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OCR for page 65
APPENDIX
TABULATION OF STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON ~T=-pH-ECOSYS=M
INTERACTIONS FOx SPECIFIC METALS
This appendix contains in tabular form, for each metal considered,
an analysis of what is known and what is not known about the cycling of
metals in ecosystems and their effects on ecosystem components with
specific reference to acidification (Tables A.1 through A.18~.
Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem are included, but wetlands are not
addressed. Questions 1 through 17 of the tables are keyed to the
questions identified in Figure 1.1. A Ire detailed discussion of
these questions appears in Chapter 2.
65
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66
TABLE A. 1 Aluminum
Question Anewer References
1 . Hu~n~Controlled Deposition? No Galloway et al . ( 1982 )
2. Physical/Chemical/Wee-Dry Partly/2do/Partly TanaKe en al. (19Bl) //
Speciation Known? . Jeffries and Snyder (1981)
3. Terrestrial Systea Accumulation? No
4. Leached Terrestrial - Aquatic? Yes Cronan and Schofield (1979) .
NH:C (1981~), Voigt (1980)
5. Terrestrial Snterection with Yes Almer et al. (1978), Cronan
Acidification? and Schofield (1979), Dickson
( 1980 ), Hanson et al . ( 1982 )
6. Terrestrtal Bloevailability/ Yes/No Foy et al. (1918), Volgt
Bloaccuoulatlon? (1980) / Huett Ad canary
(1979), Meredith (1978)
1. Terrestrial Biological Effects? Unknown Andrew and Van Den Berg
(1973), Foy et al. (1918),
Tool inson ( 1983 )
. S - elation in Solution Known? Yes Campbell et al. ( 1983),
or tecoll et al . ( 1980 ),
9. IncreseLng Aquatic Concentration? Yes
10. Aquatic Interaction witty Acidification?
11 . Aquse to Bioeve $1abil ity/Bioaccueulat ion/
Bio~gnif ication/54oxicity?
12. Aquatic Biological Effects?
13 . Sediment Spectation Itnown?
Y..
Y.~/Y.~/~/~
Y..
Yes
14. Readily Recycled from Sedin~ente? Yes
15. Sediment Interaction with Acidification? Yes
16. Sedate Blo.~silability/~toaccueulation? Unknown/Unknown
17. Sediment Biologice1 ~fIecte? Unknown
Florence (1982), Florence and
Betley ( 1980 ), Johnson et al .
(1981)
Cronan and Schofield (1979),
Dickson (1980), Hell et al.
1980), Schindler and Turner
~ 1982 )
Allis works se. Sable 2.8
Burrows (1977), N~:C (1981~) /
Stokes et al. (1983~) /
Er ikeson at al. (1980),
Stokes et al. {1983~), 1~.
Suns, Ontario llintatry of the
Environment. pare. co_.
1982 / Itairer (1980)
Baker and Schof $~1d t 1980),
Bur r owe ( 197? ), Grahn { 1980 ),
Kramer {19B1)
Agemian and Chau (1976.
1977), Bisenreich et al.
(1980), Ma10 (1917)
See Question 15.
Alder at al . ( 19?8 ), Ctonan
and Schof ield t 1979), Dickson
( 1978 ), Hall ee al . ~ 1980),
Hanson at al. ( 1982 ), Johnson
et al. 41981), Schindler et
al . ( 1980s, b )
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67
TABI`E A . 2 Ar sen ic
.
Question An~wer References
1. Hu~n~cortrolled Deposition? yes Galloway et al. (19a2)
2. Physicalfchemical/wet-~ry ;~ ly/Partly/Partly Galloway et al. (19B2) /
Specistion Known? Andrea. (1980) / Galloway et
~ 1. ( 1982 )
3. Terrertris1 System Accumulation? Yes Hvatue ct a1. (1983), NRCC
(1978), R~k and Stcinnes
(1980), Stcinncs (1983)
4. "ached Tertcat: ta1 ~ Aqustic?
5. Terrestr ial Interaction with
Acidif ication?
6. Terrestr ta1 Blonvailability/
Bioaccumulat~on?
7. Terrestria1 Biological Ef fects7
8. Speciation in Solution Known?
9. Sncrearing Aquseic Concentration?
10. Aqustic Interaction wi~h Acidif ication?
11. Aquatic 8ios~ra flab il ity/Bioaccumulation/
B io~gn i f ice t ion/Sox i c i ty ?
12. Aquatic Blologica1 Effecte7
13. Sedi~nt specistion Xnown?
14. Bcadily Rceycled fro~ Sedi~nts?
1S. Sedi~n~c Interaction with Acidification?
