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CONC[IJD~G A;
Thomas Sheridan
the first thing I want to do is thank He Beakers. We really
appreciate the efforts ycu have put in. ~ also chard; Be organizers.
A lot of effort went into getting this together. And ~ Chary Be
participants many useful and interesting cants have Are freon Be
floor. Our job, rear, is to put together a report that mans sense, Is
not self-serving, in terms of 'please, Me, send Are money', kilt says,
in effect, 'look, there are SC=3 really Important reseat issues out
there that are not receiving proper attention'.
~ was taking note;, and saw of ~ rates halve little stars to
indicate important points, for example:
The idea of motoring pysiolc~ica1 state of the cooperator, as
well as Storing the Cuter arm the Panicky state of the
equipment was siesta. It sums to me that amtiTn~ally
assessing the heals of both ~ sc~t~ that we don't Bill
Cite know has to do.
me ~ a rammer of issues relay to the diffi=~1 ties of
deft, arm numbing, system productivit~r. At He very
beginning, Ray Ni~rson, at Fife issues. An Williges
insist that performarx~e ~ a Dative measure.
Bruce Buchanan arm qhc~nas Mitchell tat about the reality of
rK)n-=Il~it-~1 ~a~s -~ · t TV_ A- ~
but scam of us other engineering types haven't parti—dearly
~ ~ 't ~ 't ~ ~ _ ~ _ _ _ ~ __ _ _ _ ~ ~ t_ ~ to ~ _ _ ~
AT people have An this all alarm,
appreciated the Importance or cap mg ~ to t nose non-numer~4,
or qualitative, aspects of time, space, and resources. They
also to ~ ted out the ~rcblems of maintaining expert systems as
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ t _ _ __ ~ ~ A_ ~ _
situations change and new Knowledge becomes available.
Allen Newell characterized the trade-off between knowing versus
seau~thin;, a priori knowledge versus getting new knowledge
(sc~at related to the problem of conceal shirt in
Aerations Death.
Oneness was mentioned Mary times, but we are nat always clam
what As implies.
457
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458
.
We heard at Me difficulties of eliciting (and ache new for a
better ''I:~=ide manner" for eliciting) Pledge for the
cons~cn~ction of ~ system.
We also heard scan questions raised al Angst. I've soaks In
He literature on talc and there "ain't such there". tie row
test AL tra.mpa~ and brat kirk of Ping
vis-a-vis Me relationship between intelligent systems al them
users.
Ail Hayes emphasized the graphical mt~fa~ art how basic float:
~ to the way people see, think, arx! make Davies. Peter
Pollen mention ~ the fact ~ at we are now able ho, as ~ e pilots
say, Hill ourselves ~ th kindness" that is, provide graphic
displays and ''aided that are so complicated that nobody
understands them. This certainly could happen with expert
systems. Randy Davis picked up the same.point when he talked
about designing to make understanding Pier.
Natural language was mentions time and again, but it was also
pointy Ant bat it's no panacea. Blat there may be larl3uages
which are not "naturals, but which are better for certain
applications.
Barubh Fisc~hoff ta~ about the need for barb m~els art the
fact that p ~ pie are not very well calibrated with re ~ t to
ckher people's questions and models of reality.
We talked about the mechanical work, '~E~nipulatian". It also
was pa Stem out that we need better models of (and nctation for)
characterizing the process of manipulation.
Allen Newell suggested that we need a theory of presence. We
know a little bit about the effects of fidelity ~ s;~1ators
from this point of vim, but ~ nob a Ash better ~zsta~i~
of what it mans to feel Spay.
Rdren Codk tallied a}~aIt ~~;ated c~icaticn, which
we are going ~ have one hell of a 1= mare of than we have had
~ the past. We are not going to have situations where peccable
are holding hands; they are going to be separated, and the t'
communication is going to be mediated by computers. Questions
of -caviar stress and contending objectives are going to be
aggravated or, at least, changed by computer mediated
communication and by all this "non-human expertise'' that's
floating arcing.
In the last "P-C=ion' Dave Akin raised questions about the
paucity of our human performance date and what people can
do relative to what machines can do. Harry WoLbers picked up on
the same point.
OCR for page 459
459
And, finally, a lovely notion, I think, made by Bill Star buck is
the importance of being playful and deviant.
Guilio Varsi asked about prioritiz ~ these ideas.
_ e ~ e ~ |
That takes a
great deed of wisdom but we will try-.
There is a further comment that eshOuld be made. MESA he= been
extremely cautious about avoiding the risk of errors in space,
especially when human life is concerned. This caution is vary
la~=ry. here human safer is not an issue, however, there can be
mare risk Caking with respect to such arms as budgetary
considerations, Ding of egpiEment, and shim= on ache allocation of
functions between people and au~nation/robotics to drive ache best mix
teas ~ an sap ~ ica~ evidence.
We have seen the evidence of this symposium that the computer
scientists and the behavioral and human factors scientists can arrive
at a common ground. We believe that this interface is obvious and
extremely important for mission success based on the best of both
worlds that is superior to either automation or humans used alone.
fact, we don't believe that either one can be used alone sur--csfully
at this time or in the future.
In conclusion, ~ thank you all for trudging through the snow and
sleet anS for your worth while contributions. I'm sure that it has
been useful for all of us.
N=3
]. TAR ideas presented by Professors Newell an] Sheridan :m their
closing remarks were categorized and summarized (along with the
"issues and research recommendations" presented within each paper)
in the section titled "Assumptions, Conclusions and
Recommendations".
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
hill ourselves
