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OCR for page 381
Index
A
Abortion, spontaneous, 1, 8, 10, 15, 30, 123, 127, 171,
173, 201 - 202, 208, 219, 221-222
amniocentesis and, 315, 316
DBCP and, 109
fetoscopy and, 245
genetic damage and, 123, 126, 127, 139, 159
immunology and, 218 - 219, 222
trophoblast antigens and, 219 - 220
Abstinence period, sperm and, 90 - 92, 94
Accessory sex organs, male, 64, 70, 72, 77 - 81, fig. 78,
143
Acetylcholine, 67, 277, 290
Acid phosphatase, 80, 103
Acromegaly, 305
Acrosin, 103
Acrosome reaction, 101 - 103
Ac~ylamide, 107, 124, 287,
ACPH, see Adrenocorticotropin
Actins, testicular, 61
Activin, 182
Adenine, 132
Adenohypophysis, 52
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 103, 307
Adipose tissue, 181, 183, 251, 266, 267, 270
Adluminal compartment, seminiferous epithelium, 52,
53
Adrenal glands, 154 - 155, 207, 208, 211 - 212, 270
Adrenarche, 154 - 155, 170
Adrenocorticotropin (ACI~H), fetal, 208, 260
Adriamycin, 98
AFT, see Alpha-fetoprotein
Agarose gel electrophoresis, 132
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2,
16, 202
Agglutination, sperm, 97
381
Aging, female, markers of, 8, 159 - 161,169 - 177,199 - 200,
202
AHH, see Arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase
AIDS virus, 306
Albumin, 68, 70, 267
Alcohol, 15, 16, 43, 51, 283
and male reproductive function, 43, 51
neurodevelopmental effects, 293, 294
and pregnancy, 213, 242
Aldosterone, 74
ALkaline elusion, sperm-DNA, 137 - 138, 145
Alkaline phosphatase, 257
Allergic reactions, sperm and, 94
Allogeneic recognition reactions, 216, 220
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), 5, 10, 17, 26, 241, 244, 254,
255, 257, 260, 311-313, 315-316
Alveolar macrophages, 305
Alzheimer's disease, 174, 176, 177, 307
Amino acids, 53, 128, 235, 273, 278 - 279, 305
Aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD), 21, 300, 301
Amniocentesis, 24, 206, 258, 260
in detecting genetic damage, 211, 244, 262
and fetal death, 315, 316
Amniochorion, 215, 220
Amnion, 256
Amniotic antigen-3 (AA3), 220, 261
Amniotic cavity, 244, 274
Amniotic fluid, 244, 248, 250, 251, 262
AFT in, 17, 241, 311, 312, 315, 316
EARL in, 230
Ampullae, vas deferens, 77, 79
AMSA therapy, 48, fig. 49, 86
Androgen-binding protein (ABP),53 - 54,65, 71,73, 74,
143
Androgens
and epididymal function, 64, 70, 72 - 74, 75, 76
in female reproductive system, 154, 175, 181, 186
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382
and male reproductive system, 47, 77, 81, 101
Androstenedione, 154, 182
Anencephaly, 243, 311 - 313, 315
Anesthesia, 127, 181
Aneuploidy, 8, 114, 117, 135, 139, 167, 198
Animal studies,
extrapolation to human exposure, 3 - 4, 24, 27 - 28,
3900, 41-42, 8~87, 107-118, 141-142,167, 202,
223-224, 237, 289-296
Anionic charge, spermatozoa!, 66
Anorexia nervosa, 153
Antibiotics, 80
Antibodies
gene expression and, 103
in hCG assays, 188 - 189, 192
trmphocytotoxic, 218 - 219, 220, 221
monoclonal, 101 - 102, 104, 128, 138, 144, 192,
212, 215
polyclonal, 188
sperm, 97, 101 - 104
trophoblast, 215 - 217, 261
Anticonvulsant therapy, 251
Antigens
histocompatibility, 215, 218, 219
leukocyte, 215, 221
sperm, 66, 101 - 103
trophoblast, 215 - 220, 254, 259
Antihistamines, 270
Antihypertensive medications, 44
Antineoplastic drugs, 158, 166
Anti-RHO, 261
Anti-TA1, 220
Antit~ypsin, 227
Apgar test, 292
Aragose gel electrophoresis, fig. 130, fig. 131, 132,
133
Arcuate nucleus, 152
Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 51 - 52
Aromatase activity, ovarian, 157 - 158
Arsenic, 289
Artificial insemination, 195
Arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), 250, 262, 268, 269,
271, 272
Aspartate, 278
Aspartyl amidase, 103
Aspermia, 89
Asthenospermia, 85, 95
Atherosclerosis, 27
Atomic bomb survivors, 120, 126, 128, 129, 167, 168
ATP, see Adenosine triphosphate
Atresia
follicular, 157
oocyte, 164
physiologic, 150
Attention, 287
Auditory discrimination, 286 - 287, 294, 295
Autism, 284
Autoanti-idiotypic antibodies, 216, 217, 218
INDEX
Autoimmunity, 219
Axons, 273, 274
Azaguan~ne, 168
Azathioprine, 242
Azoospermia, 45, 90
A-Z pregnancy test, 187
B
Bacteria, amniotic fluid, 253
Basal body temperature, 18G, 184
Basal cells, epididymal, 71
Basal compartment, seminiferous epithelium, 52
Basal plate, 215, 220
Basket cells, microneuronal, 282
Basophilic stippling, 301
Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 287, 292
B cells, 305, 306
Behavioral teratology, 266, 281 - 288, 291 - 295
Bender-Gestalt test, 287
Benzoapyrene, 160, 252, 271
Benzodiazepine, 280
Beta-adrener~c, 257
Beta-chorionic gonadotrophin, 85
Beta-glucuronidase, 103
Beta-microglobulin, 21
Beta-thalassemia, 212
Bilirubin, 244, 270
Binucleation, trophoblast, 232, 235
Biologically effective dose, 18 - 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 34
"Biophysical profile," fetal, 246
Biopsy, 112
bone, 298, 306
chorionic, 22, 211, 244, 248, 269
endometrial, 184, 185
epididymal, 71
fetal, 245, 250, 251, 253, 262
placental, 271, 272
prostate, 79
skin, 220
testicular, 83, 89
Biparietal diameter, 243
Birthdaj~ Trust (U.K.), 13
Birthweight, 1, 15, 165, 167, 213, 270
BisacIylamide, 107
Blastocoelation, 231 - 232
Blastocoele, 206, 233
Blastocyst, 206
implantation, 218 - 221,224 - 225,228, 233 - 235,259
steroidogenesis, 234
uterus and, 228, 229
Blastulation, 159
Blood
brain barrier, 270, 290, 292, 300
chemical concentrations in, 25, 27, 30, 52, 85 - 86,
248-249, 251, 279, 297-298, 299, 305
clotting, 217
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INDEX
cohort studies with, 85 - 86
and epididymis, 64, 72
fetal, 30, 206, 208, 245, 250, 261, 262, 290
follicle barrier, 164
hormone levels in, 50 - 51,57, 173, 180, 184, 187, 188
in neurochemical studies, 284 - 287
in pregnancy, 206, 207, 208, 209, 267
testosterone in, 51
umbilical, 244, 251, 256, 260, 270
uterine, 256, 260
Bloom's syndrome, 166
Body burden, chemical, 20, 21
Body fat, 251
Body fluids, use in measuring markers, 179, 180
Body water, 267, 270
Bombesin, 305
Bone, lead content, 298, 299
Bone marrow, 168, 215 - 216
Bradycardia, 246
Brain, 173, 270, 275, 280, 283, 285, 286, 287, 290, 294,
295, 297, 300; see also Central nervous system
Breast development. See Thelarche
Breast milk, 24, 253, 271
Breathing rate, fetal and neonatal, 243, 244, 261, 258,
260, 292
B spermatogonia, 48, 55
Bu lb ou rethral (C owper' s) glands, 77, 78, 79 , 80
C
Cadmium, 249, 251, 305
Caffeine metabolism, 271, 272
Cajal-Retzius cells, 277
Calcium, 75
Calcium-binding proteins, 279
Cancer
chemotherapy and genetic damage, 107, 109,120127,
128, 129
chemotherapy and reproductive function, 48, 49, 50,
51, 120, 164, 253
DES and, 169
lung, 268
prostatic, 77 - 78
risk of, 26 - 27
Cannabis, see Marijuana
Capacitation, sperm, 100 - 101, 101, 103
Cap spermatids, 57