Unknown
Unknown
Yes/.fes
Unlcnown
Yce
Vnknown
Unknown
Unknown/unknown,/
Unkno~m/t~der see
Vnknown
Partly
V~known
~o
16 . Sed ~en t ~ ioava i lab 1 1 1 ty/B ioaccumula ~ ion ? Unknown/Unknown
17. Sed~er~t Biological Effecte? Vnknown
N=C ( 1978 ) / K - ley and
Thullen (1971), Plambeck and
Smith (1976), Weleh and
xeeney ( 197 S )
F1Orence ( 1982 ), Florence and
Betley ( 1980 ~
/ Treveray et al. (1975) //
Ke iser (1980 )
NRCC (1978 )
I`rerson et a1. tl980)
Clement and Faust ~ 1981),
Jack~on et a1. 41980),
Schindler et al. (1980e )
r
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68
TABLE A. 3 Beryllium
Queation
1. Human~Controlled Deposition?
2. PhysiCal/Che~ical/Wet-Dry
Speciation Known?
3 . Ter ~ estr lal Systee Accumulat ion?
4. Leacbed Terrestria1 ~ Aquatic?
S. Terrestris1 Interaction with
Acidif ication?
6 . Terrestr ial Sioevailabil ity/
Bioaccu~ulation?
7 . Terrestr is1 8iologica1 Ef fecte?
B. Speciation ~n Solution Itnown?
9. Iner easing Aquatic Concentration?
10. Aqustic 2nterection with Acidification?
11. Aqustic Bioavailabil ity/Bioaccuoulation/
Biomagnif ication/Soxicity?
12. Aqustic Biologica1 Ef fecte?
13 . Sed i~nt Spec i~C ion 1tn~n?
14 . Readily Recycled f roe Sedi~nte?
1S . Sedi~nt Interaction with Aeidif ication?
16 . Sedimene Bioavailab il. ity/8 ioaccueulat ion?
17 . Sed~nt Biological Ef fecte?
Anewer
Vnknown
NO/NO/NO
Yes
Unknown
Unknown
Yes/Yes
Unknown
NO
Unknown
Yes
Unknown/unknownj
unknown/Low
Unknown
Par tly
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown/Unknown
Unknown
Re fer ence.
Galloway et al . ( 1982 )
Cannon ( 19 7 5 )
Gr if f ithe et a1. ( 1977 ) /
Griffithe et a1. (1977)
Cannon ( 1975 )
Th i~ ~rk: see Table 2 .8
/,// Ke iser ( 1980 )
popp and Laquer ( 1980 )
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69
TABLE A. 4 Cadmium
_
Question Answer Refcrences
1. Humen~COntrolled Depocition? Yes Galloway et al. tl982)
2. PhysiCal/ctle'~lical/wet-Dry ~_, :'`~/No/Partly Gatz et al. (1984) //
Speciation Kno~rn? Galloway et a1. (1982)
3. Terrcstrial System Accumulation? Yes Hvatum et al. (1983), Rambaek
and Steinnes (1980), Steinnes
(1983 )
4. Leacbed Terrestria1 ~ l~qustic? Yes Fuller et a1. tl976), Tyler
( 1978, 1981)
5. Terr~strial laterection with Unknown Beveridge and Pickering
Acidification? (1980), Ferrah and Picker ing
(1979), Hatton and Picker ing
( 1980 ), Slavek and P icker ing
(1981)
6. TerresCrial llioevailability/ Yes/Yes Hutabinson {1979b), John
Bioaccumulation? (1972) / Hutchinson (1979b)
7. Te:reserial Biological Effects7 Unknown ElutCbinson (1979b), Trayno:
and Itnezak tl9t3 )
8. Speciation in Solution Known? Yes Florence (1982) . Florence and
Betley (1980), Raspor (1980)
9. lncressing Aquatic Concentration? Yes Dickson (1980)
10. Aqustic Interection witt~ ACidif ication? No Engel et al. (1981)
11. Aqustic 8io vail~ility/Bioaccumulation/ Yes/Yes/No/High Xarb et al. (1975) / "non'
Bio~gn if ication/Toxicity? et al . ( 1976 ), Holtz inger
(1977) , Spshar et al. (1978),
It. Suns, Ontario Hinistry of
the Environacnt, pere. co~.,
1982 // Balser (1980)
12. Aquatic Blological Effecte? Unknown Benoit et al. (1976), Free~n
and Sangalang ( 1976 ), Spehar
et al. ( 1918)
13. Sedi~nt Speciation Known? Yes Eisenreicts et al. (1980),
Forstner and Witmann (19B1),
G~brell et al. (1976),
Khal id e t al . ( 198 1 ), Per hac
( 1974 ), Popp and Laquer
( 1980 ), Salonons and Foretner
(1980), Tese~er et al. (1980)
14. Readily Recycled from Sediments? Unknown
15. Sediment Interaction with Acidification? Yes
16 . Sed i~nt B ioeva i lab i 1 i ty/B ioaccu~ulat ion? Unkn~n/Unk n~n
1? . Sedi~nt Biolog ica1 Ef f~ts?
Unknown
Gambrell et al . ( 1976 ),
Khal id ( 1980 ), Ktlal id et al
( 1981), Rendell et al .
( 1980 ), Reuther et al .
(1981), Salomons and mok
(1980)
Reddy and Patr ick ( 1977 ) /
Mathis and Cu~ings (1973)
. —
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70
TABLE A. 5 Cobalt
Question Anewer Re ference.
1. Hu~n~concrolled Deposition? Unknown Galloway ee al. tl982)
2 . Phys ical/Cheeical/W.t-Dry No/No/No
Spec iation Known?
