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EN FACTORS IN
PI AND RO~C SPACE SYSTEM:
EXCEEDINGS OF A SY~;I~
Thomas B. Sheridan, Dana S. causer, and
Starkey Deutsch, editors
C=ittee on Human Factors
commission on Behavioral ark Social Sciences and Education
National heat Council
Washington, D. C. 1987
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NICE:: me project that is the subject of this report was approved by the
Ga~rernir~ Board of me Natic~1 P`eseamh pencil, whose namers are drawn frail the
councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Ac:ad~ of ~in~rir~,
anal the Institute of Chicane. me Hers of He committee r~c~s~ble for the
report wee ~ for their Special catheters arrt with rears for appropriate
teal ance.
This report has been reviewed by a gram ether than the abhors aocordi~ to
pi approved by a Report Review remittee consisting of I; of the
National Ac:ader~y of Sciences, the National Acad ~ r of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine.
m e National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating
society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific research, dedicated to the
fur theranoe of science and technology and to their ~~=. for the general welfare.
Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy
has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government an scientific and
technical matters. Dr. Frank Press ~ president of the National Academy of
Sciences.
Ibe National A~3y of Er~ineering was established in 1964, urger the charter of
the National Any of Sciences, as a parallel organizatian of artst~i~
engineers. It is As in its administration and in He selection of its
namers, Sharing with the National Acadia of Sciences the responsibility for
advising the f~eral govern. Ice National Academy of Engineering also Sponsors
er~gineerir~ pa ~ aimed at rn~tir~ national r ~ as, er~a~rages -duration arm
research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M.
White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine OR_ established in 1970 by the National Academy of
Sciences to secure the service" of em ment members of appropriate professions in the
examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. ~ e Institute
acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its
CCngrEsSiQna1 charber to be an adviser to the federal genern=enb and, upon its own
initiative, to identify issues of^mP~ical care, research, and education. Dr. Sequel
0. Trier is president of the institute of Marc ~ .
the National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences
in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the
Aca~emy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.
Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the
Cw nail has Hague the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of
Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
get, He public, AL He scientific and er~ine~ir~ cc~munities. Ice Coil
is a~inis~ jointly by boy Academies and the Institute of Porcine. Dr. Embank
E - ss and Do. Port M. White are chairman are vice chairman, restively, of the
National PA Avail.
Ihis work relax-= to the National As ~nautics and Space i ~ idiot ration ~ ract
Number NASW-4071. However, the content die= not necessary y reflect the position or
the policy of the government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.
He Uhited Statue government has at least a royalty-free, nonexclusive and
irneicc~ble license throughout the world for government purposes to publish,
translate, reprc~uce, deliver, perform, dispose of, and to authorize others so as to
do, all or any portion of ~ is work.
Available from:
Committee" on Human Factors
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
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SAM Sat GAP
WAS B. ~ (=a=), ~r~nt of Er~in~'ing and Applied
Penology arxt Depar~t of Panicle Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Phonology
MAR ~JS~, it of Sociology, University of California, los
telex
ALIEN HEREIN, ~ tar Sci once ~ z ~ nt, ~rnegie-Mbllon Univer~;ity
JUDITH REIIM~N OLSON, Graduate School of Bleariness Administration,
UP versity of Michigan
RDu~hu C. WIILI~, Department of Industrial Eng ~ "=ring and
Operations research, Virginia Polytechnic Institube and State
University
HARRY L. ROBBERS, Space Station Program, McDonnell Douglas
Astronautics Company' HuntingLan Bract, ral ifornia
SERIES ~I, Study Director
~ S. IWSI;~, Project Coordinator/Consultant
BEVERLY M. HUEY, French Associate/Consultant
~TZA8EIEi F. NEATEN, Fcsearch Assistant
}HARE A. Cow;, Administrative Secretary
iii
-
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ME ON }EN FA=ORS
1986-1987
IHC0S B. SHERIDAN (Cha=), Department of Engineering art Applied
Psychology and Depar~t of ~ica1 Engineering, Massachusetts
Instibate of Penology
NANCY S. ANDERSON, Depar~t of Psychology, University of Maryland
CLYDE H. ~ BS, Depar ~ t of Psychology, University of Michigan
JEROME I. EIRIND, Information Systems, Xerox Corporation, Palo Alto,
California
SCAR GRISLY, Department of Sociology, University of California, Los
Angeles
ROBED M. GUION, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State
U~versi~
DoUGLAS H. HARRIS, Anacapa Sciences, Santa Barbara, California
