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OCR for page R1
Ergonomic Models of
Anthropometry, Human
Biomechanics, and
Operator-Equipment
Interfaces
Proceedings of a Workshop
Karl H.E. Kroemer, Stover H. Snook,
Susan K. Meadows, and Stanley Deutsch, editors
Thomas B. Sheridan, Chair
Committee on Human Factors
Committee on Human Factors
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
National Research Council
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils
of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were
chosen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to
procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society
of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon
the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has
a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical
matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers.
It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with
the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy
of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of
Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions In the
examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts
under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional
charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to
identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president
of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences
in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy'
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are
chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This work relates to Department of the Navy Grant N00014-85-G-0093 issued by the
Once of Naval Research under Contract Authority NO 196-167. However, the content
does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the Government, and no official
endorsement should be inferred.
The United States Government has at least a royalty-free, nonexclusive and ir-
revocable license throughout the world for government purposes to publish, translate
reproduce, deliver, perform, dispose of, and to authorize others so as to do, all or any
portion of this work.
Available from
Committee on Human Factors
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of America
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WORKSHOP ON INT1:G"TED ERGONOMIC MODELING
KARL H.E. KROEMER (Cochair), Department of Industrial
Engineering and Operations Research, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University
STOVER H. SNOOK (Cochair), Hopkinton Research Center,
Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Hopkinton,
Massachusetts
M.M. AYOUB, Ergonomics Institute, Texas Technical University
ALVAH C. BITTNER, JR., Analytics, Inc., Willow Grove,
Pennsylvania
BENJAMIN CUMMINGS, U.S. Army Human Engineering
Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland
NEVILLE HOGAN, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
INTS KALEPS, Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical
Research Laboratory, U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base, Ohio
ALBERT I. KING, Bioengineering Center, Wayne State
University
JAMES L. LEWIS, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
WILLIAM S. MARRAS, Department of Industrial and Systems
Engineering, Ohio State University
HUGO W. McCAULEY, Crew Systems Design, Northrop
Aircraft Division, Hawthorne, California
JOHN T. McCONVILLE, Anthropology Research Project, Inc.,
Yellow Springs, Ohio
JOE W. McDANIEL, Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical
Research Laboratory, U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base, Ohio
ALBERT B. SCHULTZ, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Michigan
HOWARD W. STOUDT, Department of Community Health
Science, Michigan State University
STANI,EY DEUTSCH, Workshop Organizer
SUSAN K. MEADOWS, Research Associate
ELIZABETH F. NElLSEN, Staff Assistant
·.e
111
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COMMITTEE ON HUMAN FACTORS
THOMAS B. SHERIDAN (Chair), Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
NANCY S. ANDERSON, Department of Psychology, University
of Maryland
CLYDE H. COOMBS, Department of Psychology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor
JEROME I. ELKIND, Information Systems, XEROX
Corporation, Palo Alto, California
OSCAR GRUSKY, Department of Sociology, University of
California, Los Angeles
ROBERT M. GUTON, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green
State University
DOUGLAS H. HARRIS, Anacapa Sciences, Santa Barbara,
California
JULIAN HOCHBERG, Department of Psychology, Columbia
University
THOMAS K. LANDAUER, Information Sciences Division, Bell
Communication Research, Morristown, New Jersey
JUDITH REITMAN OLSON, Graduate School of Business
Administration, University of Michigan
RICHARD W. PEW, Experimental Psychology Department,
Computer and Information Sciences Division, Bolt Beranek
and Newman I,aboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts
STOVER H. SNOOK, Hopkinton Research Center, Liberty
Mutual Insurance Company, Hopkinton, Massachusetts
CHRISTOPHER I. WICKENS, Aviation Research Institute,
University of Illinois
ROBERT C. WILLIGES, Department of Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University
HAROLD P. VAN COTT, Study Director
STANLEY DEUTSCH, Study Director (1984-1987)
1V
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Foreword
The Committee on Human Factors was established in October
1980 by the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and
Education of the National Research Council. The committee is
sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office
of Scientific Research, the Army Research Institute for the Be-
havioral and Social Sciences, the National Aeronautics ant! Space
Administration, and the National Science Foundation. The prin-
cipal objectives of the committee are to provide new perspectives
on theoretical and methodological issues, to identify basic research
needed to expand and strengthen the scientific basis of human fac-
tors, and to attract scientists both within and outside the field for
interactive communication and to perform needed research. The
goal of the committee is to provide a solid foundation of research
as a base on whim effective human factors practices can build.
Human factors issues arise in every domain in which humans
interact with the products of a technological society. In order to
perform its role effectively, the committee draws on experts from
a wide range of scientific and engineering disciplines. Members of
the committee include specialists in such fields as psychology, en-
g~neering, biomechanics, physiology, medicine, cognitive sciences,
machine intelligence, computer sciences, sociology, education, and
human factors engineering. Other disciplines are represented in
the working groups, workshops, and symposia. Each of these
contributes to the basic data, theory, and methods required to
improve the scientific basis of human factors.
v
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Contents
PREFACE
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ANTHROPOMETRIC MODELS
The Anthropometric Data Base, 4
Anthropometric Computer Models, t!
Three-Dimensional Anthropometry, 13
Discussion, 16
3 BIOMECHANICAL MODELS ......... 19
History of Biomechanical Models, 20
Review of Biomechanical Modem, 22
Models of Bones, 25
Models of Single Joints, 26
Models of the Hip and Knee Joints, 26
Models of Joints of the Upper Extrenuty, 28
Models of Intervertebral Joints, 28
Models of Multiple Body Segments and
the Whole Body, 29
Models of Fingers and the Thumb, 29
Models of the I,ower Extremities, 30
Models of the Spinal Column, 32
Models of the Thorax, 32
Models of the Whole Body, 33
Discussion, 33
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·.
