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OCR for page 131
APPENDIX A: SOME NOTES OF FURTHER METHODOLOG] CAL RESEARCH
An empirical application of Schein's model of organizational culture
poses a number of methodological problems. First, the research is
required to develop a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the
artifacts of the organization.24 Second, a fairly intimate
acquaintance with a number of members of the organization representing
its various subgroups is needed in order to understand their views
beliefs, and values. Finally, interpreting basic assumptions requires
that the researcher be in a position to interpret matters that are not
easily accessible to most member -- they are unconscious, tacit, or
unarticulated. All require context sensitive first hand involvement.
In other words, qualitative research is called for.
In our view, two types of qualitative research address the
methodological problems posed by the theoretical framework: clinical
and ethnographic study. The former is outlined in detail in Schein
(1985). In essence, the researchers engage in a form of action-
research where the problems and the research process are jointly
defined with "the client. n The purpose is to help the client solve
practical problems. In the course of such research the researchers
periodically visit the organization and may engage in extensive
individual and group interviews, as well as offer the client
organizational feedback. The feedback analysis process generates more
data for research. One possible tool for cultural diagnosis in the
context of such study is the "Cultural Diagnosis Questionnaire" outline
24. In this short discussion of research methodology we will
refer all level of analysis (military, regimental, or cohort group
etc.) to a generic name -- organization.
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OCR for page 132
by Schein t1985).
Ethnographic study has a different emphasis. In it, the researcher
takes a passive observational role that is typically more extended and
is often based on participant-observation. Ideally, the researcher
joins the organization for long period of time. The purpose it to
collect data in order to write a comprehensive description of the
culture, or aspects of it. Feedback and intervention do not typically
occur in the course of the study, and the outcome from the
organization's point of view is a final report. Comparative study is
possible: for example, two units might be studied simultaneously.
The two approaches have different advantages. Clinical research
is usually less Labor intensive." It is suited to a managerial or a
command perspective, and allows a focus on specific managerial
practical dilemmas. When properly done, it is often experienced as
helpful by members of the organization. Ethnographic research requires
heavier time commitments. A period of at last eight months of
observation is recommended. This type of research tend to focus on the
lower levels of organization, with an emphasis on description and
analysis of the everyday life of members. It allows the researcher to
witness events that might be crucial in understanding "what is really
going on." Some combination of both types of research might be
possible.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
client organizational