3. Terrestris1 Systee Accumulation? Yes Whitty et al. (1976)
4 . Leached trerrestr is1 ~ t~quatic? Yes FitchRo ( 1974 ), Wn ~tby et al .
(1976)
5. Terrestrle1 Interaction witb Unknown Mahara and Kudo (1981a,b),
Aciditication? McKenzie (1980), O'Connor and
Kester (1975)
6. Terrestris1 8ioavat1 - ility/ Yes/Yes Whitty (1974) / Kut~ota et al.
Bioaccu~ulation? ( 1970 ), Wh itty ( 1974 )
7 . Terrestr ia1 Biological Effecte? Unkno~,n
8. Speciation in Solution Known? Partly Florence (1982), Florence and
Betley ( 1980 )
9. Increasing Aquatic Concentration? Yes Whitby (1974)
10. Aquatic Snteraction with Acidification? Yes Jeckson et a1. (1980),
Sch indler et al . t 1980a
11. Aquatic Bloevailability/~ioaccumulation/ Un~nown/Unknown/ /// Xaiser tl980)
Bio~gnif ication,/Toxicity? No/Moderate
12. Aquatic 8tological Effects? Vnkn~n
13. Sed~nt Speciation Known? yes Forstner and Witemann (1981),
Gibbe (1977), Perbac (1974),
Popp and "quer ( 1980 ),
Sch~ll and Foratner (1979),
Shu~n et al. (1978)
14. - edily Recycled fro. Sedi~nte? Vnknown
15. Sed~ne Interection with Acidification? Yes
16. Sedi~nt 8toevatIabllity/8toaccumulation? Unknoarn/Unknown
17. Sed~nt 8tological Eff~te? Unknown
Jackson et al . ( 1980 ), Mabara
and Xudo ( 198 1a , b), O 'Cor~nor
and ItesCer (19751, R.utber et
a1. (1981), Schindler et a1.
( 1980e )
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71
TABLE A. 6 Copper
Question Answer Re£erences
1. Human-controll" Deposition? Yes Galloway et al. (1982)
2. Pnysical/chemical/wet-Dry .,`Lly/No/Partly Gatz et al. (}984}, Tanaka et
Speci.~:on Known? . al. (1981) // Gallo~ay et al.
( 1980 ), Jef fr ies ana Snyder
(1981)
3. Terrestrial Syste~o Accumulation? Yes
. "ached Terrestr is1 · Aquatic?
5 . Serrestr ial Interaction with
Ac id i f icat ion?
6. Terrestrial Bioevailability/
a ioacc~ulat ion?
7. Terrestria1 Biological Effect~? Yes
B. Specistion in Solut~on Known? Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes/Yes
9. Increasing Aqustic Concentration? Unknown
10. Aqustic Ineeraction with Ac~dif ication? Yes
11. "useic Bioavailability/Bioaccumulation/ Yes/Yes/No/
~ io~gn it icat ~on/Tox ic ity? Modecate
12. Aquatic Biolog~cal Elfects?
13. Sedi~nt Speciation 1tnown?
Yes
Yes
14 . Read fly Recycled f ro~ Sed ixnte? Yes
15 . Sed` - nt Interaction with Acid~f ication? Unknown
16. Sed: - nt 8ionvailability/Bioaccuoulation? Yes/Yes
17. Sedi~nt Blolqical Effeces?
Vnknown
Hutch inson ( l9?9a), W ~cser
( 1979 )
FitchRo ( 1978 )
McLaren and Crawford
(1973a,b), Si" and Patrick
( 1978 )
Hutch inwn ( 1919~) . Jarv is
( 198 1 ), Johnsen et a1 .
t1981), Wieser (1979) /
ilutch inson 11979e )
Tiller and Merry ( 1981 )
Flor ence ( 1982 ), Flor ence and
Betley ( 1980 ), Lcck ie and
Davis ( 1979 )
Bea~ish ·nd Van Loon 1 197 7 1.
Schindier and Turner (1982),
Stokes et a1. (1983~), Whitby
t 1970
Tt~is work; see Sable 2.8,
Engel et al . ( 1981 )
Spear and P ierce ( 1979 ),
Stokes ( 1979) / t}utch~nson et
a1. (197S)! Luces et a1.
tl970), seakes tl979) /
ffutchinson et al. (1975),
Patr ick and Lout it ( 1976 ),
Stokes (1979) / Keiser (1980)
Hodson et a1 . ( 1979 ), Sp.ear
and Pierce ( 1979)
Eisenreich et al. (1980),
F il ipek and O-en ( 1979),
For steer and Pa~cch ineelam
( 1980), Forstner and Wittmann
( 198 1 ), Gibbs ( 1971 ), Perhac
( 1974 ), Popp and Laquer
t 19 8 0 ) , Sct~mol 1 and For stne r
( 1979 ), Shuman ( 1979 ),
Tess ier et al . ( 1980 )
Forstner and Witt~nn (1981),
Kr antzberg ana Stokes ( 1981 )
Far r ah and P icker ing t 1979 ),
o'Connor ano Kester ( 1975),
Rendell et al. (1980),
Reuther et al . ( 1981 )
Anderson (1977) / Stoke~
( 1919), Tessier et al. ( 1982,
1980
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72
TABLE A. 7 Lead
Question Angler Re ferences
1 . Hu~an~controlled Depos ition?
