Chairman
Department of Civil Engineering
Texas A&M IJni~rersity
College Station, Texas
H. Ray Brannon, Jr.
Research Scientist
Exxon Production Research
Houston, Texas
John D. Costlow, Jr
Duke University Marine ~oratory
neaufort, North Carolina
Robert G. Dean
Department of Civil ~ng~necrlng
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware
Davis L. Ford
Senior Vice President
Engineering Science Company
Austin, T^YaS
Robert A, Frosch
American Association of
Engineering Societies
New York, New York
Edward D, Goldberg
Scripps institute of Oceanography
University of California
La Jolla, California
Griff Lee
vice President and Group Executive
McDermott,.Ihc.
New Orleans, Louisiana
Bramlette McClelland
President
McClelland Engineers, Inc.
Houston, Texas
Leonard C, Meeker
Center for Law and Social Policy
Washington, D.C,
J. Robert Moore
Director and Prof, of Marine Studies
Marine Science Institute
University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas
Hyla S. Napadenslcy
I7T Research Institute
Chicago, Illinois
Myson H. Nordquist
Nossaman, Frueger & Marsh
Washington, D.C,
Fredric Raichlen
Professor of Civil Engineering
Cal' fornia Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California
Willard F. Searle, Jr,
Chairman
Searle Consortium, Inc.
Alexandria, Virginia
Marshall P. Tulin
Hydronautics, Inc.
Laurel, Maryland
James G. Wenzel
Vice President, Ocean Systems
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co,, Inc.
Sunnyvale, California
Staff
Jack W. Holler, Executive Director
Donald W. Perkins, Assistant Executive Director
Charles A, BooRman, Staff Officer
Aurora M. Gallagher, Staff Cfficer
Linda J. Cannon, Administrative Assistant
Doris C. HoLmes, Administrative Secretary
Julia W. Leach, Secretary
Joyclyn C, Lyons, Secretary
Terrze Noble, Secretary
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PANEL ON HARBOR/PORT ENTRANCE DESIGN
Robert L. Wiegel, Chairman
Department of Civil Engineering
University of California
Berkeley, California
John D. Costlow
Duke University Marine Laboratory
Pavers Island
Beaufort, North Carolina
C. Lincoln Crane, Jr.
Exxon Inte'-~at~onal Company
F1orham Park, New Jersey
Robert G. Dean
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware
· -
11
Eugene H. Harlan
PRC Harris, Inc.
Houston, Texas
John B. Herbich
Director, Center for Dredging
Studies
Texas A & ~ University
College Station, Texas
Joe W. Johnson
Department of Civil Engineering
University of California
Berkeley, Cal' Cornea
Martha H. Kobler
Bechtel National, Inc.
San Francisco, California
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EOREWORD
Ben C. Gerwick
Chairman, Marine Board
Harbors offer vessels some measure of protection from the natural
forces of winds, waves, and currents and a bottom capable of holding
them at anchor. Of inestimable importance in the history of the world,
natural harbors have been a necessary condition of seagoing trade and
"warfare. With trade and travel, harbors become ports--gateways of
goods and people at the juncture of land and sea trade routes.
The technology of harbors and ports has a long history. The
Phoenicians built harbors at Sidon and Tyre on the Mediterranean as far
back as the thirteenth century B.C. A deepwater pier was constructed
at Alexandria in 332 B.C., and the Pharos lighthouse, completed in 280
B.C., has been known as one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world.
The purpose and social importance of ports and harbors have not
changed; present technologies serve many of the same purposes as those
of ancient times--safe navigation, a protected haven, and the ability
to load and unload passengers and cargoes. What has changed are the
size and nature of the world cargo fleet and the socioeconomic concerns
of populations.
There is increasing demand abroad for this country's coal and food,
for example, and increasing domestic demand for imported oil. The
ships necessary to profitable trade in this international traffic
demand deeper drafts and more room to stop: they present far different
characteristics of maneuverability than the ships America's ports were
designed to receive. While it was always necessary to know the
patterns of tides and currents, the location of hazards, and other
facts about the physical environment of ports and harbors, it is now
necessary to know much more to design port and harbor works, manage
greatly increased traffic, and effect safe passage.
Commercial ports create wealth and attract settlement. In the past
fifteen years, increasing attention has been directed to the social
costs of settlement and trade on the world's coasts--to the effects of
wastes emptied into waterways and the oceans, and to the potential for
oil pollution and accidents involving hazardous cargoes. Concern for
the marine and coastal environment brought about landmark legislation
in the United States in the past decade, and created new decision
making entitle" and procedures.