Caput epididymis, 63, 67, 68, 70, 75, 76
Carbohydrate, 98
Carbon 3, 251, 253, 260, 272
Carbon monoxide, 21, 286
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), 21
Carboxymethylase, 101
Carcinogens, 17, 21, 80, 109, 169, 214 - 215
Cardiovascular disease, 27, 198
Cardiovascular function, fetal, fig. 208,, 243, 245 - 246,
258, 260, 262
383
Carnitine, 68, 70, 73
Cauda epididymis, 57, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 75, 76
cDNA, 59 - 62, 81, 103, 143, 244
Cell-culture systems, 25, 28 - 29
Cell death
by irradiation, 283
by MOP, 285 - 286
neuron, 275 - 276, 277
Cell types, 71, 74, 76, fig. 122
Centers for Disease Control, 25
Central nervous system (CNS),
behavioral effects, 266, 281 - 288, 291 - 295
cytogenesis in, 274 - 276
damage to, 43, 173 - 176, 281 - 286, 291, 301
development of, 4 - 6,11 - 12,32, 249, 260, 265, 270,
271, 273 - 279, 296, 303 - 307
and epididymis, 64 - 67
female aging and, 173 - 176
fetal, 207, 251, 260
morphogenesis in, 273 - 274
nuerochemistry of, 276 - 279, 284 - 28,6, 306 - 307
neurotransmitters, 180, 182, 278, 293
nonmitotic neurons, 273
Cerebellum, 274, 276, 282 - 283
Cerebral cortex, 274, 275
Cerebral palsy, 295
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 180, 285 - 286
Cervioplasmin, 53
Ce~vLx, 181, 259
in early pregnancy, 230 - 231
embryologic development of, 150, 151
mucus of, 96, 97, 103, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 259
sperm and, 94, %, 100, 103
Chelatable lead, 298
Chemicals. See Toxicants
Chemotherapy
and genetic damage, 107, 109, 126 - 127, 128, 129
and reproductive system function, 48, 49, 50, 51, 120,
164, 253
Children, markers in, 271 - 272
Chloracne, 267, 268, 271
Chloramphenicol, 244
Chloride, 70
Choice of biologic markers, characteristics that influence,
18
Cholecystokinin, 305
Choline, 279, 281, 307
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, 230
Chorda-mesoderm, 274
Chorionic gonadotropin. See Human Chorionic
gonadotropin
Chorionic somatomammotropins, human (hCS), 209,
235
Chorionicvillus sampling (CVS), 24, 206, 211, 213, 244,
248, 254, 256, 258, 260, 262, 269
Chromatin, nuclear, 66, 97
Chromatography, thin layer, 165
Chromosomes
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384
amniocentesis and, 244
breakage, 113, 114, 116
damage and mutations in, A, 41, 43, 10~118, 122—124,
128, 135 - 136, 145, 159, 166, 167
in oogenesis, 150, 164
rearrangement of, 116, 117, 136
sister-chromatic exchange, 109 - 110, 166, 213
sperm, 90, 92 - 93, 98, 124, 136 - 140,pg. 138
trisomy and triploidy, 124, 125, 246
Cigarette smoking, 128, 274
and menopause, 160, 164
and pregnancy, 85, 165, 215, 244, 251, 252, 253, 268,
269, 270
Ciliary action, 67 - 68, 94
Classes of biologic markers, flow chart of, {g. 17
Clear cells, epididymal, 73, 76
Clinical medicine, 17
Clomiphene citrate, 157
Clonidine, 290, 292
Cloning, DNA, 57 - 62, 81, 130, fig. 131
Cobalt, 161
Cocaine, 242
Cognitive functions, 293 - 295
Cohort studies of reproductive health, 85 - 86
Collaborative Perinatal Project, 13
Compaction, embryo, 231, 232
Computed axial tomography (CAT), 49, 306
Computer techniques, 69, 95, 126
Concanavalin A, 306
Conception, 7, 223, 225, 239
Cone cells, ectoplacental, 225, 235, 236 - 237
Conjunctivitis, 270
Continuous Performance Test, 287
Contraception, 39
Contraceptives
after sexual assault, 158, 186
male, 39
oral, 158, 171, 181
reproductive effects of, 190 - 191, 195
Contractions, uterine, 247 - 248
Cordocentesis, 246, 247
Corona-penetrating enzyme (CPE), 103
Corpus epididymis, 63, 66, 67, 70
Corpus luteum, 193, 194
in ovarian function, 157 - 158, 183 - 184, 187
in pregnancy, 158, 234, 237
Cortical neurons, 283
Cortisol, 173, 208
Cotinine, 269
Coulter counter, 89
Cowper's glands, 77
Cows, 237
Crohn's disease, 44
Cry reflex, 292
Cumulus cells, 94, 96, 100, 120
Cyclases, 279
Cycle Detector Program, 171
Cyclophosphamide, 71, 76, 80
INDEX
Cystic fibrosis, 211
Cytochrome c, 57, 59
Cytochrome P-450, 252, 268, 269, 271, 272
Cytogenesis, central nervous system, 273, 274 - 276
Cytogenetic damage, 109 - 110, 113, 115, 135 - 140
Cytokeratin, 224, 231, 236
Cytometry, 101, 128, 138
Cytoplasmic droplets, 65, 71
Cytoplasmic receptor, epididymal, 73
Cytosine, 132
Cytoskeletal proteins, 236, 240
Cytosolic receptors, 268
Cytotoxicity, 109
Cytotrophoblast, 211, 215, 217, 220, 231, 233, 235, 237,
238, 239, 240, 259, 261
see also Trophoblast
D
Dag effect, 93
Data base, national, 204
DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane), 42, 76, 85 - 86,
90, 98, 107, 109, 127
DDT, 153 - 154, 158, 164, 169, 171,
Decidualization, 229 - 231
Decidual luteotropin, 229, fig. 238
Decondensation, sperm nuclei, 97
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 154, 160, 170, 173,
208
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD), 19,300,
301
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, 133 - 135
Dendrites, 273, 274, 277
Dentate gyrus, 276, 282, 283
Dentin, lead in, 298
DES, see Diethylstilbestrol
"Designer drugs," 285
Desmin, 229
DHEA. see Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHT (5~-dihydrotestosterone), 72, 73 - 74, 75
Diabetes mellitus, 44
Diazepam, 242, 257, 290
Dibenzofurans, 266
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), 15, 16, 42, 76, 78, 85 86,
90, 98, 107, 109, 127
Diencephalon, 275
Diet, 153, 170, 267, 268, 278
Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 9, 151, 154, 158, 169, 198, 207
Differentiation
endometrial cell, 229, 230
sexual, 198 - 201
trophectoderm, 231 - 234, 235
trophoblast, 230, 237 - 238, 240
Dihydrotestosterone (DHI~), 70, 72, 73, 74, 75
Dimethyformamide, 23
Disease, see specific diseases
Disulfide bonds, spermatozoa!, 66
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INDEX
Diuretics, 44
DNA
adducts, 21, 23!, 26, 28, 109, 116, 139, 145, 163, 165 - 166,
244, 246, 253, 254, 257, 259, 262
cloning, 57 - 62, 81, 130, fig. 131
damage and mutation, 29, 41, 42, 107, 108, 110, 116,
117-118, 119, 125-127, 129 - 136, 139, 143, 161,
164, 165-166, 211-213
metabolism in pregnancy, 220
in germ cells, 47, 55, 58 - 61, 110, 143, 145
in oogenesis, 150, 165 - 166
in prenatal diagnoses, 211 - 213
probes, 58 - 62, 106~107, 124, 139
recombinant, 41
sequencing, 129
sperm nucleus, 97, 139 - 140
synthesis end repair,fig. 58,110,115,116,166,274 - 275,
282
trophoblast cell, 231, 236, 237, 240
see also cDNA; recombinant-DNA technology
Dogs, 54, 55, 74, 78 - 81
Dominant lethal mutations, 111, 112 - 113, 115, 167
Dopamine, 173 - 174, 182, 305, 306
transport of, 277, 284, 285 - 286, 291
Double F bodies, 98
Down's syndrome, 139, 159
Drinking water study, NRC, 4
Drosophila, 108, 116, 253
Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy, 119, 123, 211
Duct cells, seminal, 88 - 89
E
E. cold multitest system, 164
Early pregnancy factor (EPF), 193, 221, 232, 233, [g.