2. Physical/Che~ical/Wet-Dry
Spec fat ton ICnoern?
3. Terrestrial Systea Accumulation? Yes
4. Leached Terrestris1 ~ Aquatic?
5. Terrestrial Interaction with
Ac id if icat ion?
6 . Terrestr Cal Bloavailabil ity/
~ toaccumulat ion?
Yes
Yes/No/Per tly
No
No/No
Galloway et al. ( 1982 )
Galloway et al. (1980), Gatz
et al. (1984), Tanaka et al.
(1981) // Galloway et al.
(1980)
Hvatu~o et al . ( 198 3 ), Johnson
et al . ( 1982 ), Ragbag and
Steinnes tI980), Saith and
Siccaa. (1981), Steinnes
( 1983 )
Dillon and Even. (1982),
Hanson et al . ( 1982 ), Tyler
t 1978, 198 1 )
DevIs et al. (1982),
Bent ik Ben and Wr igh e ( 19 78 ),
Norton et al. (1981), Salim
and Cooksey ( 1980 )
Johnson et al . { 1981 ) /
Johnson et al . ( 1981 )
7. Terrestrie1 Biological Effects? Unknown
8 . Spectation in Solution Known? Yes Florence ( 1982 ), Florence and
Betley ( 1980 )
9. Increseing Aqusetc Concentration? Ye~No Dickson (1980), Henrikeen and
Wr ight ( 1978 ) / Stokes ( 1983~)
10. Aquatic Inte:ection with Acidlfication7
11. Aquatic a ioevell"11 ity/81Oaccueulat ion/
Bl~gn if icat ion/Toxicity?
Unknown
Y.~/~/~/
Moderate
12. Aquatic Blological Effects?
13. Sed~_nt Specistion ICnown?
No
Y..
14. Readily Recycled fro. Sedi~nte? No
IS. Sediment lnterection with Acidif ication? No
16 . Ant Slo~vellab il ity/Bloaccu~ulat ion? Unknoam/Unknown
17. S - lent Blologica1 Effects?
Unknown
rorstner and Written ( 1981)
Hodeon (1981), Stokes et al.
(1983~), t{. Suns, Ontario
Ministry of the Environment,
pere. cog., 1982 // Kaiser
( 1980 )
Hodeon ( 1981 )
Chau et al . ( 1979 ),
Eteenreich et al. (l9BO) .
For steer and Patch insoles
(1980), Forstner and Witt - ann
( l9B 1 ), Gambrel 1 et al .
( 19?6, 1980 ), Perhec ( 1974 ),
Salomons and Foratner ! 1980),
Tess ler et al. ( 1980 )
Forstner and Wittmann ( 1981 )
sever idge and P idler ing
(1980), Brannon et al.
(1980), Davis et al. (1982),
Ferrah and Picker ing (1979),
Ge~cell at al. tl976 ~ 1980),
Hanson et al . ( 1982), Hatton
and P laker ing ( 1980 ),
Henr ikeen and Or igile ~ 197B),
Nor ton et al . ( 198 1 ), Rendel l
et al. {1980), Reuther et al.
(1981), Se11. and Cookery
(1980), Slevok and Pickering
tl981)
N. ick 1~e et al. ( 1972 t
N iCkl.~. at 81. ( 1972 )
-
OCR for page 73
73
TABLE A. 8 Manganese
Quest ton Answer Re f er ences
1. Humen-controlled Deposition? Yes Galloway at al. (1982)
2. Physlcal/Cnem1Cal/Wet-Dry .:-;,".to/Partly Galloway et al. tl980) `//
Spec iation Known? Galloway et al . ( 1982 )
3. Terrestrial System Accumulation? Unknown
4. Leached Serrestris1 ~ Aquatic? Yes NR£C (1981a)
5. Ter rests tat Interaction with Yes Hanson et al . ( 1982 ), NR<:C
Acidification? (l98la), Tyler (1978, 1981)
6. Terrestr is1 Bioevellability/ Unknown/Unknown
8ioaccueulae ion?
7 . Terrestr ial Bioloq teal Ef fecte7
8. Specistion in Solution Known?
9 . I net eas ing Aqust lc Concent r a t ion?
Unknown
Yes
Yes
10. Aquatic Interaction with Acidification? Yes
11. Aquatic Bioevailability/Bioaccumulation/
B io~nagn i f icat ion/Sox tic ~ ty?