JULIAN HOCK, Department of Psychology, Colombia Uni~rersit~r,
THOMAS K. Lo, Information Sciences Division, Bell ~ication
P~ar=, ~rristawn, Near Jersey
JUDITH IN OISON, Graduate School of Boniness Administration,
University of Michigan
RICHARD W. PEW, ~ rter and Information Sciences Division, Bolt
Beranek and Newman Laboratories, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
STORER H. SNOOK, liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Hcpkinton Research
Center, Hcpkinton, Massachusetts
CHRISTOPHER I. DICKENS, Aviation Resc arc h Institute, University of
Illinois
ROOKS C. WOLLI0F~, Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations
Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State U m versity
HERDED P. VAN CYll, Sway Director
STANLEY DEUTSCH, Study Director (1984-1987)
in
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S~S~ PA;E==PA~;
THOMAS B. SHERIDAN tChalr), Department of Engin^Pring and Applied
Psychology and Department of Mechanics Eng~n^='ing, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
DAVID L. ARIN, Assistant Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ANIAL K. n~lCZY, Telerobot Research Program, Jet Propulsion laboratory,
Pasadena, California
BRUCE G. BUCHANAN, Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford Um versity
RAYMOND S. COLLA CAY, Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
KAREN S. COOK, Department of Sociology, University of Washington
RAN~DAVIS, Associate Professor, SIoanS6hool of Management,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MUCH FISCHHOFF, Department of Er~neerinq and Public Policy,
Carnegie-Me1lon Un~versi~
OSCAR ~SKY, Department of Sociology, Un~versi~r of California, leas
Angeles
PHILIP J. ~YES, Natural Image System, Carnegie Grasp, ~c., and
Carrlegie-Mellon Un~versi~
WILLIAM C. HE, Depar~t of Psychology, Rice Un~versi~
H. ANDREW ~:CHENER, Depar~t of Sociology, University of Wisconsin
THOMAS M. A, Cuter Science Depar~t, Carn~ie-Mellon
UP veracity
ALLEN NEWELL, Computer Science Denartment. r=~ne~ie-Mr~lon University
~ ~ ~ ~ _
RAYMOND S. NICKERSON, Bolt Beranek and Newman Laboratories, Inc.,
Age, Massachusetts
JUDITH REGIMEN OISON, Graduate School of Blueness Administration,
University of Michigan
Flock G. POLS ON, Computer Laboratory for Instruction in Psychologist
Research, University of Colorado
WILLIAM H. STAR3UCK, Depertment of Creative Management, New York
University
LAURENCE STARK, Telerobotics Unit, University of California, P-'kF1ey
ROBERT C. WIT.T.T~F~, Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations
Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
HARRY L. WOLFERS, Manned & Em Systems, Space Station Program,
MeDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, Huntington Parch, c=1ifornla
v
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FO~RD
m e Committ=- on Human Factors was established in October 1980 by the
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education of the
National Research Chancy . It is sponsored by the Office of Naval
Research, the Air For he Office of Scientific Research, the Army
Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Science
Fcun~ation.
me principal Objectives of the committee are to provide new
perspectives on theoretical an] methodological issues, identify basic
research needed to expand and strengthen the scientific basis of human
factors, and to attract scientists both inside and outside the field to
perform needed research. me goal of the committee is to provide a
solid fcundation of research on which effective human factors practices
can build.
In order for the committee to perfo~-~ its role effectively, it draws
on experts fern a wide range of scientific and engineering
disciplines. The committee includes specialists in the fields of
psychology, eng peering, biomechanics, cognitive sciences, machine
intelligence, computer sciences, sociology, and human factors
engineering. Participants in the working groups, workshops, and
symposia organized by the committee represent additional disciplines.
All of these disciplines c~cntribute ~ Me basic Eta, theory, and
mesh== r~r~ to improve the scientific basis of human factors.
V11
;
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Cots
~EFAC:13
S~S~ SPRY
WELD
me B. Sheridan
WONTON
Raymcrxi S. Colladay
OPEN]NG SESSION
KEYNOTE ADDRESS: HEN FACINGS RESEARCH FOR TO NASA
SPACE STATION
Allen N~11
SESSION I: SYSTEM ~I~C3~:V]:TY: PEOPLE AND ~CInNES
DtJCTIV:Ll7Y ~ THE SPACE SILICON
Raymond S. Ni~kerson
DISaJSS7ON: ~ ON SYSTEM ~OUC=V~:
PEOPLE ~ CHINES
Robert C. Williges
SYNOPSIS OF CAL ~JDIIN=: DISCUSSION
SESSION II: EXERT SYSTEMS AND THEIR USE
AI SYSTEM IN 1~: SPACE STATION
Madras M. Mitchell
:r SYSTE0: A:~;CC~ONS IN SPACE
~~= G. Buchanan
DISaJSSION: ~ ON or SYSTEM AND WAR USE
Allen Newell
SYNOPSIS OF CAL AUDIENCE DISCUSSION
ix
xii
1
13
15
17
31
82
87
91
113
142
147
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SESSION ITI: LANGUAGE AD DISPIAYS FOR
H~N~TrER ~NICA1ION
CHANCE IN H~N~ ~ERFACE~ ON TO SPACE SOON:
NEED 10 HAPPEN AND HOW 10 ELAN FOR IT
Philip J. Hayes
m7E FACIORS ~ THE DESIGN AND DEVEIO~NT OF SOEI~RE
TO SPACE Sl~lION
Peter G. Polson
DISCUSSION: DESIRING FOR TO FACE OF TO Ft~
RESEARCH ISSUES IN Ht~N~R INI=ACl~lON
J~;th Rei~an Olson
SYNOPSIS OF CAL AUDIENCE DISCUSSION
.
