Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
SPACE SCIENCE IN THE
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
IMPERATIVES FOR THE
DECADES 1995 TO 2015
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS
AND CHEMISTRY
Task Group on E`undamental Physics and Chemistry
Space Science Board
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1988
OCR for page R2
National Academy Press · 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. . Washington, D. C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the
Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the
councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering,
and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report
were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by 8 group other than the authors according to
procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering and the Institute
of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society
of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon
the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has
a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical
matters. Dr. Frank Prens is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering wax established in 1964, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers.
It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with
the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also spou~ore engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encouragce education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy
of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of
Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the
examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts
under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional
charter to be an ad~riscr to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to
identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president
of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences
in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Prank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are
chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Support for this project was provided by Contract NASW 3482 between the National
Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 87-43331
ISBN 0-309-03841-3
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, June 198 8
Second Printing, November 1988
OCR for page R3
TASK GROUP ON FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS
AND CHEMISTRY
Rainer Weiss, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Co-Chairman
Joseph M. Reynolds, The Louisiana State University,
C+Cha~rman
Peter Bender, University of Colorado
A. L. Beriad, University of California
RusseD Donnelly, University of Oregon
Freeman Dyson, The Institute of Advanced Study
William M. Fairbank, Stanford University
Robert Hofetadter, Stanford University
George Homsy, Stanford University
James Langer, University of California
John E. Naugle, Consultant, Chevy Chase, Maryland
Rene PeDat, ONES
Remo Ruffini, Universita di Roma
Dudley Saville, Princeton University
John Robert Schrieffer, University of California
Dean P. Kastel, Staff Director
Ceres M. Rangos, Secretary
· -—
111
OCR for page R4
STEERING GROUP
Thomas M. Donahue, University of Michigan, Chairman
Don L. Anderson, California Institute of Technology
D. James Baker, Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.
Robert W. Berliner, Pew Scholars Program, Yale University
Bernard F. Burke, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
A. G. W. Cameron, Harvard College Observatory
George B. Field, Center for Astrophysics, Harvard University
Herbert Friedman, Naval Research Laboratory
Donald M. Hunten, University of Arizona
Francis S. Johnson, University of Texas at Dallas
Robert Kretsinger, University of Virginia
Stamatios M. Krimigis, Applied Physics Laboratory
Eugene H. Levy, University of Arizona
Frank B. McDonald, NASA Headquarters
John E. Naugle, Chevy Chase, Maryland
Joseph M. Reynolds, The Louisiana State University
Frederick L. Scarf, TRW Systems Park
Scott N. Swisher, Michigan State University
David A. Usher, Cornell University
James A. Van Allen, University of Iowa
Rainer Weiss, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dean P. Kastel, Study Director
Ceres M. Rangos, Secretary
1V
OCR for page R5
SPACE SCIENCE: BOARD
Thomas M. Donahue, University of Michigan, Chairman
Philip H. Abelson, American Association for the Advancement of
Science
Roger D. Blandford, California Institute of Technology
Larry W. Esposito, University of Colorado
Jonathan E. GrindIay, Center for Astrophysics
Donald N. B. Hall, University of Hawaii
Andrew P. Ingersoll, California Institute of Technology
William M. Kaula, NOAA
Harold P. Klein, The University of Santa Clara
John W. Leibacher, National Solar Observatory
Michael Mendillo, Boston University
Robert 0. Pepin, University of Minnesota
Roger J. Phillips, Southern Methodist University
David M. Raup, University of Chicago
Christopher T. Russell, University of California, Los Angeles
Blair D. Savage, University of Wisconsin
John A. Simpson, Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago
George I:. Siscoe, University of California, Los Angeles
L. Dennis Smith, Purdue University
Darrell F. Strobel, Johns Hopkins University
Byron D. Tapley, University of Texas at Austin
Dean P. Kastel, Staff Director
Ceres M. Rangos, Secretary
v
OCR for page R6
COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MA:FEEMATICS,
AND RESOURCES
Norman Hackerman, Robert A. Welch Foundation, Chairman
George F. Carrier, Harvard University
Dean E. Eastman, IBM Corporation
Marye Anne Fox, University of Texas
Gerhart FriedIander, Brookhaven National Laboratory
Lawrence W. FunEhouser, Chevron Corporation (retired)
Phillip A. Griffith, Duke University
J. Ross Macdonald, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Charles J. Mankin, Oklahoma Geological Survey
Perry L. McCarty, Stanford University
Jack E. Oliver, Cornell University
Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Princeton University Observatory
William D. Phildips, Mallinckro~t, Inc.
Denis 3. Prager, MacArthur Foundation
David M. Raup, University of Chicago
Richard J. Reed, University of Washington
Robert E. Sievers, University of Colorado
I,arry L. Smarr, National Center for Supercomputing
Applications
Edward C. Stone, Jr., California Institute of Technology
Karl K. Turekian, Yale University
George W. Wetherill, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Irving Wladawsky-Berger, IBM Corporation
Raphael G. Kasper, Executive Director
Lawrence E. McCray, Associate Executive Director
V1
OCR for page R7
Foreword
Early in 1984, NASAL asked the Space Science Board to un-
dertake a study to determine the principal scientific issues that
the disciplines of space science would face during the period from
about 1995 to 2015. This request was made partly because NASA
expected the Space Station to become available at the beginning
of this period, and partly because the missions needed to im-
plement research strategies previously developed by the various
committees of the board should have been launched or their de-
velopment under way by that time. A two-year study was called
for. To carry out the study the board put together task groups
in earth sciences, planetary and lunar exploration, solar system
space physics, astronomy and astrophysics, fundamental physics
and chemistry (relativistic gravitation and m~crogravity sciences),
and life sciences. Responsibility for the study was vested in a steer-
ing group whose members consisted of the task group chairmen
plus other senior representatives of the space science disciplines.