Yes/Yes/No/Low
Florence ( 1982 ), Florence and
Baeley ( 1980 )
Almer et al. (1978) . Dickson
(1980), N9CC (1981a),
Sch. indler and Tut net ~ 198 2 ) ,
Stokes et al . ( 198 3a )
Jackson et al. (1980),
Schindler et al. (l98oa~b)
Harvey and Fraser ( 1982 ) /
Harvey and Frazer ( 1982 ),
Stokes et al . ( 1983a) //
Kaiser ( 1980 )
12. Aquatic Biological Ef facts? Unknown
13. Sediment Speczation Known? Yes Etsenreich et al. (1980),
Filipek and Owen (1979),
For steer and Patch ineelam
( 19BO ), Gibbe ~ 1977 ), Perhac
(1974), Popp and Laquer
( 1980 1, Selomons and For steer
(1980), -Scholl and Foretner
(1979), Sloan (1979),
Tess ier et al . ( 1980 )
14. Readily Recycled from Sediments? Ye. NBCC (1981a)
IS. Sediment Interaction with Acidification? Yes Jackson et al. (}9801 .
Sch. candler et al . { 1980a ,b )
16 . Sediment Bioeva i lab il i ty/B ~oaccumulat ion?
17. Sediment 8`olog~ca1 Effects?
Unknown/unknown
Unknown
OCR for page 74
74
TABLE A. 9 Mercury
Ques t ion ^nswer Re f er ences
1. Hu~n~ontrolled De~sition? Yes G.llow.Y et a1. ( 1982)
2. PhYSloal/Chemioel/Wet-OrY P.rtly/~/No B.r ton et .1. {1982), Gallow.Y
S-ciation Kn~n? e: .1. (1980], Stevens et al.
( 1982) / Ber ton et .1.
{1982}, St~v~n5 "t al. (1982)
/ B.r ton et "1. (1982),
G.l l~.y et .1 . ( 1980 ),
Stevens "t "1. [ 1982
3. T.rrestr1~1 SYstem ^ccumuletion? un~nown
4. L..ch~ T.rrestri.1 ~ ~uetic? Y.s Evens (1982)
5. Terrestri.1 Inter.ction with unkn~n
~idif icat10n?
6. Terrestr1~1 B,o.~.ilabilitY/ unkn~/unkn~ Beauford "t "1. (I977), John
Blo.~uletion? (1972) / Jackson {1973),
Stewar t et .1. ( 1975 ~
7. Tecrestrie1 Biol~ic.1 Effects? Unknown Speice1 end Siegel (1975),
Stewar t "t .1 . { 1975 ~
8. S~.tion in Solution Kn~n? PertlY Florence (1982), Florence and
BetleY ( 1980 ), Goulden and
^nthonY (19601, Kudo et "1.
(1982 )
9. Increesing ~U.tiC Concentretion? unknown ^l~r et .1. {19781
10. ~u.~1o Inter.~tion with ^cidif [cation? Yes J.ckson "t .1. (1980),
Schindl.r et e1. (1980~;
Th is ~r k, se. T.bl. 2 . B
11. ^quetic Bi~veilab11itY/Bioecc_uletion/ YeS/Yes/YeS/High Huck.~e et al. (1979), "~rb.
ei~gnific.tion/Toxicity? et al. (1975) / Huck.-e et
"1. (1979), Rudd (1982),
Windom end ".ndell (1979),
wren et .1. f 1983 ~ / "ren et
.1 . ( 1983 ) / Kalser ( 1980 ]
12. ^qu.tic eiol~ice1 Ef fects?
13. S-i~nt S-~tion Kn~n?
Onknown
Yes
14. A."dily R~cled from Sedi_nts? YeS
1S. Sedi~nt Interection with ^cidif icat10n? Yes
16. S-iment B:o.~.ilebilitY/Bio.~cu~uletion? Yes/Yes
17. S-iment Biol-1c.1 Eff~ts?
Unk nown
Bet: i et "1 . { 1975 ), Cl in. e:
.1. (197]), Ga~rell et .1.
(1976, 1980}, Kudo e: "1.
(1977), Nages. et al. (1980)
Forstner and Wittmenn ( 1981 )
^l~r et al. (1978), F.rrab
and P icker ing ( 1979 ),
Gambrell et al. {1976, 1980),
J.ckson et a1. (1980),
Sch indler et a1. ( 1980a)
Bei]er and Jernelov {19791 /
Karbe .t al. (1975)
OCR for page 75
75
TABLE A. 10 tiolybdenum
_
Quest~on Answer . References
1. Human~controlled Depos it ion?
2 . Phys l-al/cne~ical/wet-Dry
Spec ~at ion Kno~rn?
3. Terrestrial System Accumulation?
4. Leached Terrestr is1 ~ Aqustic?
S. Terrestrial Interactlon ~ith
Acid if ~cat ion?
6. Serrestris1 Bloevailability/
~ ioacc~ulat ion?
7. Terrectrtal Biological Etfecte?
8. Speciation in Solution Known?
9. Increasing Aqust~c Concentrat~on?
10 . Aquseic Interection with Acidif icat~on?
11 . Aqust ic ~ ioeva flab 11 ~ty/8 ioaccumulat ~onJ
8io~gnif ica:`on/Toxicity?
12 . Aquat~c Biolog ic:~1 Ef f ects?
13 . Sedi~nt Spec ist ion Known7
14. Read~ly ~ecycled from Sed~'nent.?
15. Sedi~nt Interaction w~th ACidif ~cation?
16 . Sed i~nt ~ ioeva~labil ity/Bioaccumulse ion?