238, 2397 257, 259, 260
trophoblast, 233
EBL, see Epidermolysis bullosa letalis
ECOD (ethoxycoumarinV-deethylase), 269
Ecologic markers, 26
Ectoplacental cone cells, 225, 234, 235, 236 - 237
Edathamil calcium disodium (CaNa2EDTA), 300
BEG abnormalities, lead and, 301
Effect, markers of
defined, 2, 3, 18, 2021
of lead exposure, 301, 300 - 301
pert-implantation, 255 - 261
pharmacodynamic, 265 - 266, 267 - 272
Efferent ducts, 63, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 92, 94
EGF. See Epidermal growth factor
Ejaculation motility
physical characteristics of, 88, 95
retrograde, 44, 45
see also Semen; Sperm
Electronic cell-counting, 67
Electronic fetal heart-rate monitonng, 247 - 248
Electrophilic tomcants, 269 - 270
385
Electrophoresis, 66, 70, 112, 117, 124 - 126, 129 - 130,
132-135
Embryo
CNS development, 274
early development of, 206, 207 - 209, 223, 224 - 225,
231 - 234
markers of, 9 - 11, 254, 256, 257, 259
toxic effects on, 207 - 209, 215 - 218
see also Fetus
Endocrine function, 169, 185
DDT and, 153 - 154
fetal, 209, 236
markers of CNS development, 304 - 306
Endometrium, uterine, 181, 183, 259
in early pregnancy, 209, 225 - 231, 256
and menstrual cycle, 184 - 185, 186
Endoreduplication, 229, 233, 235, 236 - 237
Endothelial cells, brain, 283
Enkephalins, 277, 285
Entactin, 229, 259
Enyme-linked ~mmunosorbent assay (ELISA), 101, 103,
192
Enzymes
induction of, 266, 268, 269 - 270, 271
lysosomal, 65
and mutations, 112, 117, 128, 129, 132
neuronal, 276 - 279
in pregnancy, 80, 208, 227, 233, 235, 268 - 270
proteolytic, 235
uterine, 227
see also specif c enzymes
Eosinophils, 221
Ependymal zone, neural, 275, 276
EPF, see Early pregnancy factor
Epidemiology, 17, 27, 84 - 88, 126 - 127, 187 - 195, 197
Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 51, 257, 258
Epidermolysis bullosa letalis (EBL), 220
Epididymis
cell types in, 71
hormone receptors and, 72 - 76
luminal fluid, 63, 69 - 71
markers of, 64 - 65, 143
sperm in, 55, 63 - 76, 79, 89, 92, 102, 143
structure and function, 63 - 65, 71 - 76
Epithelial function of, 64, 70, 71 - 76
Epithelium
endometrial, 225
epididymal, 64, 70, 71 - 76
germinal, 47, 52 - 53, 54, 56, 57
neural, 274 - 275, 282
prostate, 79
seminiferous, 56, 87, 89, 93, 94
uterine, 225, 226, 228, 229, 231, 233, 259
Equivalent gestation day (EGD), 234
Erectile dysfunction, 44
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin, 21, 298, 300, 301, 305
Esterase, 307
Estradiol (E2), 257
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386
in females, 152, 155, 159, 160, 173 - 174, 182, 184,
202
in males, 50, 55, 57, 64, 72, 74
and trophoblast, 234
Estriol, 208, 241, 257
Estrogens, 161, 175
as a contraceptive, 186
in early pregnancy, 224, 227 - 228, 230
and epididymal function, 74
in ovarian function, 155, 157, 169
Estrous cycle, 169, 171, fig. 172, 174, 202
Estrus, 153 - 154, 171
Ethanol, 242, 283, 293, 294, 295
Ethylene dibromide, 85
Ethylene oxide, 28, 107, 166
Eunuchoidal skeletal measurements, 44
Evoked potentials, 286
Exencephaly, 281
Exo<;ytosis, 280
Exons, 129
Exposure, markers of
defined, 2 - 3, 18, 19 - 20
effect, JO Z3, 87 88, kg. 91, 145 - 146, 255 - 261,267 - 272
genotoxic, 164, 165 - 166
to lead, 16, 25, 50, 85 - 86,177,249,253,283,285,287,
293-295, 297-302, 305
pharmacodynamic, 266~272
pharmacokinetic, 247 - 251, 260267
in pregnancy, 212 - 213, 255 - 259, 262
public health and, 255
Extragonadal reserves, sperm, 92
Eye, neural development, 275
F
Factor V, 217
Fallopian tubes, 150, 151, 180, 181, 182, 183, 206
Fat, 266 267, 270
Febrile diseases, 94
Femur length, 243
Ferrochelatase, 298, 300
Fertility, 1, 7, 15, 23, 55, 195
epidemiologic studies of, 84 - 85
female, 84 - 85, 9097, 150, 159, fig. 160, 164, 171,
218 - 219, 221
male, 6, 30, 39, 40,42,43 - 46,84 - 88,92, 98, 104, 135
sperm markers of, 6, 89 - 95, 144
status, 40, 84 - 85, 144
Fertilization, 8 - 9, 68 - 69, 101 - 103, 159, 193, 200, 206
Fetal alcohol syndrome, 43, 289
Fetal death, see Abortion, spontaneous
Fetal hydantoin syndrome, 289
Fetoscopy, 245, 258, 262
Fetus
blood and tissue sampling, 245, 248
cardiovascular function, 208, 243, 245 - 246,258, 260
development of, 166, 207 - 209, 234 - 235, 261 - 262
INDEX
effects of drugs on, 242
markers of, 9 - 11, 187 - 195, 197 - 198, 219—221, 241 - 246,
256, 257-258, 267
measurement of, 245
neural tube defects in, 311 - 312,pg. 313, 315 - 317
toxic effects on, 207 - 209, 213, 281 - 282, 287, 289,
290
see also Embryo
Fibronectin, 104, 229, 259
5~-reductase, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78
Flavoproteins, 80
Flow cytometry, 128, 138
Fluorescence-act*ated cell sorting (FACS), 221
Fluorescence hybridization, 123
Fluorometric immunoassay, 193
Follicles, ovarian, 155 - 158,pg. 156, 164, 165, 179, 180,
198
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 52, 53, 54, 86, 182,
304-305
in early pregnancy detection, 194
germinal epithelium and, 54, 57
in ovarian cycle, 152, 157, 159, 160, 173
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 4, 25
Formaldehyde, 22, 29
Formamide, 23
Frank anemia, 301
Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEE), 21, 298, 300,
301, 305
Fructose, 80, 227
FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone
G
GABA. See Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Gadolinium glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, 249
Galactorrhea, 305
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 277, 280, 285, 290,
291
Ganglion cells, 275
Gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry
(GC/MS), 164
Gastrulation, 159, 206
Gel electrophoresis, 66, 70, 124 - 126,129 - 130,pg. 130,
132-135
Genetic damage and heritable mutations
in behavioral-teratology, 295 - 296
detection of, 122 - 127,129 - 135,144 - 145,166 - 168,
245
DNA in detection of, 29, 41, 42, 107, 108, 110, 116,
117 - 118, 119, 125 - 127, 129 - 136, 139, 143, 161,
165-166, 211-213
dominant lethal, 111, 112 - 113, 115, 167
epidemiology, 126 - 127
female, markers of, 163 - 168, 197 - 198, 199
in fertilization, 144, 161
male, markers of, 7, 40 - 41, 42, 93 - 94, 120, 121,
