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OCR for page 69
Index
A
Academic sector, see Universities
Access to computing resources, 37, 49, 50, 51
compatibility/incompatibility (systems), 2, 21-22,
23, 25, 27, 36, 49-50
databases, 25-29
hardware, 2, 17
networks, 16, 49, 51
software, 11, 16-17
Administration and administrators, see Manage
ment and managers
Algorithms, 17
American Chemical Society (ChemAbstracts), 23,
24, 28, 30
American Psychological Association, 30
Ames Laboratory, 19
ARPANET, 20, 26
Artificial intelligence and expert systems, 3, 31,
32-33, 35, 38-39
Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC),
35
Associations, see Professional associations
B
Baylor Medical College, 35
Behavioral factors, see Human factors
BIONET, 22-23
BllDOC, 25
BITNET, 24, 26, 36
Bll7NIC, 25
Brown University, 41
Bush, Vannevar, 40
C
CABIOS, 22
Califomia, 15
CALNET, 15
Canada, 25
Carnegie Mellon University, 19, 43
CELL, 22
Chemical Abstracts Service, 23, 24, 28, 30
Chips (memory), 20
City University of New York, 24-25
Committee on National Statistics, 29
Committee on Science and Technology, 7-8
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public
Policy, 7-8
COMMON LISP, 20
Communications technology, 1, 18-22, 48
electronic mail, 2, 18, 19, 20-22, 26-27
networks (computers), 2, 3, 14-27, 36-37,
40-41, 49-51, 53
telecommunications, 1, 11-12
Compatibility/incompatibility (systems), 2, 23, 25,
49-50
databases, 27, 36
networks, 21-22, 36, 49-50
see also Standards
Computational sciences,
high energy physics, 12-14
mathematical theory, 1~17
medical sciences, 22-23, 28-29, 35, 36
Computer graphics
earthquakes, 15
interactive, 20, 34, 40
69
OCR for page 70
70
INDEX
mathematics-physical science interface, 17
satellites, 30
Computer hardware, 7
access to, 2,17
data collection and analysis, 14
historical developments in, 2,11
microprocessors, dedicated, 13-14
optical disks, 27,52
semiconductors, 20
supercomputers, 21,22,49
Computer simulation, 3,31,47
in econometrics, 31
numerical computations, 16-17
Computer software, 2,7
access to, 11,16-17
customized, 16-17,43,49
data collection and analysis, 14
evaluation, 43-44
expert systems, 3,31,32-33,35
federal government, 52
high energy physics and, 13
IBM infrastructure, 4~1- 45
institutional infrastructure, 3
instrument control, 15,48
libraries of, 4,51
molecular biology, 22-23,28-29,36
networks (computers), 2,3,14-27,36-37,
40-41,49-51,53
packages, 15,16-17,18,44-45
standards, 3
word processing, 2,18,21-22
Computer visualization, 3,21,30,31-32,47-48
Confidentiality, 3,37-38,52
Congress, 7-8
D
Databases, 2-3,15,24-28
economics, 36-37
hypertext, 40-41
molecular biology, 22-23,28-29,36
searching, 2,24,27,28
see also specific databases
Data collection and analysis, 2,14-17
capacities, 14
Decision making, 3,39
policymakers, 1, 9,29,55
Defense, 15,20,43
Denning, Peter J.,19,22-23
Department of Commerce, 8
Department of Defense, 20,43
Department of Energy, 8,19
Document processing, 19
EEarthquakes, 15
Econometrics, 31
Economic factors, 3,4,48,49,50
access to computers, 16
costs and cost sharing, 14-15,35-37
satellite data system, 30
study funding, 8
time sharing, 35
Education and training, 3,39-41,49
universities, 4,14,19,24-25, 35,36
EDUCOM, 25,44
Electronic mail, 2,18,19,20
case study, 26-27
incompatibility problems, 21
molecular biology, 22
Electronic publishing, 19, 21-22
EMBL, 22
Englebart, Doug, 40
Ethics, see Law and ethics
European Access Research Network (EARN), 25
Expertise (human), 4,43,44,52
early computers, 11
policymakers, 1, 9,29,55
study methodology, 8,57
Expert systems and artificial intelligence, 3, 31,
32-33,35,38-39
EXPRES, 19,21,22,54
F
Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engi-
neering, and Technology (FCCSET), 53,55
Federal government, 48,51-53
databases, 23,29-30
national research network, 4-5,21,52-54
panel study funding, 8
