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Human Factors in Automated and Robotic Space Systems: Proceedings of a Symposium (1987)
Board on Human-Systems Integration (BOHSI)

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. "Concluding Remarks by Allen Newell." Human Factors in Automated and Robotic Space Systems: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1987.

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Page
455
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Page
455
Front Matter (R1-R14)
Symposium Summary (1-10)
Opening Session (11-12)
Welcome (13-14)
Introduction (15-16)
Keynote Address: Human Factors Research for the NASA Space Station (17-28)
Session I: System Productivity: People and Machines (29-30)
Productivity in the Space Station (31-81)
Discussion: Comments on System Productivity: People and Machines (82-86)
Synopsis of General Audience Discussion (87-88)
Session II: Expert Systems and Their Use (89-90)
AI Systems in the Space Station (91-112)
Expert Systems: Applications in Space (113-141)
Discussion: Comments on Expert Systems and Their Use (142-146)
Synopsis of General Audience Discussion (147-148)
Session III: Language and Displays for Human-Computer Interaction (149-150)
Change in Human-Computer Interfaces on the Space Station: Why it Needs to Happen and How to Plan for It (151-175)
Cognitive Factors in the Design and Development of Software in the Space Station (176-200)
Discussion: Designing for the Face of the Future: Research Issues in Human-Computer Interaction (201-207)
Synopsis of General Audience Discussion (208-208)
Session IV: Computer-Aided Monitoring and Decision Making (209-210)
Robustness and Transparency in Intelligent Systems (211-233)
Decision Making-Aided and Unaided (234-262)
Discussion: Issues in Design and Uncertainty (263-274)
Synopsis of General Audience Discussion (275-276)
Session V: Telepresence and Supervisory Control (277-278)
Teleoperation, Telepresence, and Telorobotics: Research Needs for Space (279-291)
Telerobotics for the Evolving Space Station: Research Needs and Outstanding Problems (292-319)
Discussion: Comments on Telepresence and Supervisory Control (320-322)
Synopsis of General Audience Discussion (323-326)
Session VI: Social Factors in Productivity and Performance (327-328)
Social Stress, Computer-Mediated Communication Systems, and Human Productivity in Space Stations: A Research Agenda (329-355)
Control, Conflict, and Crisis Management in the Space Station (356-389)
Discussion: Conflict and Stress in the Space Station (390-401)
Synopsis of General Audience Discussion (402-402)
Session VII: The Human Role in Space Systems (403-404)
The Roles of Humans and Machines in Space (405-417)
Sharing Cognitive Tasks Between People and Computers in Space Systems (418-443)
Discussion: Comments on the Human Role in Space Systems (444-450)
Synopsis of General Audience Discussion (451-452)
Conclusion (453-454)
Concluding Remarks by Allen Newell (455-456)
Concluding Remarks by Thomas B. Sheridan (457-462)
Appendix: Symposium Program (463-464)

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OCR for page 455
CCHcuJD~x; I; Allen N~1 view, three major issues erode fmn this sy~osi~ml: l. The rewire of AI arm tactics. 2. the rem ~ consider the human ads of off AI-P~;ic ~- 3. The po~cential b~efits of incorporating the social sciences ~nto the AI-~ic r~ effort. ding AI arm rustics appears to be sc~methi~ that Ned has aireaC3~r identified as an important issue. It is, In fact, one of the great Neck tasks In this part of the scientific world. With the Urging of AI ark rustics, AI will finally cam to deal, rook just with ~ symbolic world, but Iffy interactions with Space (the Apace of ~ ~ ~' ' ~-~~ physical devils, three local c~ns~ons, not SASS alter space): movement, real tore, carmliar~, etc.. ~ _ ~ _ ~ a__ ~ This will radically change the field of. AI. It ~ a big step/ and its trucks will depend upon de~relc,?ing a real understanding of tile rmture of inteilig~. Once AT and rcibotics are welded together, the concerrs for the human ads of Off systems must be addressed along with the concerns for the AI-r~tic aspects. Here are three distinct reasons for coining b~havioral/coc~nitive science and AT/~ science In a single reseat prearm. First, the field of cognitive science including ~ihysiolog~i~ and near behavior, not just cognitive behavior provide major clack- about developing effective AT-r~otic systems. Se~nd, He combination ~11 allay resealers to address the Urns about human~ter interaction fewer scared Natives. Bird, In order to evaluate the performers of automatic devil=, math more ~= to be 1~ But Lyman function in the ta~ks-to-b~autcmat~. Nan performance can be used as a metric of AI-r~botic performance. Finally, a move by NA5A tweeds the dial sciences, to incorporate then Onto an AI-r~30tic~tive science repeal program, would be very important In Em long run. An area that Bald benefit from such a combination is cc nication~haw pe—le ~~ the technology to =nicate and interact winch that technology and with each other. In 455

OCR for page 456
456 this reman], the h~nan~uter mteractian field is Firstly taking tentative sips to fine Ash Arm socially and ~mm~nication orient. Det me erg winch a remark al universi~r r~ efforts. Ibe Universities, at this Ant, are In an Ply pliant state with respect to Peeping cooperative efforts with ~1 agerx:ies. "Pliant", ~ this ~text, means Cat they are exploring, ~ a historic way, hcx~ to live with ~ creeper involvement with the industrial, = ial arx] govern sectors. The ideal of the ivy Par seems far away index, although the its of indeper~er~ and objectivity, remain solidly in place. He are real ~porhmities for PA to build it's reseat program; an ways that will benefit both NO arm the universities involved. ~ benefi~cs can be Errs Frau long rare, Operative research programs established In acnjunctioa' with place= like universities. A ten to fifteen year ~ ~ati~hip between NA5A and a university might be ~ to yield important divides beyond the actual reseat a~lished. the university hers cone autcmatic.~lly to thinly In terms of NASA arx1 it's problems Den developing (or ~i~) Fir awn relearn programs. Graduate scents, raised In the N=A~ient~ reseal ~virorment, will have an ingrains Porn for NO problems and are likely to make a career of d-~1 ing with those TV; of problems. These ants, that not the stuff At of which reseal conducts can be made, can be of the highest importance to efforts such as inhabiting apace that stretch At inn the far future. . . _.

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distinct reasons