135-140, 141-146
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INDEX
in mice, 107 - 118
in people, 119 - 140
recessive lethal 112
research needed on, 115 - 118
risk assessment, 107 - 109
somatic cell 127 - 129, 145
tests for, 110 - 115, 145 - 146
Genitalia, bipotentiality of, 198 - 200
Genital tubercle, 150151
Geographic Environmental Monitoring system, 16
Germ cells
aneuploidy in, 167
animal, differences from human, 42, 109
aplasia, 42
differentiation of, 55 - 56, 58, 97, 108, 198 - 201
DNA and, 47, 55, 58 - 61, 110, 143, 145, 165 - 166
FSH and, 57
genetic damage and heritable mutations in, 40 - 41,
42, 107 - 118, 119 - 140, 144 - 145, 163, 198
killing of, 90
molecular binding in, 110
markers of, 54 - 62, 109, 119 - 140, 143, 144 - 145
oogenesis and, 149 - 1So,tg. 150,pg. 151
RNA and, 136 - 140
semen and, 13~140
testicular function and, 135 - 136, 145
types of, 47 - 48,fig. 48
Germinal epithelium, 47, 52, 53, 56, 57
Germline, 109, 121,fig. 122,tg. 136
Glia, 273, 277
Globulins, 181, 256
estradiol-binding, 50 - 51, 54
testosterone-estradiol binding (BERG), 54
Glomemlar filtration rate, 249, 267
Glucocorticoids, 257, 283
Glucose, 75 - 76, 227
Glucose~phosphate dehydrogenase (G4PD), 300
Glucuronyl transferase, 271
Glutamate, 280
Glutathione, 73, 76
Glutethimide, 287
Glycerol, 70, 72
Glycerylphosphorylcholine, 70
Glycine, 280, 291
Glycogen, 229, 245
Glycolysis, 75 - 76
Glycophorin, 128, 138, 168
Glycoproteins, 53, 54, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 98, 101, 104,
187, 188, 227, 228, 231
Glycosidase, 227
Glycosylated proteins, 239
GnRH, see Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Golgi cells, 276
Golgi spermatids, 55
Gonadal dysgenesis, 152, 155
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 49, 50, 51 - 52,
151-152, 180, 182, 185
Gonadotropins, 51, 74, 85, 151, 155 - 159, 173, 180,
387
181, 183, 185, 186, 193, 194, 304 305; see also
Human
chorionic gonadotropin
Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), 25
Gos~pol, 72, 76
Granule cells, 276, 282, 283
Granulosa cells, 157 - 158, 165, 179, 183, 185
Granulosa-luteal cells, 179, 181
Growth factors, trophoblast, 233
Growth hormone (GH:), 230, 235, 239
Guanine, 132
Guanethidine, 44
Guinea pig, 202
H
Hair, 44, 251, 284, 298, 305
Halo cells, epididymal, 71
Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, 260272
Haloperidol, 173
Hamsters, 54, 55, 96 - 97, 9099, 109, fig. 138, 202
, ·, _ _,
Harri~Shorr technique, 89
hCG. See Human chorionic gonadotropin
Hearing defects, 286 287, 294
Heart rate, 292
fetal, 208, 243, 245 - 246, 260, 262
Heavy metals, 249 - 251; see also specific heavy metal
Hemacytometric sperm count, 67
Hematopoietic system, 274
Heme production, 298, 301
Hemocytometer, 89
Hemoglobin, 124, 165, 212
Hemolytic disease, 244
Hemophilia, 119, 123
Heparin sulfate proteoglycan, 230
Heritable mutations, see Genetic damage and heritable
mutations
Heritable-translocation mutation test, 108, 113, 167
Heroin, 242
synthetic, 170
Hexachlorobenzene, 164
Hexane, 286, 287
High-speed videomicrography, 67
Hippocampus, 276, 283
Histidine, 164
Histocompatibility antigens, 215, 217, 218 - 219
Histogenesis, 296
Histology, epididymal, 71 - 72
Histones, 59 - 60, 97
hLA, see Human leukocyte antigens
HMW-SV protein, 104
Homovanillic acid (HVA), 12, 285
Hormones, see specific honnones
Hot flushes, 160, 169
hPL, see Placental lactogens
hPRL, see Human prolactin
HPRT, see Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 7, 25, 85, 155,
209, 223, 230, 257, 261
OCR for page 388
388
as marker of implantation and early pregnancy,
9 - 10, 158, 187 - 195,230, 231, 233, 235, 240, 259,
260
and testosterone, 50, 51
as trophoblast development marker, 231, 237 - 239
see also Gonadotropins
Human leukocyte antigens (hLA), 215, 217, 218, 219,
260
Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), 155
Human prolactin (hPRL), 173, 235, 305
in epididymal function, 74 - 75
and thelarche, 155
uterine, 182, 185, 230, 256, 260
Human tissues, use in measuring markers, 179, 181
Huntington's chores, 174, 213, 214
Hutterites, l59,pg. 160
Hyaluronidase, 103
Hybridization, subtractive, 132
Hydrostatic pressure, epididymal, 67 - 68
Hydroxyl radicals, 285
Hyperactivity, 12, 282, 284, 288, 290
Hyperplasia, 159
adrenal, 212
prostatic, 77
Hypertension, 27, 44
Hypertrophy, 66
Hypervitaminosis A, 283
Hypogonadism, 51
Hypogonadotropic eunuchoidism, 43
Hypo-osmotic shock, 96
Hypoplasia, microneuronal, 282, 283
Hypothalamus, 175, 182, 304 - 305
development of, 151 - 155, 201, 202
female reproductive function markers, 170, 181
male reproductive function markers, 52, 53, 54
Hypothyroidism, 244
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
(HGPRT), 128
Hypoxanthinephosphoribosyltransferase(HPRl), 129,
168
Hypoxia, fetal, 248
I
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, 287
Illness, sperm and, 90, 94
Imipramine, 292
Immuneassays, 164, 165, 187 - 188, 191, 192 - 193
Immunoglobulin, 22, 72
Immunology, reproductive, 101 - 104,215 - 222,pg. 217,
274, 306 307
Immunopharmacology, 222
Immunoradiometric assays, 189 - 190. fQ. 19O
Immunoreact~ve hPRL, 230
Immunotherapy, 221 - 222, 261
Implantation, 7, 8 - 10,218 - 219,221,223,224 - 225,226,
~!7, Z8, 230, 233-234, 237-239,Jig. 238, 256 261
INDEX
Infertility, see Fertility
Inhibin, 53 - 54, 57, 184
Inhibitors, antigen-antibody reaction, 210217
Inositol, 70, 73
Insulin growth factor (IGF), 233, 236, 239, 257, 258
Interferon, 257
Interleukin, 257
Internal dose, 17, 18, 19 - 20, 21, 25, 30
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 13
International Commission for Protection Against
Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens, 129
Interstitium, 47, 143, 220
Intrauterine device, 191
Introns, 129
Inversion tests, 112, 113 - 114
In vitro fertilization/embryo transfer (IVF/ET), 179,
219, 221, 223, [g. 224, 230
Ionizing radiation, see Radiation
IQ, 12, 284, 287, 294, 298, 300, 301
Iron, 298
Isoniazid, 287
Isotretinoin, 75, 207
Isozymes, testicular, 57 - 58
J
Japan, 266, 267
K
Kalldcreins, 81
Karyotyping, 22, 211, 257, 260