Fel-llli National Laboratory, 14
File transfer, 21
Frontiers in Science and Technology: A Selected
Outlook, 7
G
Gatekeepers, 43
GenBank, 22,23,29
GENPUB, 22
Genetics, 22,23,28-29
Geometry, 16
Georgetown Medical Center, 35
Graphics, see Computer graphics
H
HELP, 35
High Energy Physics Network, 21
OCR for page 71
INDEX
Human factors, 3,8,49
attitudinal, 40-41,50
confidentiality, 3,37-38,52
education and training, 3,3~41,49
infrastructure, 3,4-5,21,34,35,42-45,52-54
institutional factors, 3-4,41-42,49,51
law and ethics, 3,22,37-38,42,50,52
management and managers, 1, 4, g, 20, 22, 29,
41,50,51
user-machine interfaces, 4
Human Gene Mapping Library (HGML), 28
Hypertext, 40-41
I
IBM, 24-25,44 45
Images and image processing, see Computer visu-
alization
Incompatibility (systems), see Compatibility/incom-
patibility; Standards
Indexes, 24,25
Information dissemination, 2,43-44
national research network, 4-5,21,52-54
Information storage and retrieval, 2-3,14,23-30
databases 2-3,15,22-23,24-28,29,36-37,40-41
networks (computers), 2,3,14-27,36-37,40--41,
49-51,53
Information technology, definition and develop-
ment of, 1, 7,11-12
Infrastructure, 3,34,35,42-45
national, 4-5,21,52-54
Institute for Mathematical Statistics, 16
Institute for Scientific Infonnation, 30
Institutional factors, 3-4,41-42,49,51
Instrument control, 15,48
Integrated Academic Information Management
System (LAIMS), 35
Intellectual property, 22,42,50,52
INTERMEDIA, 41
International activities
gene mapping conference, 28-29
networks (computers), 14,22,24-25
standards, 19
J
Jackson Laboratory Mouse Map, 28
Johns Hopkins University, 35
L
LAND SAT, 30
Languages (programming), 20
Law and ethics
confidentiality, 3,37-38,52
decision-making liability, 38
71
intellectual property, 22,42,50,52
laboratory notebooks, electronic, 42
security of information, 22,37-38,42,52
Library science, 19,24,28,38-39,51
LISP, 20
M
Management and managers, 1, 9,20,29,41,50
of networks, 4, 22,5
Mathematics
simulations, 16-17,47
software packages, 15
McKusick, Victor A., 28-29
Medical sciences, 24,35
genetics, 22,23,28-29
molecular biology, 22-23,28-29,36
MEDLARS, 24
MEDLINE, 29
MEMEX, 25,40
Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 28
METAFONT, 19
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Sys-
tem, 20
Microprocessors, 13-14
Military sciences, see Defense
Models, see Computer simulation
Molecular biology, 22-23,28-29,36
N
National Academy of Engineering, 7
National Academy of Sciences, 7
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 8,
15,23,30
National Bureau of Standards, 8
National Center for Biotechnology Information, 36
National Library of Medicine, 8,24,28-29,35,36,55
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
8,23,30
National Research Council, 29,54-55
National Science Foundation, 8, 19,21,22, 28-29,
53,54
National Space Science Data Center, 30
Nelson, Ted, 40
NetNorth, 25
Networks (computers), 2,15,18,20-21,53
access to, 16,49,51
earthquake prediction, 15
economics, 36-37
electronic mail, 2,18,19,20-22,26-27
high energy physics research and, 14
hypertext, 40-41
incompatibility problems, 21-22,36,49-50
OCR for page 72
72
INDEX
intemational, 14, 22, 24-25
molecular biology, 22-23
national, 21
reliability of transmission, 17
standards, 3
university, 14, 24-25
see also specific networks
New York State Education and Research Network
(NYSERNET), 15
NSFNET, 21, 22, 54
o
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 4, 52, 53,
55
OMIM, 28-29
OMNET, 26
Optical disks, 27, 52
Organizational factors, see Institutional factors;
Networks (computers)
p
Panel on Information Technology and the Conduct
of Research, 8-9, 26-27
Particle physics, see Physics
Patents, 42
Personal computers, 11, 19
Physics
high energy, 12-15, 21
mathematics and, 16-17
Policymakers, 1, 9, 29, 55
Policy recommendations, 3-5, 50-55