SESSION Its: -AIDED ENCORING AND DECISION MEG
=13US~ESS AND TRANSPARENCY IN war CYST
R~1 Davis
DECISION MORN—-AIDEI) AND UNAIDED
Baruc~h Fisc}~loff
DISCUSSION: ISSUES IN DESIGN FOR UN~Q
William C. Howell
SYNOPSIS OF GENERAL AUDIENCE: DISCUSSION
SESSION \1: ~ESENC3 AND SUPERVISORY COAL
TE=)PER~ON, PRESENCE, AND TErDRO~CS:
RESET NO FOR SPACE
Tharras B. Sheridan
TE~EO=~; FOR TO EVOLVING; SPACE: S]~CN:
RESEA:E=I NO AND MING FLOES
Thrice Stark
151
176
201
208
211
234
263
275
279
292
DISCUSSION: MOB ON HENCE AND SU~RY COME 320
Antal K. Bejczy
SYNOPSIS OF GENERAL ~JDI:INC:E: DISCUSSION
x
323
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SESSION VI: So Escrow IN DUSTY Am PE~RMANC13
SOCIAL SAWS, ~ER~)L~TE) MUNITION SYSTEMS,
AND AN ~ODUC=VrTY At SPACE: S:~0NS: A RESEPR(X Am
wren S. Cook
CONTROL, CONEIICI, AND CRISIS ~ IN To
SPACE S~ION'S SOCIAL SYSTE2{ (YEAR 2000)
H. Armored Mi~hener
DIS CESSION: =NFII = AND STRESS IN THE SPACE SIAIION
Oscar Grusky
SYNOPSIS OF GENERAL AUDIENCE DISCUSSION
SESSION VII: THE HUMAN ROLE IN SPACE SYSTEMS
THE RATES OF HUMANS AND MACHINES IN SPACE
David L. Akin
SHARING COGNITIVE BASES BETWEEN PEOPLE AND CCYELTERS IN
SPACE SYSTEMS
Wit liar H. Star buck
DISCUSSION: CCMNENTS ON THE HUMAN ROLE IN SPACE SYSTEMS
Harry L. sobers
SYNOPSIS OF GENERAL AUDIENCE DISCUSSION
CONCIllSION
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Allen Newell
00
Comas B. Sheridan
APPENDIX: SYMPOSIUM GRAM
xi
329
356
390
402
405
418
444
451
455
457
463
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PREFACE
A steer Meg grasp formed by the Committee on Human Factors was charged
to identify the types of human factors research that, if funded and
begun immediately, held be likely to produce results applicable to the
evolutionary design of a National Aeronautic and Space Administration
national space station to be launched ~ the l990s. The steering group
was instructed to consider human factors research relevant to such
future space systems as the space station, 1unar bases, and possibly
interplanetary travel. _ _ _, ~ - ~ ~
steering group and is reported in these proceedings, did indeed yield
information applicable to future soace systems.
The svmnosium. which was planned Dv the
In addition, it
provided information and offered insights of potential interest to many
other civilian and military endeavors. It was cur hope that this
potential for transfer WaN1d occur.
I would like to thank the participants in this project for their
time, effort, and contributions to the symposium. Individual authors
accept primary responsibility for each paper and this authorship is
ac - ledged at the beginning of each paper.
Steering group member
deliberated, redried, and contributes ~ improvements In the coning
of each paper. ~ am especially grateful to them for their generous
contribution of time both before arx} afar' the sync osium.
The steering grc up, and the otter principals in the production of
this symposium, received a great bead of guidance and assistance fern
NEST personnel. On behalf of us all, I would like to thank Shiv ~
Mbntemerio and Michael M~Greevy of the Office of Aeronautics and Space
Technology, Richard Carlisle and Bryant Cramer of the Space Station
Office, an] Owen Garriott, astronaut, for their extensive summaries of
the space sedation planning activities bring the initial Ock~ 1985
steering group briefings. Special thanks are also due to Jesse MOOLAH
the director of the Jason Space Center, Joseph Locus, assistant
director, David Nagel freon the Ames Pesear ~ Center, and the many NASA
personnel who participated in the briefings of the steering commit-==
held at the Johnson Space Center.
Finally, thanks are due to the people who have worked behind the
scenes to ensure that the symposium was conducted, and the proceedings
prepared, in an organized and timPly manner. Appreciation is extended
to Stanley Deutsch, study d ~ r at the time of the symposium, for
his contributions to its planning; to Dana Kruser, project coordinator,
xiii
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for her efforts ~ ~ organization are exaction of ~ symposium are
Distance In ~ Diving of this report; to Elizabeth Neilsen,
r~ assistant, for her managerial are logistic sort; to Beverly
Husy, Do also profit logistic support; to Pristine Methane, of the
c~mn;~sian staff, for editorial s ~port; to Margaret C ~ ng, who
provided secretarial resistance in preparation for the symposium; to
Adrian Holtzbhum, for secretarial -distance in preparing this document
for review; and to Martha Seij as, for preparing the document for
publication. I express my sincere thanks to each of these individuals
for their significant contributions
.
Thomas B. Sheridan, ChaLr
Committee on Human Factors
XIV