Keratin, 224, 236, 298
Kernicterus, 270
Kidney function, 21, 74, 249, 267, 270, 271
Klinefelter's syndrome, 43
L
Labioscrotal folds, 151
Labor, MBP and, 221
Laboratory analyses, 40, 83
Lactase deficiency, 177
Lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDHC4), 57, 59, 138
Lactation, 267
Lactoferrin, 106
Lactogens. See Placental lactogens
Laminin, 229, 259
Lanthanide chelates, 195
LDHC4, see Lactate dehydrogenase C4
Lead
and abnormal reproduct~ve outcome, 129
blood, 285, 297, 305
bone, 298, 299, 305
OCR for page 389
INDEX
hair, 298, 305
markers of exposure to, 16, 25, 50, 85 - 86,177, 249,
253, 283, 285, 287, 293-295, 297-302, 303, 305
and neurodevelopment, 5, 11 - 12, 21, 43, 44, 285, 283,
286 - 288, 293, 294, 295, 297 - 302
and sperm abnormalities, 87 - 88, 99
tooth, 298, 305
Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio, 244
Lectins, 306
Leptotene, 56
Leukocyte antigens, human (hLA), 215, 217, 218, 219,
260
Leydig cells, 44, 47, 49 - 52, 59, 61, 104, 143
LH, see Luteinizing hormone
Limbs, development of, 274
Limiting membrane, neural tube, 274
Lipids, 66 - 67, 68 - 70, 98, 229, 249, 273
Lipophilic compounds, 267
Lipoproteins, 257
Lithium, 242
"Litogens," 242
Littre's glands, 77
Liver function, 54, 181, 245, 268, 270, 271, 312
Lumen, prostate, 79
Lumen, uterine, 185
Luminal fluid
epididymal, 63, 64, 67 - 68, 69 - 71, 72, 73, 74
uterine, 180, 185
Lung cancer, 268
Lung maturity, fetal, 241, 244, 261, 262
Lupus, 261
Luteal phase, ovarian, 155 - 157, 177 - 184, 185, 202
Luteinization, 157 - 158
Luteinizing hormone (LH), 52, 182, 202, 304 - 305
as age-related marker, 173, 177
in early pregnancy detection, 194
and hCG assays, 188
and Leydig cell function, 49, 50
in ovarian cycle, 21, 152,pg. 153, 157 - 158,159, 160
Luteolysis, 158, 183, 186
Luteotropin, 229, 230, 238, 259
Lymph, epididymal, 64
Lymphocytes, 168, 221, 223, 230
in pregnancy, 215 - 218
tests for mutations in, 128
Lymphocytotoxic antibodies, 218 - 219, 220, 261
Lysosomal enzymes, 65
McCarthy Scales, 287
McClintock, Barbara, 116
Macroneurons, 275 - 276
Magnetic resonance imaging MINI), 49, 79, 246, 247,
253, 258, 260, 261, 262, 306, 307
Major basic protein BEEP), 220, 221,
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 219
Mammalian germline WIGS test systems, 107, 109
Manganese, 251
Marijuana, see Cannabis
Maternal-fetal interactions, 219 - 221, 267 - 269
389
Matrix cell layer, neural, 275
MBP, see Major basic protein
Meiosis
cytogenetic analysis of, 139 - 140
in oogenesis, 149 - 150, 167
in spermatogenesis, 58 - 61, 97, 135, 139
Membrane, sperm cell, 94 - 95, 96, 98
Menarche, 152 - 154
Menopausal gonadotropin, human (hMG), 155
Menopause, 159 - 161, 169, 172, 202
Menstrual function, 30, 9~6, 152 - 155,171,177,179 - 186,
200, 201, 202
Mental retardation, 123, 126, 294
Meperidine, 285
Mercury, 222, 242, 243, 244, 249
and cyclic ovarian function, 158
neuromotor effects, 207, 286, 287, 293, 294, 295,
305
in pharmacokinetics, 249 - 250, 251
Mesencephalon, 277
Mesonephric duct, 151
Mesoneurons, 275 - 276
Metabolism, 16, 19, 22, 28, 258, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272,
300
Metalloproteins, 80
Metals, see specific metals
Metencephalon, 275
Methadone, 80, 88
neuromotor effects, 293, 294, 295
Methotrexate, 240
Methyl # chloride, 76
Methylbutylketone, 287
MethylmercuIy, 207, 242
Methylnitrosourea, 76
Met;~yl~phenyl~tetlabydropyridine (MPIP), 12, 169 - 170,
177, 285 - 286, 307
Mice
DNA in, 59, 60, 62, 167, 233
epididymis in, 74, 75
estrous cycles in, 169, 171, fig. 172
fertilization and pregnancy in, 86, 103 - 104, 219,
227-228, 235, 236, 237
mutagen~posed, 42, 90, 107 - 118, 127, 139, 145, 166,
167
neural development, 274, 275, 276, 278
oopyte loss, tog. 161
oogenesis in, 8, 204
ovulatory cycle length, fig. 154
procedures for detecting transmitted mutations in,
111
sperm in, 52,54,55,56,57, 59,86, 89,90,92, 93 - 94,
97, 101 - 103, 140
Microneurons, 275 - 276, 303 - 304
radiation and, 282 - 283
Micronuclei, 109 - 110, 140, 167 - 168
Micropuncture, 69, 70
Microtubules, TGC, 238
Minor physical anomalies (MPA), 12, 284
OCR for page 390
390
Mitogens, 51
Mitosis
in neural development, 275 - 277
oogonial, 149 - 150
spermatogonial, 135
trophoblast, 232
Mixed-~mphopyte-culture (MLC)
reactions, 216, 218, 219, 220, 222
Molecular binding, 110
Molecular target sites, mutagen, 115 - 116
Monkeys, 54, 55, 177, 202, 294
Monocytes, 305
Mononucleosis, 44
Monoxygenases, 250
Morphogenesis, central nervous system, 273 - 274
"Morphogenetic cell death," 273
Morphometry, 257
Motor function, 287
Motor neurons, 275 - 276
MP1T, see Magnetic resonance imaging
., ~
mRNA, 6061, 224, 237
Mucoproteins, 80
Mullerian duct, 54, 150, 200201
Milllerian-inhibiting substance (MuIS), 53 - 54, 201
Mumps, 44, 172
Murine leukemia virus (MuLV), 116
Muscle tone, in neurobehavioral evaluation, 292
Muscular contractions, 67, 94
Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne-type, 119, 12, 211
Mutant proteins, 124 - 126
Mutations, see Genetic damage and heritable mutations
Myelencephalon, 275
Myelin development, 286
Myometrium, uterine, 180, 181, 183, 228
National Bureau of Standards, 25
National Center for Health Statistics, 195, 202
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 13
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,
2, 17
National Institute of Health, 242
Neonatal abstinence syndrome, 293
Nephrosis, 244
Netherlands, 177
Neural epithelium, 274 - 275, 284
Neural tube defects (NTD), 5, 17, 244, 311 - 312,pg. 313,
315-316
Neuroblasts, 273, 275 - 276, 282
Neurochemistry, 276 - 279, 284 - 286, 300307
Neurodevelopment, see Brain; Central nervous system
Neuroendocr~ne function, 15~154, 169 - 170, 185, 304 306
Neuroimmunologic markers, 304 - 306
Neuroleukins, 306
Neuromodulators, 276
Neurons, nonmitotic, 273
Neurotransmitters, 180, 276, 277, 278, 290
Newborns, markers in, 270 - 272, 290, 292
n-hexane, 286, 287
Nitrogen, 44
INDEX
Nondisjunction, 111, 114 - 115,117, 150
Nonmammalian germline (NMG) test systems, 107, 108
Nonradioactive hCG detection, 192 - 193