17. Sedi~nt 8iologica1 Ef fects?
Unknown
!l^/N~No
Vnknown
Unknown
t3nknown
Yes/Unk nown
Unknown
~o
Galloway et a1. {1982)
Hewi tt ( 1952 )
Nagater i and B. il. 1 ( 1974 ) /
Devis (1981)
MeX.nna et a1. (1970),
Negatari anct Brill (1974)
Unkno~n
Unknown
Yes/Ur~known/ Ar non and Seout (1939} ///
Unknownf unknown
Unknown
Partly
Vnkno~n
Unknown
Unknown/Unkno~rn
Unknown
Popp and Laquer (1980)
Hewite ( 1952 )
OCR for page 76
76
TABLE A. 11 Nickel
Ques t ioQ Answer Re f e r ences
. Human~Controlled Deposition? Yes Galloway et al . ( 1982 ), NROC
( 1981~)
2. Physical/Chemical/Wet-Dry Partly/No/Pertly Tanake et al. (1981) //
Spec latic~n Known? Galloway et al . ( 1982 ),
Jef fr ies and Snyder ( 1981 )
3. Serreserial Systea Accumulation? Yes Wh~tby et al. (1976)
4. Leached Tercestri.1 ~ Aquseic? Yes F~tchRo (1978)
S. serreserial lnterection W`th Yes Haletead et a1. (1969)
Acidif ication7
6. Terrest:~1 Bio.~aileb~lity/ Yes/Yes NR(:C {198Ib), Whitty et a1.
8ioaccueulation? (1976) / 8rooke (1980),
7. Terrestr ial 8iologica1 Effects?
B. Speciation in Solut~on Known?
9. Increasing Aqustic Concentration?
10. Aqustic Interaction w~th Acid~f ication?
ll. Aquatic Bioevailability/B:oaccumulation/
Sio~agnif icatson/Toxicity?
12 . Aqustic 8iolog ical Ef fecte?
13. Sedi~nt Speciation Itnown?
Unknown
Per tly
Yes
Unknown
Yes/Yes/No/
Hoderate
Unknown
Y.8
14 . Readily Recycled f rom Sedi~ents? Yes
15. Seci~nt Intereceion with Ac~ditication? Yes
16 . Sed i~nt B ioeve f lab il i ty/8 ioaccu~ulat ion? Unknown/unknown
17. Sedi~nt Biologica1 Ef feCte? Unkn~n
Burton et al. (1981), t4~:C
(1981b), Whitty et a1. (1976)
Hutchinson ( 1978 )
Florence ~ 1982 ), Florence and
Batley 41980 )
Whit~y ee a1. 41976)
Brooke (1980), N=C (1981~) /
Brooke (1980), NRCC (1981b) /
Hutchinson et al. ( 1975 ) /
Keiser {lB80 )
Hutchinson et a1. (1975) .
Stokes ( 1981 )
Forstner and Wit~nn ( 1981)
G ibbe ( 1977 ), Perhac ( 1974 ),
Popp ana Laquer ( 1980 ),
Selomon. and Forstner (1980)
Schnoll and Forstner (1979) .
Tess ier ee al . ( 1980 )
F i echko ( 19 78 )
Reuther et al. ( 1981)
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77
TABLE A. 12 Selenium
Question Answer References
1. H~n~Controlled Deposition? Yes Galloway et al . t 1982 )
2. Physical/che~ical/wee-Dry .~."i,/No/No Galloway et al. (1982) //
Spec fat ion Known?
3. Terrestrial System Accumulation? Yes Hvetum et al. (1983), Rambaek
and steinnes (1980), Steinnes
( 1983 )
4. Leached Terrestrial ~ Aquatic? Unknown
5. Terrestrial Interaction with Unknown
Acidif [cation?
6. Terrestrial Bioevailability/ Yes/Yes Shrift and Ulrich (1969) /
llio~ccueulation? S tad ton ( 1974 )
7. Terrestrial aiolqical Effects? Unknown Trelease and Trelese. (1938)
8. Speciation in Solution Itnown? Partly Florence (1982), Florence and
Betley ( 1980 )
9. Increasing Aquatic Concentration? Unknown
10. Aquatic Interaction with Acidification7 Unknown
11. Aquatic Bionvailability/B`oaccusoulat~on/ Yes/Vnknown/ Hay and t~cltinney (19B1), Rudd
a impugn i f ice t ion/fox ic i ty? Unknown/H igh ( 1982 ) / Ph i 11 ips and Russo
41978), Tre~rersy et al.
( 1975 ) / Ph ill ipe and Russo
(1978), Rudd (19B2) / Kaiser
( 1980 )
12. Aquatic Biological Effects? Unknown
13. Sediment Speciation Itnown? NO
14. Readily Recycled from Sediments? Unknown
15. Sediment Interaction with Acidification? Yes Jackson et al. (1980),
Schindler at al. (1980a)
16. Sediment Bloevailability/Bioaccueolation? Unknown/Unknown
17. Sediment Biological Effects? Unknown
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78
TASLE A.13 Silver
Question Anewer References
1 . Hu~n~Control led Xpos i t ion?
