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OCR for page R1
Acid Deposition
Effects on Geochemical Cycling and
Biological Availability of Trace Elements
.
Subgroup on Metals
of the
Tn-Academy Committee on Acid Deposition
Academia de la Investigacion Cientifica of Mexico
Roval Society of Canada
National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1985
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NOTICE: This report is a result of a joint project of the U.S.
National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, and the
Academia de la Investigation Cientifica of Mexico. On behalf of the
National Academy of Sciences, the project was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from
the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of
Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee
responsible for this report were jointly chosen for their special
competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors
according to procedures approved by the National Academy of Sciences,
the Royal Society of Canada, and the Academia de la Investigacion
Cientifica of Mexico.
.
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
Tri-Academy Committee on Acid Deposition
Jointly organized under the auspices of the National Academy of
Sciences (NAB) of the United States of America, the Royal Society of
Canada (RSC), and the Academia de la Investigation Cientificia (AIC) of
Mexico
Ellis Cowling, North Carolina State University, Cochairman for NAS
Maxwell J. Dunbar, McGill University, Cochairman for RSC
Alejandro Velasco Levy, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Cochairman for AIC
Peter G. C. Campbell, Universite du Quebec*
Cristina Cortinas de Nava, Ciodad Universitaria, Mexico City
James N . Galloway, Univer s ity of Virg inia*
Warren Godson, Atmosphere Environment Service, Canada
Eville Gorham, University of Minnesota
Wilmot Hess, National Center for Atmospheric Research, U.S.A.
George M. Hidy, Environmental Research and Technology, Inc., U.S.A.
Thomas Hutchinson, University of Toronto
James R. Kramer, McMaster University
Stephen Norton, University of Maine
David W. Schindler, Freshwater Research Institute, Canada
Pamela Stokes, University of Toronto*
George Tomlinson II, Domtar Inc., Canada
Carlos Vazquez Yanes, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
Gregory Wetstone, Environmental Law Institute, U.S.A.**
Andrew Forester, Staff Officer (RSC)
William M. Stigliani, Staff Officer (NAS)
Myron F. Uman, Staff Officer (NAB)
Lorenzo Uribe, Staff Officer (AIC)
*Member of Subgroup on Metals.
**Current address: Health and Environment Subcommittee, Congress of
the United States of America.
· · ~
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PREFACE
The Tri-Academy Committee on Acid Deposition was formed in 1981 to
develop cooperative activities between the Royal Society of Canada, the
Academia de la Investigation Cientificia of Mexico, and the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. The committee is
charged with reviewing the adequacy of current and prospective research
and activities related to solving environmental problems that result
from acid deposition. The impetus for this report was the determination
by the committee that the possible interaction between acid deposition
and the natural cycling of trace metals is an area of particular
interest and concern. The Subgroup on Metals was formed to address
this topic in detail. Three members of the committee, Peter G. C.
Campbell, Pamela M. Stokes, and James N. Galloway served on the
~ ~~ "~~-~ -- ~= ~ -ace-" Much of the staff
subgroup. They are the authors of this report. _ _
support was provided bv William M. Stigliani of the u.S. National
_ _= ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ ,
Academy of Sciences staff.
The task of the subgroup was to examine possible interactions among
the following phenomena: acid precipitation; the atmospheric
deposition of trace metals; the geochemical cycling of both these
deposited metals and those initially present in the geological
substrate; the biological availability of these metals. Emphasis has
been placed on atmospheric deposition of air pollutants {H2SO4,
HNO3, metals) in areas remote from point sources. Effects on both
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have been considered, again in
regions affected by long-range atmospheric transport rather than in
more heavily impacted areas close to pollution sources. Conclusions
and recommendations for further research are presented at the end of
this report.
v
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CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
1. INTRODUCTION
2. STATE OF RNC~LEDGE OF ME:TAL-pH-=OSYS=M TN=RACTIONS
3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX: TABULATION OF STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON ME:TAL-pH
ECOSYSTEM INTERACTIONS FOR SPECIFIC METALS
vii
· · ~
V11 1
1
4
44
47
;—
65
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LIST
FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1.1
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Table 2.1
Table 2 .2
Table 2.3
Table 2 .4
Table 2 .5
Framework of relevant questions pertaining to trace
metals
Typical pH adsorption curve for divalent cations on
hydrous metal oxides (pH50 values may range from
about 3 to 8)
Relationship between pa and total (unfiltered) Al
concentrations in Swedish lakes
Median Concentrations of Metals in Total Wet Deposition
~ ug/~)
Calculated Speciation of Dissolved Trace Metals in a
Typical Rainwater (pa 4.14, pC1 4.88)
Mean Values of Data Reported from All Seasons for Dry
Fraction of Total Deposition
Adsorption of Trace Metals on Colloidal Metal
Hydroxides
Possible Physicochemical Forms of Trace Metals in
Natural Waters ~
3
10
13
6
7
8
11
18
Table 2.6 Ion-Exchangeable Metal as a Proportion of Total
Filterable Metal (<0.4 um) in Various Fresh Waters 20
Table 2.7
Table 2.8
Table 2.9
Trace Metals Exhibiting Increases in Concentration in
Response to Acidification
Effect of Acidification on the Calculated Speciation of
Dissolved Trace Metals in a Typical Surface Water from
the Canadian Shield
Calculated "Inherent Toxicities. of Some Metals
viii
23
24
29
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Table 2.10
Table 2.11
Table 2.12
Table 2 .13
Table 2. ~ 4
Table A. 1
Table A.2
Values of peso for the Adsorption of Trace Metals on
Natural Sediments
Influence of pa on the Speciation of Sediment-Bound
Trace Metals
Trace Metals Released from Sediments in Response to
Acidification
Summary of Answers to Framework Questions
Interactions Between Atmospheric Deposition and Metal
Biogeochemistry
Aluminum
Arsenic
Beryllium
33
34
35
40
42
66
67
68
Table A.4 Cadmium 69
Table A.5 Cobalt 70
Table A.6 Copper 71
Table A.7 Lead 72
Table A.8 Manganese 73
Table A.9 Mercury
74
Table A.10 Molybdenum 75
Table A.ll Nickel
Table A.12 Selenium
Table A.13 Silver
Table A.14 Tellurium
Table A.15 Thallium
Table A.16 Tin
Table A.17 Vanadium
Table A. 18 Zinc
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
ix
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