Norepinephrine, 67, 117, 279, 290, 291
Nuclear chromatin, 97 - 98
Nucleic acid, 229
Nucleotides, 59, 60, 130132, 133, {g. 135, 165, 212
Nueropathy, 44
o
O6-guanine adduct, 165, 166
Olfacto~y bulb, 276
Oligonucleotides, 59, 212
Oligospermia, 45, 85, 89, 90
One-dimensional denaturing gel electrophoresis, 133,
[g. 134
Oocytes,pg. 151
aneuploidy in, 8, 167, 198
fertilization of, 96 - 97,159, 179, 206
genetic damage in, 8, 107 - 119, 121, 144 145, 197 - 198
and menopause, 160, [g. 161
in ovarian pycle, 155 - 157
ovarian stock of, {g. 150, 172
toxicants and, 120, 144 - 145,160, 164 - 165,170
see also Ovaries
Opiates, 260, 305
Optic newe development, 275
Oral cavity development, 151, 274
Organ chemiluminescence, 49
Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development, 25
Organogenesis, 9 - 10, 241 - 244, 261
Ornithine carbamoyltransferase, 117
Orthogonal radiographs, 78
Osteoporosis, 160, 198
Ovaries
cyclic function of, 8, 21, 155 - 159,177, 179 - 186,200,
201, 202
hormonal changes in, 151 - 152,pig. 152
maturation of, 151 - 155,170
oogenesis, 149 - 150,197
steroid hormone production, 152, 155
storage, 29
toxicity markers of, 181, 182, 183
see also Oocytes
Oviduct, 221
Oxygen, 287
Oxygenation, fetal, 207, 208
O'ytocin, 51, 246
p
Pachytene spermatocytes, 59, 60
Palate development, 274
Pap smear, 89, 181
OCR for page 391
INDEX
Paramagnetic ions, 246, 249, 251, 262
Parathyroid hormones, 70
Parkinson's disease, 169 - 170, 174, 285, 306
Pathogens, 89
PBB, see Polybrominated biphenyls
PCB, see Polychlorinated biphenyls
Penile size, 44
Peptides, 128, 305
fetal, 206, 208
neuroactive, 277
ovarian regulatory, 180, 182
teste~produced, 51 - 52, 98
trophoblast, 233, 235
see also Placental loctogens
Peripheral neuropathies, 270
Peripheral serum, 184
Peritoneal fluid, 180, 181
Pesticides, 24, 98, 158
Pharmacodynamic markers, 265 - 274
Pharmacokinetic markers, 247 - 251, 265, 266 - 267
Phenobarbital, 242, 268, 270, 271
Phenylalanine, 117
Phenylketonuria, 16, 117; 212
Phenytoin, 249, 252, 253, 289
neuromotor effects, 293, 294, 295
Pheromones, 170
Phosphatase, 80, 257
Phosphocholine, 70
Phosphodiesterases, 277
Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), 57, 59
Phospholipids, 241, 244
Phosphorus, 70, 75
Phosphorylation, 280
Photomicrography, 99
Physiologic atresia, 150
Physiologic damage markers, 6 - 7,39 - 40, 46, 83 - 105,
142-144
Phytoestrogen, 163, 178
Pigs, 223, 237
Pituitary gland, 181, 207, 304
female, development of, 151 - 152
fetal, 208
hormones, 155, 182, 193, 277
Placenta
establishment of, 206, 229, 230, 233
and fetus, 209, 243, 256, 262
hCG production, 187
hormones, 209, 234 236
pharmacodynamics of, 269 - 270
pharmacokinetics of, 248, 251 - 252, 256
xenobiotic metabolization, 247, 249, 250, 251
Placental lactogens (PL), 234 - 235, 237, 239
human (hPL), 209, 239, 257, 259, 260, 261
Plasma growth factors, 258
Platelets, 307
pol~racrylamide gel electrophoresis, 66, 126, 262
Poh~rbrominated biphenyls (PBB), 268, 287
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), 15, 16, 24, 166, 266,
391
268~270
and estrogen, 158
neuromotor effects, 293, 294, 295
Polycystic ovary syndrome, 185
Polydysplastic epidermolysis bullosa, 220
Polypeptide hormones, 206, 208, 233
POMC. See Pro-opiomelanocortin
Population studies, implementation of biologic markers
in, 28~29
Porphyria, 268
Positron emission tomography (PE1), 306
Post-coital test, 96
Potassium, 70, 227
Predictive value of markers, 17, 22 - 24, 313 - 316
Pregnancy
cell biology of, 223 - 240
drug exposure during, 242, 290
hCG as marker of, 7, 158, 187 - 195, 223, 240, 257,
259, 260, 261
hormone production and, 158
immunology of, 215 - 222
loss, tests to determine markers of, 218 - 219
maIkers of, 9 - 11,3~31, kg. 33,85, 187 - 195, 205 - 262
normal development of, 20~209, 215 - 218
pharmacodynamics, 267 - 270
pharmacokinetics, 247 - 251
proteins, 208, 239 - 240, 256 - 257, 259, 261, 262
See also Conception; Fertili~tion; Fetus; Implantation
Pregnancy-associated factors (PAF), 238, 239 - 240
Premature sexual maturity, 16
Premenstrual molimina, 180
Preputial glands, 77
Primary inductive stimulus, 274
Principal cells, epididymal, 71
Progesterone, 177, 182, 257
as age-related marker, 173
in decidualization, 229
in earl~r pregnancy, 224 - 225,227 - 228,229, 230, 234
in ovarian cycle, 157 - 158, 159, 160, 183 - 184
regulation, 259
Progestin-associated endometrial protein (PEP), 182,
185
Progestins, 186, 187
Prolactin, human (hPRL), 64, 173, 182, 237, 305
in epididymal function, 74 - 75
and thelarche, 155
uterine, 182, 185, 230, 256, 260
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), 51 - 52, 208
Propranolol, 44, 242
Prostaglandins, 68, 76, 180, 182
Prostate gland, 44, 77 - 81
Protamines, 59, 60, 97, 110, 116, 138, 139
Proteins
cytoskeletal, 236
in decidualization, 229 - 230
endometrial, 185
in epidi~mis, 66, 68, 70 - 71
major basic (MBP), 22~221
OCR for page 392
392
mutant, 124 - 126
in neurotransmission, 277
pregnancy, 208, 212, 239 - 240,256 - 257,259,261,262
seminal, 8081, 101, 104
sperm, 57 - 58, 61, 66, 72, 99, 104, 120, 121, 138
synthesis, fig. 58
testicular, 50, 53, 57, 59 - 62, 103
uterine-secreted, 182, 185, 226 228
see also specific proteins
Protoporphynn, 25
Psychologic disorders, 43, 44
Psychometric intelligence, 287
Psychosexual orientation, 151
Puberty
female, 150, 153 - 157, 170 - 171, 201
male, 43, 44
and metabolism, 271
Puerto Rico, 16, 155
Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), 132 - 133
Purkinje cells, 276, 282
Pyruvate kinase, 117
Q
Quality and quantity of data, 27 - 28, 248
R
Rabbits, 54, 55, 57, 74, 80, 109, 188, 202
Radiation, 84, 85, 88
cell damage and mutation, 41, 44, 108, 126, 135,
140, 166
early menopause and, 172
markers to detect, fig. 91, 281 - 283
neurochemical effects of, 11 - 12, 281 - 283
sperm and, 90, 93 - 94, 135
Radiographs, 78, 128
Radioimmunoassays (RIA), 101, 188, 189, 212, 238
Radiotherapy, 142
Rapid-eye-movement sleep, 290
Rats
conception and pregnancy, fib. 231, 233, 237
female reproductive function, 153, 159, 169, 171, 202,
227-228, 235
