| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 34
emerge from these areas should be tested for their applicability
to more complex, nonexclusively tex~based tasks, such as graph-
ics design, tactical decision making, project planning and tracking,
and data base query. It is likely that the complexity of these tasks,
in which the user is almost never doing a task that ~ well-learned,
requires the user to use mental modets and to try out actions
never used before. These may be ideal domains in which to test
notions of the use of mental modem, the productive interaction
of sequence/method representations and mental models, and the
involvement of general problem-solving skills, reasoning, and deci-
· -
slon ma ~lng.
RE1?E:RENCES
Adelson, B. (1981) Problem solving and the development of abstract cate-
gories in programming languages. Memory and Cograhon, 9, 422-433.
Ausubel, D. P. (1960) The use of advance organizers in the learning and
retention of meaningful verbal material. Journal of Educational Psychology,
51, 267-272.
Barnard, P. J., Hammond, N. V., Morton, J., Long, J. B., and Clark, I.
A. (1981) Consistency and compatibility in human-computer dialogue.
International Journal of MamMackinc Stucco, 15, 87-134.
Baron, S., and Levison, W. H. (1980) The optimal control model: Status
and future direction. Procecdinge of IEEE Confcrcnec on Cybernetics and
Society. Cambridge, MA.
Bayman, P., and Mayer, R. E. (1984) Instructional manipulation of users'
mental models for electronic calculators. Inicrnational Journal of Man-
Machnc Studies, 20, 189-199.
Bewley, W. L., Roberts, T. L., Schroit, D., and Verplank, W. L. (1983)
Human factors testing of Xerox's 8010 "Stark Office Workstation. Pro-
cecdinge of the 198S CHI Confcrcnec on H?=nan Factors in Computing. New
York: Association of Computing Machinery.
Black, J. B., and Sebrechts, M. M. (1981) Facilitating human-computer
communication. Applied Peycholingu~tic~, 2, 87-134.
Bott, R. (1979) A study in complex learning: Theory and methodology.
Report 82. Center for Human Information Processing, University of
California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
Burton, R. B. (1981) DEBUGGY: Diagnosing bugs in a simple procedural
skill. In D. H. Sleeman and J. S. Brown (eds.), Intciligent laboring
Systems. London: Academic Press.
Card, S. K., KIoran, T. P., and Newell, A. (1980a) Computer text editing:
An information processing analysis of a routine cognitive skill. Cogrutivc
Psychology, 12, 32-74.
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., and Newell, A. (1980b) The keystroke level model
for user performance time with interactive systems. Communicahons of
the ACM, 23, 396-410.
34
OCR for page 35
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., and Newell, A. (1983) 17`c Psychology of Human-
Compu;tcr Interaction. Hill~dale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Carroll, J. M., and Carrithers, C. t1984] training wheels in a user interface.
Communica~one of the ACM, 27, 800-806.
Carroll, J. M., and Mack, R. L. (1985) Metaphor, computing systems, and
active learning. Intcrna~onal Journal of Man-Machinc Stucco, 22, 39-57.
Carroll, J. M., and Thomas, J. C. (1982) Metaphor and the cognitive
representation of computing systems. IEEE lFaneactione on Systcr~u,
Man, and Cybernetics SMC-12, 107-116.
Chase, W. G., and Simon, H. A. (1973) Perception in chess. Cognitive
Psychology, 4, 55-81.
Coomb~, C. H. (1964) A Theory of Data. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Davis, R. (1982) Expert systems: Where are we? And, where do we go from
here? 17~c AI Magazine, Spring, 3-22.
Douglas, S. A., and Moran, T. P. (1983) Learning text editor semantics
by analogy. Proceedings of the 1988 CHI Confcrcnec on Human Factors in
Computing. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
. , ~ . .
Dreyfus, H. (1955) Dca*ning for Pcopic. New York: Simon & Schuster.
DuBoulay, B., O'Shea, T., and Monk, J. (1981) The black box inside the glass
box: Presenting computing concepts to novices. Ir~crnational Journal of
MamMachinc Stucco, 14, 237-249.
Dunsmore, H. E. (1986) ~ formal grammar approach to human factors
research. Technical Report 623, Department of Computer Science,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Egan, D. E., and Schwartz, B. J. (1979) Chunking in recall of symbolic
drawings. Memory and Cognihon, 7, 149-158.