Postal services, see Electronic mail
POSTSCRIPT, 19
Professional associations, 4, 17, 30, 35, 50, 55
Programs and programming, see Computer soft-
ware; Languages (programming)
Psychological Abstracts, 30
Publishing, 19, 21-22
Q
Quality control, 2
see also Standards
R
Real time, 13, 15
S
Satellites, 30
SCRIBE, 19
Searching (databases), 2, 24, 27, 28
Security issues, 22, 37-38, 42, 52
Semiconductors, 20
Simulation, see Computer simulation
Software, see Computer software
Speech production (computers), 33
Standards, 3, 4, 19, 27, 37, 43, 51, 53, 55
document processing, 19, 21-22
Statistics, 15, 16
Supercomputers, 21, 22, 49
Superconducting Super Collider, 13-14
Superconductivity, 19
T
Telecommunications, 1, 11-12
networks (computers), 2, 3, 14-27, 36-37, 40-41,
49-51, 53
Terabit Memory System, 30
TeX, 19
Tirne sharing, 35
TOXLINE, 24
Training, see Education and training
U
Universities, 4, 19, 28, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, 50
networks (computers), 14, 24-25
see also specific universities
University of California at Berkeley, 24-25
University of Michigan, 19
University of Utah, 35
UNIX, 19
V
Vendors, 4, 51, 52
Very large-scale integration, 20
Visualization, see Computer visualization
W
William H. Welch Medical Library, 28-29
Word processing, 2, 18, 21-22
Workshop on the Use of Computers in Statistical
Research, 16
Workstations, 19
WYSIWYG, 19
X
XANADU, 40-41
y
Yale University, 24, 28
OCR for page 73
By' ~
p:`
En ~7 Jim --
it.
A 'fractal dragon" generated by the IBM Fellow Benoit
B. Mandelbrot, the originator offractal geometry. This
is an example of the "Julia set," which in turn is an
example of a "speller set" of a dynamic system. This
may seem to be an extremely complicated shape, yet it
has a very simple equation based on the formula
Z-AZ(1-Z). From the front cover of the book The
Fractal GeometIy of Nature by Benoit B. Mandelbrot,
1982, W. H. Freeman and Company.
OCR for page 74
The 'fractal planetrise" by IBM scientist Richard F. Voss.
In spite of its startling realism, every element in this
picture is artificially generated The striking resemblance
between some fractal images andfamiliar landscapes
illustrates the fact that fractals describe aspects of
nature that have formerly eluded mathematical
description. From the back cover of the book The
Fractal GeometIy of Nature by Benoit B. Mandelbrot,
1982, W. H. Freeman and Company. Courtesy of the IBM
Corporation.
Van tier Weals surface of dibydrofolate reductase and
methotextrate. Red is oxygen, blue is nitrogen, green is
carbon, and yellow is phosphorus. Produced by the
Computer Graphics Laboratory, University of
California, San Francisco. (I) Regents, University of
California.
OCR for page 75
This realistic-looking landscape is actually only a few
hundred atoms square and approximately 10 atoms
high. Generated by IBM scientist Richard F. Voss, who
used a computer to add color, lighting, and shading to
a scanning tunneling microscope image of thermally
roughened silicon. In addition to the esthetic benefits
of such pictures, scientists and engineers can use such
images to understand the properties of critical
materials such as silicon. Color coding, for example,
can emphasize and delineate specific atomic areas of
interest, such as atomic trace impurities or surface
defects. Courtesy of the IBM Corporation.
Frame from a computer-animated film depicting
clustering of matter in the early evolution of the
universe. The film itself was produced by a
collaborative effort between an astrophysicist and a
Hollywood special-effects graphics firm. (I) Joan M.
Centrella, Drivel University.
OCR for page 76
Scherk's doubly periodic minimal surface, which has
recently been proposed as a model microstructure for
grain boundaries in copolymers. Nature, August 8,
1988. (a) J. T. Hoffman.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
electronic mail