The Marine Board has been concerned for some time that the rapid
changes in naval technologies and social patterns, and the intensi
· . ~
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fication of discernible trends affecting the design of ports and
harbors have not been met with corresponding alacrity and intensifi-
cation of efforts to gather crucial data, formulate needed analytical
techniques, or develop the processes for synthesis of all significant
factors in a rational set of procedures for design. This situation can
be seen in sharp focus at the entrance to a port or harbor, a critical
area for navigation and traffic control that most clearly manifests the
complex interactions of physical forces, vessel traffic, and other
factors with the results of the designer's work. This area also seems
a convenient locus for investigating the engineering implications of
designing ports and harbors to meet several objectives; among them,
safety of the public, of navigation, and of the marine environment,
increased economic activity, and accommodation of the vessels of today
and tomorrow.
Among the responsibilities of the Marine Board under its charter is
to undertake, on its own initiative, investigation of issues that lie
outside the compass of any single agency of government. Accordingly,
the National Research Council appointed a panel at the request of the
Marine Board to investigate problems and opportunities in the design of
entrances to ports and harbors under the board's direction. The panel
planned and convened an interdisciplinary meeting of about 50 experts
in the summer of 1980 to exchange information on these problems and
opportunities, and to identify the most pressing problems requiring
solution.
The participants represented a great many views and interests in
ports and harbors--those of research and design engineers, marine
scientists and environmentalists, naval architects, port directors,
dredgers, ship operators and captains, harbor pilots, salvers,
authorities on modeling and simulation, representatives of the U. S.
Coast Guard, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, and the U. S. Navy. An interesting result
of bringing together such distinctly different views and interests was
the enthusiastic exchange of information and experience and the
questions and answers of the participants that gave ample evidence of
the need most often expressed in the meeting: the need for methods of
analysis and decision making that encompass necessary engineering and
functional information, that allow full consideration of fundamentally
different concerns and that instantiate man's long experience with
ports and harbors.
1V
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SU+ARY
The most critical area of a port or harbor for navigation,
maintenance, and potential effects on the physical and biological
marine environment is the entrance. The entrance to a harbor or port
might conveniently be described as that region of a ship channel
between the open sea and the protected area of the harbor, including,
on the seaward side, the nearby approach fairways, and on the harbor
side, sufficient distance to permit a ship to stop.
A number of considerations affect the design of this critical area:
the controllability of ships, transport and deposition of sediments,
patterns and strength of waves, tides, and currents, interactions of
ship traffic, environmental effects of structures and dredging
operations, and others. Yet the development, testing, and improvement
of reliable predictive models and development of a systems approach to
the planning of these critical areas have not kept pace with the
challenging demands of existing and projected needs for harbors and
ports. Detailed attention is given to these subjects and their
implications in the formal presentations collected in succeeding
sections of these proceedings.
In iterative and collaborative workshop sessions (described under
~Workshops," page 157 I, participants in the meeting agreed that the
most important problems requiring resolution in the design of entrances
to ports and harbors are the following, in order of urgency and
consequence:
.
.
.
Improved and validated models for the prediction of
horizontal and vertical ship movements in the particular
conditions of harbor entrances;
Use of systems analysis in the design of harbor entrances;
Reliable and economical measurement, reduction,
presentation, and storage of environmental data;
· Cost-effective models of the physical environment for
prediction of natural conditions and forces, and changes
caused by human activity;
Improved procedures for prediction of shoaling rates and
patterns, including development and verification of
appropriate field metbodologies;
· Improved entrance-channel design and operating criteria;
v
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.
Development of accepted standards and uniform methods for
measuring and assessing navigability of harbor entrances;
Quantitative definition of the needs of mariners;
Review and reform of decision making processes for port
and harbor projects, and
Evaluation of the importance of natural resource" for
balanced decisions about harbor siting and related
matters, and increased attention to the restoration of
natural habitats.
V1
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CONTENTS
Foreword
Ben C. Gerwick
Summary
Introduction
Robert L. Wiegel
Keynote Address: The Importance and Economic Status
of America's Ports and Harbors
Henry E. Soike
Design and Maintenance
Harbor/Port Entrance Design
Eugene H. Hariow
Rules and Regulations Governing Entrances
to Ports and Harbors
Daniel Charter
Harbor and Port Aids to Navigation
Guy Clark
Maintenance Dredging
John Downs
Concerns of Ships and Users
Concerns of Ship Operators
C. Lincoln Crane, Jr.
Evaluation of the Safety of Ship
Navigation in Harbors
Donald A. Atkins and William R. Bertsche
· ~
V11
· . .
111
V
1
11
13
27
35
39
43
45
53
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Ship Controllability
J. P. Hooft
Harbor Entrance Design: A Pilot's View
Thomas G. Knierim
Nature and Environment
Sedimentation in Harbors
J. W. Johnson
Tidal Hydraulics
F. A. Herrmann, Jr.
Waves at Ports and Harbors
C. L. Vincent
The Importance of Considering Environmental
Effects in the Design of Entrance" to Ports
and Harbors
Scott McCreary
The Workshops
Eugene H. Harlow and John B. Herbicb
75
95
99
101
115
133
141
157
Appendix A: Statements of the Participants 167
Appendix B: Participants
175
· · ~
V111