Ehrlich, K., and Soloway, E. (1984) An empirical investigation of the tacit
plan knowledge in programming. In J. Thomas and M. Schneider (eds.),
Human Factors in-Computing Systems. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Embley, D. W., Lan, N. T., Leinbaugh, D. W., and Nagy, G. (1978) A
procedure for predicting program editor performance from the users
point of view. Int-crnational Journal of Man-Machinc Studies, 10, 639-650.
Fodor, J. A., Bever, T. G., and Garrett, M. F. (1974) The Psychology of
Languagc. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Foley, L. J., and Williges, R. C. (1982) User models of text editing command
languages. Human Factors in Computer Systems Proceedings. Washington,
DC: National Bureau of Standards.
Foss, D. J., Rosson, M. B., and Smith, P. L. (1982) Reducing manual labor:
Aneexperimental analysis of learning aids for a texteditor. Human Factors
in Computer Systems Proceedings. Washington, DC: National Bureau of
Standards.
Galambos, J. A., Sebrechts, M. M., Wikler, E. S., and Black, J. B. (1985) A
diagrammatic language for instruction of a menu-based word processing
system. In S. Williams (ed.), Humans and Machines: The Interface Through
Languagc. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Gomez, L. M., Egan, D. E., Wheeler, E. A., Sharma, D. K., and Gruchacz, A.
M. (1983) How interface design determines who has difficulty learning
to use a text editor. Pp. 176-179 in Procec~r~gs of the 1988 CHI Cor~fcrcr~cc
on Human Factors in Computing. New York: Association of Computing
Machinery.
35
OCR for page 36
Gould, J. D., and Boies9 S. J. (1983) Human factors challenges in creating
a principal support office system-the speech filing approach. AC7M
Ihnsachone on Otficc Information Systenu, 1, 273-298.
Halasz, F., and Moran, T. P. (1982) Analogy considered harmful. Human Fac-
tor~ in Computer Systc~ru Proceedings. Washington, DC: National Bureau
of Standards.
Hilgard, E. R., and Bower, G. H. (1975) Theories of Learning. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Jagacinski, R. J., and Miller, R. A. (1978) Describing the human operator's
internal model of a dynamic system. Human Factors, 20, 425-433.
Jagacinski, R. J., Plamondon, B. D., and Miller, R. A. (in press) Describing
movement at two levels of abstraction. In P. A. Hancock (ed.), Human
Factors Psychology. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Jenkins, J. J. (1974) Remember that old theory of memory? Well, forget it!
American P~ychologut, 29, 785-795.
Kieras, D. E., and Bovair, S. (1984) The role of a mental model in learning
to operate a device. Cognitive Scicnec, 8, 255-274.
Kieras, D. E., and Bovair, S. (1986) A production system analysis of transfer
of training. Journal of Memory and Language, 25, 507-524.
Kieras, D. E., and Polson, P. G. (1983~. A generalized transition network rep-
resentation for interactive systems. Pp. 103-106. Proceedings of the 1988
CHI Confcrcnec on Human Factors in Computing. New York: Association
of Computing Machinery.
Kieras, D. E., and Polson, P. G. (1985) An approach to the formal analysis of
user complexity. International Journal of Man-Machinc Stucco, 22,365-394.
Kraut, R. E., Hanson, S. J., and Farber, J. M. (1983) Command use and
interface design. Proceedings of the 19~ CNI Confcrcnec on Human Factors
in Computing. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
I`andauer, T. K., Galotti, K. M., and Hartwell, S. (1983) Natural command
names and initial learning: A study of text-editing terms. Commuruca-
tions of the Association of Computing Machinery, 26, 495-503.
Landauer, T. K., Galotti, K. M., and Hartwell, S. (1984) What makes a
difference when? Comments on Grudin and Bernard. Human Factors,
26~4), 423-429.
Lewis, C. (1986) A model of mental model construction. Procecdings of the 1986
CHI Cor~crcnec on Human Factors in Computing. New York: Association
of Computing Machinery.
Mack, R. L., Lewis, C. H., and Carroll, J. M. (1983) Learning to use
word processors: Problems and prospects. ACM Transactions on Office
Inforrna~or' Syetcrru, 1, 254-271.
Mantel, M. (1982) Di~oricntabon Behavior in Pcrson-Computcr Inicraction. Un-
published PhD dissertation. Department of Communication, University
of Southern California.