2 . Phys ical/Chem~cal/Wet-Dry
Spec istion Knawn?
3. Terrectris1 Systea Accumulation?
4. Leached Terrestris1 ~ liquatic?
5. Terrestris1 Interection with
Acidif ication?
6. Terrestr:~1 Bio.vailability/
Bioacc~ulet ion?
7. Terreetris1 Biologice1 Effecte?
8 . Specistion in Solut ion ltnown?
9. Increseing Aqustic Concentration?
10. Aqustic Interection with Acidif [cation?
11. Aqustic Bioevailability/8ioaccu~nulation/
Bioasqnif ication/Soxicity?
12. Aquatic Biolog~cal Effects?
13. S"i~nt Speciation Itnown?
14.
15.
16.
Yes
No/No/No
Yes
t~nk nown
Unknown
Unknown/Unknown
Unknown
No
Unknown
Yes
Unknown/Unknown/
Unknown/H igh
Unknown
Per tly
Readily Recycled from Sedi~nente? Unknown
Sed~nt InteractiOn ~.ith Acidification? Unknown
Sed i~nt B:oeve flab i 1 i ty/B ioaccumule e ion? Unknown/UnKnown
17 . S.di~nt Bioloq ice1 Ef fects?
Vnknown
Galloway et al. (1982)
Ra~aek ana Ste~nnes (1980)
Engel et al . ( 1981 )
/// Kaiser ( 1980 )
Hutch~nson and Stokes (1975)
Chao and Anderson (1974)
Luama and Jenne ( 1977 ) j
Luoms and Jenne ( 1977 ~
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79
TABLE A. 14 Tellur ium
Question Answer References
1. Human-Controlled Deposition?
2. Physical/Chemical/Wet-Dry
Speciation Known?
3. Terrestrial System Accumulation?
4. Leached Terrestrial ~ Aquatic?
5. Terrestrial Interaction with
Acidification?
6. Terrestrial Bioavailability/
Bioaccumulation?
7. Terrestrial Biological Effects?
8. Speciation in Solution Known?
9. Increasing Aquatic Concentration?
10. Aquatic Interaction with Acidification?
11. Aquatic Bioavailability/Bioaccumulation/
Biomagnification/Toxicity?
12. Aquatic Biological Effects?
13. Sediment Speciation Known?
14. Readily Recycled from Sediments?
15. Sediment Interaction with Acidification?
16. Sediment Bioavailability/Bioaccumulation?
17. Sediment Biological Effects?
Unknown
No/No/No
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
No
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown/Unknown/
Unknown/Unknown
Unknown
No
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown/Unknown
Unknown
Galloway et al. (1982)
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80
TABLE A.15 Thallium
Question Answer References
1. Human-Controlled Deposition? Unknown Galloway et al. (1982)
2. Physical/Chemical/Wet-Dry No/No/No
Speciation Known?
3. Terrestrial System Accumulation? Unknown
4. Leached Terrestrial ~ Aquatic? Unknown
5. Terrestrial Interaction with Unknown -
Acidification?
6. Terrestrial Bioevailability/ Unknown/Unknown
Bioaccumulation?
7. Terrestrial Biological Effects? Unknown
8. Speciation in Solution Known? Partly Florence and Batley (1980)
9. Increasing Aquatic Concentrat ion? Unknown
10. Aquatic Interaction with Acidification? Unknown
11. Aquatic Bioavailability/Bioaccumulation/ Unknown/Unknown /// Raiser (1980)
Biomagnification/Toxicity? Unknown/High
12. Aquatic Biological Effects? Unknown
13. Sediment Speciation Known? No
14. Readily Recycled from Sediments? Unknown
15. Sediment Interaction with Acidification? Unknown
16. Sediment Bioevailability/Bioaccumulation? Unknown/Unknown
17. Sediment Biological Effects? Unknown
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81
TABLE A.16 Tin
Question Answer References
1. Human-Controlled Deposition? Unknown Galloway et al. (1982)
2. Physical/Chemical/Wet-Dry No/No/No
Speciation Known?
3. Terrestrial System Accumulation? Unknown
4. Leached Terrestrial ~ Aquatic? Unknown
5. Terrestrial Interaction with Unknown
Acidification?
6. Terrestrial Bioavailability/ Unknown/Unknown
Bioaccumulation?
7. Terrestrial Biological Effects? Unknown
8. Speciation in Solution Known? Partly Chau et al. (1982), Florence
(1982), Florence and Batley
(1980), Maguire et al. (1982)
9. Increasing Aquatic Concentration?
10. Aquatic Interaction with Acidification?
11. Aquatic Bioavailability/Bioaccumulation/
Biomagnification/Toxicity?
12. Aquatic Biological Effects?
13. Sediment Speciation Known?
14. Readily Recycled from Sediments?
15. Sediment Interaction with Acidification?
16. Sediment Bioavailability/Bioaccumulation?
17. Sediment Biological Effects?
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown/Unknown
Unknown/Moderate
Unknown
No
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown/Unknown
Unknown
/// Kaiser (1980)
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82
TABLE A. 17 Vanadium
Question Answer References
1. Human-Controlled Deposition? Yes Galloway et al. (1982)
2. Physical/Chemical/Wet-Dry No/No/Partly //Galloway et al. (1982)
Speciation Known?