male reproductive function, 51, 53, 54 - 55,65,67,75,
80 81
mutagen exposed, 42, 109, 153 - 154,281 - 283,290 296
neural development, 274, 276
neurotoxicant exposed, 173 - 174, 175
steroidogenesis, 234
testosterone in, 201
Recessive lethal mutations, 112
Recombinant-DNA technology, 88, 101, 104 - 105,237,
240, 259, 260
Red blood cells, 127, 128 - 129, 168, 307
Research
INDEX
causal inferences in, 301 - 302
female reproductive function, 198 - 202, 253 - 262
on genetic toxicity, 115 - 118, 144 146
on germ cell markers, 57 - 62
male reproductive function, 49, 51 - 54,8~8,98 - 104,
142 - 144
on neurodevelopmental markers, 303 - 307
validation of markers, 23 - 26, 147
Reserpine, 173, 242, 290
Restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP),
129-130,pg. 131, 145, 212
Retina, 275
Retinoblastoma, 211
Retinoic acid, 75
Retinoids, 207
Retinol, 75, 257
Retrograde ejaculation, 44, 45
Ribonuclease cleavage, 130 - 132
Rice oil, PC~contaminated, 266, 267, 269
Risk assessment, 2027
RNA, 22, 29, 47, {g. 58, 60 61, 62, 104, 132, 143, 145,
212, see also in RNA
in mutation detection, 130 - 132, 133
in neurotransmission, 277
synthesis of, {g. 58
trophoblast, 233
Rosette-inhibition assay, 193
Rubella, 242
S
Salicylates, 242
Saliva, as marker, 51, 180, 184, 193
Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test, 164
Sandwich assays, hCG, 189 - 190
Schizophrenics, 284, 306
Schwann cells, 286
Scrotal temperature, 85, 90, 94
Seashore Rhythm Test, 287
Sebaceous glands, 270
Selection of markers, principles of
batteries of biologic markers, 2
biologic considerations, 22
ethical issues, 23
practical limitations, 22—23
Selenium, 161
Semen
analysis, 69, 83, 85 - 87, 139 - 140
cohort studies with, 85 - 86
composition of, 74, 79 - 81, 84, 88 - 89, 98, 102 - 104
frozen, 195
immunologic reagents for studies of, 101 - 104
in infertility evaluation, 45 - 46
nonsperm cells in, 88 - 89
reproductive health markers, 6, 80, 83 - 105, 98,
136 - 140, 143-145
research on, 98 - 105, 145 - 146
OCR for page 393
INDEX
see also Sperm
Semenogelin, 104
Seminal vesicles, 77, 78, 79, 80
Seminiferous epithelium, 56, 87, 89, 93, 94
Seminiferous tubules, 47, 52 - 62
Sensitivity of markers, 2:}24, 25, 300 301, 313, 314, 315,
316
Sensorimotor development, 291, 292
Sensory dysfunctions, prenatal dog exposure and, 290295
Sentinel phenotypes, 122, 123, 124, 126
Serotonin, 117, 279, 290, 291
Sertoli cells, 47, 52, 53 - 54, 56, 65, 73, 74, 104, 143
Sex-chromosome loss, 111, 114
Sexual behavior, 175, 180, 293
S=ualdifferentiation, recommenced research on, 198 - 201
Sheep, 161, 235, 237, 245
Short-term memory, 287
Sialic acid, 70, 194
Sickle-cell anemia, 212
Sister-chromatid exchange (SCE), 109 - 110, 166, 213
Skeletal defects, 116
Skeletal measurements, 44, 243
Skin
fetal, 245
neonatal, 270 - 271, 292
in pregnancy, 268
Smoking. See Cigarette smoking
Social behavior, 287 - 288
Sodium, 70
Somatic cells, 52, 59, 107, 108 - 109,127 - 129,140, 145,
165, 167 - 168
Somatomammotropin, human chorionic (hCS), 209, 235
Somatomedins, 51, 53, 257
Somatosenso~y evoked potentials, 286
Specificity of markers, 23 24, 25 26, 300 301, 313—314,
315, 316
Specific-locus mutations, 11~112, 138, 166, 167, 168
Spectroscopy, 253
Speech and language function, 287
Sperm
agglutination, 97
androgens and, 73 - 74
aneuploidy detection in, 139
antibodies, 97, 101~104, 138
aplasia, 42
automated measurements of, 98 - 100
concentration, 45, 48, [g. 49, 50, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94
cytogenetics of, 137
Recondensation of, fig. 138
double F bodies in, 98
epididymis and, 55, 63 - 76, 79, 89, 92, 102
function and structure, 30, 65 - 69,86 - 105,110, 206
genetic damage, 41, 107 - 118, 120, 121, 124, 127,
135-140, 143-145
motility, 45, 48,pg. 49,6069,84,85, 86, 94 - 96, 9~99
nuclei of, 97 - 98
number, 89 - 92
production, 6, 49, 54 - 62, 67, 89 - 94, 100, 101, 103
393
proteins in, 57 - 58, 61, 66, 72, 99, 120, 121, 138
quantitative structure analysis, 99 - 100
reserves, 64, 67, 69, 76
and semen constituents, 80, 85 - 86, 88, 89
and Sertoli cells, 53
storage, 29
unejaculated, 72
see also Semen; and entries immediately following
Spermatids, 5057, 58, 59, 60, 140
Spermatogenesis, 44, 47, fig. 48, 53, tg. ss, 57, 58
cytogenetic analysis in, 135, 139 - 140
immunologic reagents for studies of, 101 - 104
recombinant-DNA study of, 104 105
semen-based markers of, 86 - 88, 143 - 144
species differences in, 55
synapsis in, 117
toxicants and, 52, 54 - 55, 62
See also Germ cells; Stem cells
Spermatogonia, 47, 48, 52, 54 - 55, 59, 61 - 62, 89, 135
Spermine, 80
Spermiogenesis, 47, 59 - 61
Spermiopha~y, epididymal, 72
Sphingomyelin, 241, 244
Spina bifida, 10, 311 - 312, 315 - 316
Spinal cord, 275 - 276, 278, 291
Spiral arteries, 220, 261
Spironolactone, 181 - 182
Spleen, 168
Stage specificity, in irradiation studies, 281 - 282
Standardized fertility ratio (SFR), 85
Startle reflex, 290291
Stellate cells, microneuronal, 282
Stem cells, 87, 89
DNA probes, 61 - 62
mutagen-exposed, 108 - 109, 127, 136, 145
renewal of, 47, 54, 56, 93
Stereologic imaging, 50, 53, 56, 79
Steroid hormones
biosynthesis and metabolism of, 75, 271
in conception and pregnancy, 206, 208 209, 220225,
229 - 230, 234 - 236,fig. 234, 256, 259, 260
female reproductive, lS1 - 152, 155 - 160, 169, 170,
173, 180, 182, 184
male reproductive, 5052, 64, 70, 72, 75 - 77, 83
trophic, 277
trophoblast, 234, 237, 261
see also specific hone ones
Steroidogenesis, 51 - 52, 180, 183, 185, 234, 237
Stress, 153, 170, 181, 201
Stromal cells, 79, 181
uterine, 224, 225, 227, 228~230, 235, 301
Subcutaneous fat, 267
Substance P. 305
Subtractive hybridization, 132, 145
Suicide survivors, 127
Sulfhyd~yls, 76
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Acts, 16
Susceptibility, markers of, 2, 3, 18, 22, 300
OCR for page 394
394
Synapses, 273, 270277
Synapsis, spermatogenic, 117
Syncytiotrophoblast, 209, 220, 231, 237, 259
and pregnancy hormones, 187, 2375 238, 239, 240
Syngamy, 232
T
Tachycardia, 245
Tarwan, 266, 267, 269
T4 antigen, 306
TCDD (tetrachlorod~enzo~dia'an), 257, 268, 269, 270,
271.