Mayer, R. E. (1976) Some conditions of meaningful learning for computer
programming: Advance organizers and subject control of frame order.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 725-734.
Mayer, R. E. (1980) Elaboration techniques for technical text: An exper-
imental test of the learning strategy hypothesis. Journal of Educational
Psychology, 72, 770-784.
Mayer, R. E. (1981) The psychology of how novices learn computer program-
ming. (prompting S?`rucys, 13, 121-141.
36
OCR for page 37
Mayer, R. E., and Bayman, P. (1981) Psychology of calculator languages: A
framework for describing differences in users' knowledge. Communications
of the ACM, 24, 511-520.
McKeithen, K. B., Reitman, J. S., Rueter, H. H., and Hirtle, S. C. (1981)
Knowledge organization and skill differences in computer programming.
Cognitive Psychology, 13, 307-325.
Miller, G. A. (1962) Some psychological studies of grammar. American
Psychologist, 17, 748-762.
Miller, R. A. (1985) A systems approach to modeling discrete control perfor-
mance. In W. B. Rouse ted.), Aduanec~ in Man-Machinc Sy~tcr~u Research,
Volume 2. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Moran, T. P. (1981) The command language grammar: A representation for
the user interface of interaction computer systems. International Journal
of Man-Machinc Studsc* 15, 3-50.
Moran, T. P. (1983) Getting into a system: External-internal task mapping
analysis. Pp. 45-49 in Proceedings of the 1988 CHI Confcrcnec on Human
Factors in Computing. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
Morgan, C., Williams, G., and Lemmons, P. (1983) An interview with Wayne
Rosing, Bruce Daniels, and Larry Tesler. BYTE, February, 33-50.
Newell, A., and Simon, H. A. (1972) Human Problem Solving. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Norman, D. A. (1983) Some observations on mental models. In D. Gentner
and A. Stevens (eds.), Mental Model`. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Olson, J. Reitman (1987) Cognitive analysis of people's use of software. In
J. Carroll (ed.), Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computcr
Interaction. Cambridge, MA: Bradley Book/MIT Press.
Olson, J. Reitman, and E. Nilsen (1988) Cognitive analysis of people's use
of spreadsheet software Technical Report. Human-Computcr Interaction,
1988, in press.
Olson, J. Reitman, Whitten, W. B., II, and Gruenenfelder, T. M. (1984)
- A general user interface for creating and displaying tree-structures,
hierarchies, decision trees, and nested menus. In Y. Vassiliou (ed.),
Huron Factors and Inicractivc Computer Systems. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Payne, S. J., and Green, T. R. G. (1983) The user's perception of the
interaction language: A two-level model. Proceedings of the 1988 CHI
Confcrcnec on Human Factors in Computing. New York: Association of
Computing Machinery.
Pew, R. W., and Baron, S. (1983) Perspectives on human performance
modeling. Automatics, 19, 663-676.
Polson, P. G., and Kieras, D. E. (1984~. A formal description of user's
knowledge of how to operate at device and user complexity. Behavior
Research Methods, Instrument, and Computers, 16, 249-255.
Polson, P. G., and Kieras, D. E. (1985) A quantitative model of the learning
and performance of text editing knowledge. Proceedings of the 1985 CHI
Conference on Human Factors in Computing. New York: Association of
Computing Machinery.
Polson, P. G., Muncher, E., and Engelbeck, G. (1986) A test of a common
elements theory of transfer. Proceedings of the 1986 CHI Conicrcncc on
Human Factors in Computing. New York: Association of Computing
Machinery.
37
OCR for page 38
Postman, L., and Stark, K. (1969) Role of response availability in transfer
and interference. Journal of E~pcnmcnta' Psychology, 79, 168-177.
Rasmussen, J. (1983) Skills, rules, and knowledge: Signals, signs, and
symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models. IEEE
lEan~actione on Softens, Man, and Cy~c~nctic* SMC-13, 257-266.
Reisner, P. (1981) Formal grammar and human factors design of an inter-
active graphics system. IEEE lEaneactions of Software Enginecring~ SE-7,
229-240.
Reisner, P. (1983) Analytic tools for human factors software. In A. Blaser
and M. Zoeppritz (eds.), En~U~cr Systcrru and Their Human Factors.