3. Terrestrial System Accumulation? Yes Rambaek and Steinnes (1980)
4. Leached Terrestrial ~ Aquatic? Unknown
5. Terrestrial Interaction with Unknown
Acidification?
6. Terrestrial Bioavailability/
Bioaccumulation?
Yes/Yes
7. Terrestrial Biological Effects? Unknown
McKenna et al. (1970),
Nagatari and Brill (1974),
Van Zinderen Bakker and
Jaworski (1980) / Addison and
Puckett (1980),~Hanner and
Grant (1962), Van Hindered
Bakker and Jaworski (1980)
Buczek et al. (1980), Lepp
(1977), McKenna et al.
(1970), Nagatari and Brill
(1974), Van Zinderen Bakker
and Jaworski (1980)
8. Speciation in Solution Known? No
9. Increasing Aquatic Concentration? Unknown
10. Aquatic Interaction with Acidification? Yes Jackson et al. (1980),
Schindler et al. (1980a)
11. Aquatic Bioavailability/Bioaccumulation/ Yes/Yes/Unknown Van Zinderen Bakker and
Jaworski (1980) /
Biomagnification/Toxicity? High - Van Zinderen Bakker and
Jaworski (1980) // Kaiser
(1980)
12. Aquatic Biological Effects? Unknown Meisch and Benzschawel
(1978), Ramadoss (1979)
13. Sediment Speciation Known? Partly Jackson et al. (1980), Loring
(1976), Popp and Laquer (1980)
14. Readily Recycled from Sediments? Unknown
15. Sediment Interaction with Acidification? Yes Jackson et al. (198C),
Schindler et al. (1980a),
Tyler (1978, 1981)
16. Sediment Bioavailability/Bioaccumulation? Yes/Yes Loring (1976) / Botte et al.
(1979)
17. Sediment Biological Effects?
Unk nown
OCR for page 83
1. H~m~n-Controlled Deposition?
2. Physical/Chemical/Wet-Dry
Speciation Known?
3. Terrestrial System Accumulation? Yes
4. Leached Terrestrial ~ Aquatic?
5. Terrestrial Interaction with
Acidification?
6. Terrestrial Bioevailability/
Bioaccumulation?
Yes
E//Partly
Yes
Yes
Yes/Yes
7. Terrestrial Biological Effects? Unknown
8. Speciation in Solution Known?
Yes
9. Increasing Aquatic Concentration? Yes
10. Aquatic Interaction with Acidification?
Yes
11. Aquatic Bioavailability/Bioaccumulation/ Yes/Yes/No/
Biomagnification/Toxicity? Moderate
12. Aquatic Biological Effects?
13. Sediment Speciation Known?
Unknown
Yes
14. Readily Recycled from Sediments? Yes
15. Sediment Interaction with Acidification? Yes
16. Sediment Bioavailability/Bioaccumulation? Yes/Unknown
17. Sediment Biological Effects?
Unknown
83
TABLEA.18 Zinc
Question Answer References
Galloway et al. (1982)
Galloway et al. (1982), Gatz
et al. (1984), Lindberg et
al. (1977), Tanaka et al.
(1981) // Galloway et al.
(1982)
Hanson et al. (1982), Hvatum
et al. (1983), Rambaek and
Steinnes (1980)
Fuller et al. (1976), Hanson
et al. (1982), Tyler (1978,
1981)
Hanson et al. (1982), Tyler
(1978, 1981)
Giordano and Mortvedt (1980),
Straughan et al. (1981) /
Fabiszewski and Brej (1981),
Giordano and Mortvedt (1980),
Shuman (1980), Wallace (1975)
Giordano and Mortwedt (1980),
Lindberg et al. (1981)
Florence (1982), Florence and
Batley (1980)
Dickson (1980), Henriksen and
Wright (1978), Schindler et
al. (1980a-,b), Stokes et al.
(1983a)
Jackson et al. (1980),
Schindler et al. (1980a)
Whitton (1980) / Whitton
(1980) / Jenkins (1981) /
Kaiser (1980)
Filipek and Owen (1979),
Forstner and Patchineelam
(1980), Forstner and Wittmann
(1981), Gambrell et al.
(1980), Perhac (1974), Popp
and Laquer (1980), Schmoll
and Forstner (1979), Shuman
(1979), Tessier et al. (1980)
Hanson et al. (1982), Norton
et al. (1981), Reuther et al.
(1981), Schindler et al.
(1980a,b)
Hanson et al. (1982), Norton
et al. (1981), Reuther et al.
(1981), Schindler et al.
(1980a,b)
For stner and Wittmann (1981),
Krantzberg and Stokes (1982),
Tessier et al. (1982) /
Forstner and Wittmann (1981),
Tessier et al. (1982, 1984)
.
OCR for page 84
Representative terms from entire chapter:
unknown unknown