T cells, 305, 306
Teeth, 298, 305
Tel en ceph al o n , 275
Teratospermia, 85
Testis
blood barrier, 72
lead content, 297
marked of, 43, 44, 45 46, 47~2, 67, 135 - 136, 142 - 143
recommended research on, 142 - 143
size, 44, 4049
temperature and, 85, 90, 94
weight, 4049, 55
Testi~specif~c proteins (IP), 6061
Testosterone, 57, 182, 202, 257
and epididymal function, 64, 70, 73 - 74, 75
fetal production, 187
and hypothalamus development, 201, 202
production, 43, 44, 49 - 52
testicular, 47
and trophoblast, 234
Testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (I~BG), 54
Tetracycline, 45, 267
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), 117
Thalidomide, 9, 80, 207, 242
Theca, 157, 181, 183
Thelarche, 155, 17~171
I hiazides, 242
Thiocyanate, 269
Thioguanine, 168
Thynune, 132
Thymus, 215, 220
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, 51
TLX antigens, 210220, 222, 224, 256, 260
Token Test, 287
Tonometer readings, testicular, 48
Totipotency, 232
Toxicants
age-related effects, 8, 169 - 177, 199 - 200, 201, 202
animal-to-human extrapolation, see Animal studies
and cognitive function, 293 - 295
DNA as marker of, see DNA
environmental and occupational, 19, 26, 40 - 42,
85-86,90,94,97,104,107,127,149,158,162,179,
183, 186, 266 267, 297
exposure and effect markers, 2,3, 18, 19 - 23,87 - 88,
fig. 91, 145 - 146, 212-213, 247-251, 255 - 262,
266~267, 297 - 299, 300 301
female reproductive, 30, fig. 32, 149 - 202
and fetal development, see Embryo; Fetus
and genetic damage, 97 - 98,107 - 118,140, 211 - 212,
see Genetic damage and heritable mutations
long-term tissue and cell storage in analysis of, 29
male accessory sex organs and, 64, 70, 72, 77 - 81,143
male reproductive, 29 - 30,pg. 31, 39 - 146
neurodevelopmental, 30,{& 34,173 - 176,177,2~307
national data base for, proposed, 202
and nonconcept*e menstrual cycles, 179 - 186
and ovarian function, 150159, 160162, 164, 179,
182 - 183, 185 - 186, 198
pregnancy, 9 - 11, 3031,pg. 33, 85, 181, 187 - 195,
and puberty, 43, 153 - 154
in semen, 6, 80, 83 - 105, 136 - 140
sperm and, 52, 54 - 55,56,63,90,93 - 94,95,10~104
and testicular function, 49, 50, 51, 53
transgenerational effects, 170
Toxicokinetics, 22, 29, 249
Toxicology, reproductive, 4 - 6, 19, 31 - 32, 88, [g. 91,
198-202, 253-262
Transcobalamin, 257
Transferrin, 53 - 54, 71, 257
Trichloroethylene, 286
Tnmethyl phosphate, 107
Triploidy, 244
TRIS, 45
Trisomy, 124, 125, 246
Trophectoderm, 225, 231 - 234, 235, 236, 257, 259
Trophoblast, 209, 226, 248
antigens, 215 - 222, 224, 258, 259
early development of, 206, 229, 230
endocnne function, 236
giant cells (TGC), 225, 231, 233 234 - 236, 259
hormone production and synthesis, 237, 261
immunology in pregnancy, 217 - 220
implantation, 225, 237 - 240, 256, 259 - 261
markers of, 231 - 237
Trophoblast-lymphocyte-cros~reactive(lI"X)antigens,
218-219, 220, 222, 256, 260
TIgptophan, 277 - 278
Tubular obstruction, post-testicular, 89
Tubulin, 236
Turner's syndrome, 152, 169
Twins, 17~177, 270, 312, 315
Two-dimensional denaturing gel electrophoresis, 126,
133-135, 262
Tyrosine, 117, 277 - 278
U
Ulcerative colitis, 44
Ultrasonography, 10, 22, 49, 79, 142, 213, 241
fetal diagnostic uses, 206, 243 - 244, 245 - 246, 260,
OCR for page 395
INDEX
261-262, 315
prostate measurement with, 78
Umbilical blood, 244, 249, 256, 260, 271
U.K Collaborative Study, 316
U.S. Congress, 16
U.S. Department of Energy, 129
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2, 2S, 27, 29,
255
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 255
Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), 110, 166
Urethra, 63
Urethral (Littre's) glands, 77, 79, 80
Urine
male hormone measurements in, 51
as neurochemical marker, 2~285, 298, 305
as pregnancy and ovulation maker, 180,184,187 - 195,
fig. 19o,pg. 191
progesterone concentration in, 184
Urogenital ridge, 150
Uterotubular junction, 94, 100
Uterus
development of, 150, 151, 170
in early pregnancy, 224 - 231
epithelial cells, 225,pg. 226, 228, 229, 231, 233, 259
interstitial tissues, 222
luminal fluid, 180, 185
stromal cells, 224, 225, fig. 227, 228 - 230, 231, 235
V
Vagina, 255, 256
in early pregnancy, 230 - 231
embryologic development of, 150, 151
as menstrual cycle marker, 180, 181, 182, 184
tumors of, 207
Validation of markers
animal models, 24
criteria for, 40, 145, 185 - 186, 311 - 316
markers of specific exposures, 25 - 26
quality assurance, 2~25
sensitivity and specificity, 23 - 24
uses, 24
Valproate, 10
Vancocele, 72
395
Vas deferens, 63, 65, 72, 77, 79, 92
Vasectomy, 72
Vasography, 89
Vasopressin, 67
Ventral wall defects, 312, 315
Viability, sperm, 96
Vibration sense, 287
Vi de omi orography, 69 , 99
vimentin, 229
Vincrist in e, 28 7
Viral infections, 44, 90, 169
Viscosity, semen, 88
Visual impairments, 283 - 284, 286, 287, 294
Vitamin A, 75, 283
Vitamin D, 64, 70, 75
Von Economo's disease, 169
W
Warfarin, 242
Wastewater treatment chemicals, 127
Wechsler Intelligence Scales, 287
Weight loss, in pregnancy, 268
White blood cells, 88, 127 - 128
WISC-R test, 287
World Health Organization, 13
World War II, 177
X
Xenobiotics, see Tomcants
X-ray fluorescence of bone, 298, 299, 305
Xylene, 286
A
y
Y-chromosomal aneuploidy, 98
YFF' test, 98, 139
z
Zinc, 80
Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), 298
Zona pellucida, 94, 9~97, 100, 103, 198
Zygotes, cytogenetic analysis of, 111, 115
OCR for page 396
Representative terms from entire chapter:
reproductive function