Proceedings of the scientific symposium conducted on the occasion of
the 15th anniversary of the Science Center Heidelberg of IBM Germany,
in G. Coos and J. Hartmanis (eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science,
Series No. 15(:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Reisner, P. (1984) Formal grammar as a tool for analyzing ease of use: Some
fundamental concepts. P. 53 in J. Thomas and M. Schneider (eds.),
Human Factors in Computing Sy~tenu. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Reitman, J. S. (1976) Skilled perception in Go: Deducing memory structures
from inter-response times. Cogrutinc Psychology, 8, 336-377.
Reitman, J. S., and Rueter, H. H. (1980) Organization revealed by recall
orders and confirmed by pauses. Cogrutioc Psychology, 12, 554-581.
Robertson, S. R. (1983) Goal, Plan, and Outcome lFacking in Compu;tcr Tc~t-
Editing Pcrformanec. Cognitive Science Technical Report 25. Yale Uni-
versity, New Haven, CT.
Rosson, M. B. (1983) Patterns of experience in text editing. Pp. 171-175
in Procecdings of the 1988 CHI Confcrcnec on Neiman Factors in Computing.
New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
Rouse, W. B., and Morris, N. M. (1986) On looking into the black box:
Prospects and limits in the search for mental models. Psychological
Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 3, pp. 349-363.
Rumelhart, D. E., and Norman, D. A. (1981) Analogical processes in learning.
In J. R. Anderson ted.), Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition. Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum.
Rumelhart, D. E., and Norman, D. A. (1982) Simulating a skilled typist: A
study of skilled cognitive-motor performance. Cogrutinc Scicnec, 6, 1-36.
Scandura, A. M., Lowerre, G. F., Veneski, J., and Scandura, J. M. (1976)
Using electronic calculators with elementary children. Educational Tech
nology, 16, 14-18.
Schlager, M. S., and Ogden, W. C. (1986) A cognitive model of database
querying: A tool for novice instruction. Proceedings of the 1986 CHI
Cor~crcnec on Human Factors in Computing. New York: Association of
Computing Machinery.
Shepard, R. N., Romney, A. K., and Nerlove, S. B. (1972) Multidimensional
Scaling: Theory and Applications in the Behavioral Scicncca. New York:
Seminar Press.
Sheridan, T. B., Charny, L., Mendel, M. B., and Roseborough, J. B. (1986)
Supervisory Control, Mental Models, and Decision Aids. MIT Depart-
ment of Mechanical Engineering Technical Report, July. Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
Shiffrin, R. M., and Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human
information processing. Psychological Rctnew, 84, 127-190.
38
OCR for page 39
Shneiderman, B. (1980) Software Psychology: Human Factors of Computer and
Inforrnahon Systems. Cambridge: Winthrop.
Shneiderman, G. (1982) Multiparty grammars and related features for defin-
ing interactive systems. IEEE lFan~actions on Systems, Man, and Cyber-
nctic~, SMC-12, 2.
Shrager, J., and Klahr, D. (1983) Learning in an instructionless environment:
Observation and analysis. Proceedings of the 1988 CHI Confcrcnec on Human
Factors in Computing. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
Smelcer, J. B. (1986) Expertise in data modeling or what is inside the head of
an expert data modeler? Proceedings of the 1986 CHI Confcrcnec on Human
Factors in Computing. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
Thomas, J. C., and Carroll, J. M. (1981) Human factors in communication.
IBM Sy~tcrru Journal, 20, 237-263.
Veldhuyzen, W., and Stassen, H. G. (1976) The internal models: What does
it mean in human control. In T. B. Sheridan and G. Johannsen (eds.),
Morutoring Behavior and Supervisory Control. New York: Plenum.
Whiteside, J., and Wixon, D. (1984) Developmental theory as a framework
for studying human-computer interaction. In H. R. Hartson ted.),
Advanecs in Human-Computcr Interaction. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Wittrock, M. C. (1974) Learning as a generative process. Educational Psy-
chology, 11, 87-95.
Wright, P., and Bason, G. (1982) Detour routes to usability: A comparison
of alternative approaches to multipurpose software design. Intcrr~ational
Journal of Man-Machinc Studies, 18, 391-400.
Young, R. M. (1981) The machine inside the machine: Users' models of
pocket calculators. International Journal of Man-Machinc Studies, 15, 51-85.
Young, R. M. (1983) Surrogates and mappings: Two kinds of conceptual
models for interactive devices. In D. Gentner and A. Stevens (eds.),
Mental Models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
39
OCR for page 40
Representative terms from entire chapter:
chi confcrcnec