To the board's good fortune, distinguished scientists from many
countries other than the United States participated in this study.
The findings of the study are published in seven volumes: six
task group reports, of which this volume is one, and an overview
report of the steering group. ~ commend this and aD the other task
group reports to the reader for an understanding of the challenges
·.
V11
OCR for page R8
that confront the space sciences Id the lDslgbts they promise far
the next century. The oracle reco~endatlons of the study are
those to be Fund in the steering graphs ~ervlew.
Oboe Hi. Don^e, Cb~rm~
Space Science Board
vlu
OCR for page R9
Preface
The efforts of the Task Group on Fundamental Physics and
Chemistry have been directed toward an understanding of the
role of the space program in furthering our knowledge of the
fundamental interactions in nature. All of scientific inquiry, of
course, has some bearing on this. However, this task group's
emphasis has been on direct experiments designee! to enhance
this fundamental knowledge. The focus of the group has been
on research in two principal areas: (1) relativistic gravitation,
which involves tests of the general theory of relativity, and (2)
microgravity science, which encompasses experiments in the low-
acceleration and low-gravity gradient environments of space. Early
on, a subgroup for each area was formed to identify opportunities
in these two fields. The findings of these subgroups make up the
two parts of this report. It should be noted that the task group
decided at the outset not to study applied microgravity science and
the utility of space for manufacturing and industrial processes.
This study of the status of and prospects for gravitational
physics ~ the space program has benefited from prior studies
made by committees of both NASA and the National Research
Council. Many elements of the proposed program have been rec-
ommended in the following: Report of the Su~paneT on Relativ-
~c
OCR for page R10
ity and Gravitation MOWG in Shuttle Astronomy, NASA, 1976;
Strategy for Space Research in Gravitational Physics in the 1980s,
National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1981; and Survey of
Gravitation, Cosmology, and Cosmic Ray Physics, Physics Survey
Committee, National Academy Pre", Washington, D.C., 1986.
x
OCR for page R11
r
Contents
A. GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BASIC ISSUES IN GRAVITATION
Tests of E`undamental Principles, 8
Weak Field, 9
Strong Field, 11
Nonstatic Fields, 13
Cosmology, 15
3. GRAVITATIONAL WAVE ASTRONOMY
4. CURRENT SPACE RESEARCH IN GRAVITATION
Lunar Ranging, 26
Analysis of Planetary and Lunar Motion, 27
5. EXPECTED RESEARCH PRIOR TO 1995
Shuttle Test and Flight of Gravity Probe B (GPB), 30
Shuttle Flight of a Cryogenic Principle of
Equivalence Experiment, 31
Microwave Ranging to the Mars Observer
Spacecraft, 33
X-ray Tinning Experiment and a Medium-Area
Fast X-ray Detector on the Shuttle, 34
X1
3
8
21
26
30
OCR for page R12
Spacecraft Observations of Long-Period Gravitational
Waves, 36
6. PROGRAMS AFTER 1995
Baseline Program, 38
LAGOS: Laser Gravitational Wave Observations
in Space, 38
POINTS: Small Astrometric Interferometer
in Space, 44
Mercury Relativity Satellite, 45
STARPROBE: Second-Order Gravitational
Red Shift Experiment, 49
High-Precision Principle of Equivalence
Experiment, 50
X-ray Large Array/Fast-tirn~ng Experiments and
Correlation with Gravitational Radiation, 51
Enhanced Program, 51
Laser Gravitational Wave Observatory, 51
Reflight of GPB, 53
7. TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
Improved Disturbance Compensation Systems
(DISCOS), 55
Moderate-Power Frequency-Stabilized Lasers, 55
Cryogenic Capability to Transfer Helium in Orbit, 56
Development of Clocks, 56
B. SCIENCE I:N A MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
38
55
59
2. GRAVITY-SENSITIVE SYSTEMS AT EQUILIBRIUM 66
Critical Phenomena, 66
Mechanics of Granular Media, 69
3. GRAVITATIONAL DESTABILIZATION OF
STATIONARY STATES
Mechanics of Suspensions, 71
Sheared Suspensions of Granular Materials, 72
Growth of Condensates in Supersaturated Systems, 74
Fractal Aggregates, 75
4. SYSTEMS FAR FROM EQUILIBRIUM
Solidification Patterns, 77
X11
71
77
OCR for page R13
Surface Tension and Convection Effects, 79
Minimizing Buoyancy-driven Effects, 79
Minimizing Free Surface Deflections, 80
Minimizing the Effect of Gravity on Free
Surface Shapes, 80
Electrokinetics, 81
Combustible Media, 83
SCALING AND ACCEPTABLE ACCELERATION
LEVEL
6. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
· - ~
X111
86
90
OCR for page R14