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4 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE MODELS
BOEMAN, 45 :
Computerized Accommodated Percentage Evaluation
(CAPE) Model, 46
Crewstation Assessment of Reach (CAR) Model, 46
System for Aiding Man-Machine Interaction
Evaluation (SAMMIE), 51
Articulated Total Body (ATB) Model, 53
Computerized Biomechanical Man-Mode}
(COMBIMAN), 55
CREW CHIEF, 58
PLAID and TEMPOS, 60
Discussion, 64
GENERAL DISCUSSION 68
Conclusions, 68
Requirements, 69
Criteria for the Development of an Integrated
Model, 69
Standardization, 71
Approaches to the Development of an Integrated Model, 71
Supermode} Approach, 72
Modular Approach, 72
Data Requirements, 73
Analysis of Muscle and Joint Dynamics, 78
Body Segments and Effects of Trauma, 79
Bone and Link Dynamics, 79
Motivation and Fatigue, 80
6 RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
-43
REFERENCES ......
·..
V111
.81
85
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TABLES
TABLE 2-1 Military Data Contained in the AAMRL
Anthropometric Data Bank 6
TABLE 2-2 U.S. Civilian Population Data Contained in the
AAMRL Anthropometric Data Bank 7
TABLE ~1 Biomechanical Models 34
TABLE ~1 Early Interface Mode} Characteristics 44
TABLE ~2 Comparison of Interface Models 65
TABLE 5-1 Data Requirements of Potential SERDS Users 70
TABLE 5-2 System Components for a CAD Approach
to the Design of Manual Workspaces 76
FIGURES
FIGURE 2-1 Typical univariate descriptors of body size
FIGURE 2-2 Head and face measurements
FIGURE 2-3 Segmented human and mode!
FIGURE 2-4 Stereo camera array
FIGURE 2-5 "Terrain maps of the human body
FIGURE 2-6 Anatomical axis system for the head segment
FIGURE 4-1 CAR Link-person mode}
FIGURE 4-2 CAR three-dimensional anthropometrically
variable crew member
FIGURE 4-3 Example of a SAMMIE geometrical mode]
FIGURE 4-4 COMBIMAN man-mode]
FIGURE 5-1 Graphic display of integrated ergonomic
modeling system
FIGURE 5-2 System structure for an integrated
computer-aided workspace design system
1X
9
10
12
14
15
16
48
50
52
56
74
75
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Preface
In the prospectus for the workshop, co-chairman Kroemer de-
scribed three major classes of models: anthropometric, represen-
tations of static body geometry such as body dimensions, reach,
position of the body and/or its parts, posture; biomechanical, rep-
resentations of physical activities of the body in motion, using an-
thropometric data as inputs; and interface, specific combinations
of anthropometric and biomechanical models for representations
of human-machine interactions. These models can all contribute
to the system design process. Their integration into a compre-
hensive ergonomic mode] of the human operator could provide a
valuable too! for researchers, designers, and program planners.
Consequently, the Committee on Human Factors convened a
two-day workshop on June 17 and 18, 1985, in Washington, D.C.,
to assess the feasibility of developing an integrated ergonomic
mode! and, if deemed feasible, to determine how to approach
its development. The specific objectives of the workshop were to
(1) assess the usefulness of current anthropometric, biomechanical,
and interface models; (2) identify critical points of compatibility
and disparity among these models; (3) review the feasibility of
using these existing models in the development of an integrated
ergonomic model; and (4) if feasible, recommend a research ap-
proach to the development of an integrated ergonomic model,
including studies needed for each of the three major classes of
models to provide a basis for an integrated ergonomic model.
~ ~ J ~ ~
X1
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Fifteen experts in anthropometry, biomechanics, bioengineer-
ing, work physiology, human factors engineering, psychomotor per-
formance, computer modeling, and system design and operation
participated in the workshop. Background papers were provided
in advance for each of the three modeling domains: anthropomet-
ric, biomechanical, and interface. In addition, the participants
prepared brief position papers for distribution prior to the work-
shop. These background and position papers, workshop delibera-
tions, and follow-up materials constitute the basic elements of this
project report.
The audience for this report consists primarily of those pro-
fessionals concerned with ergonomic modeling and system design,
both within and outside the human factors community, including
those involved in research, training, engineering, system develop-
ment and acquisition, operations, programming, and maintenance.
We thank the workshop members for their prodigious efforts.
We also express our gratitude to a number of persons who con-
tributed extensive additional information following the workshop:
Albert I. King and William S. Marras for their research and compi-
lation of the section on biomechanical models, an outstanding table
of biomechanical models, and their contributions to development
of research needs for biomechanical models; John T. McConville,
for his preparation of the section on anthropometric models and
for formulating research needs for anthropometric models; Alvah
C. Bittner, Jr., who provided much of the information on the
BOEMAN, CAPE, and CAR mode} sections; Joe W. McDaniel,
for providing information for the sections on COMBIMAN and
CREW CHIEF; and to James L. Lewis, Jeri W. Brown, and
Barbara J. Woolford, who provided the discussion of the PLAID-
TEMPUS model.
A note of special appreciation is extended to Stanley Deutsch,
the former committee study director, who worked with us to plan
and organize the workshop, participated in the meeting, and con-
tributed to the editing of this report; Susan K. Meadows, a major
editor of this report who augmented, coordinated, and integrated
the workshop proceedings into a report format; Michael K. Hayes,
freelance editor, who improved the clarity and style of the final
report; and Margaret A. Cheng, the committee's former admin-
istrative secretary, who provided secretarial and administrative
support.
Karl H.E. Kroemer and Stover H. Snook, Cochairs
Workshop on Integrated Ergonomic Models
·.
X11
